Oil Companies Research Articles

Dynamic mechanism of biodiesel-ethanol-graphene droplets during micro-explosion and puffing: droplet evaporation, distribution and velocity characteristics

Adding graphene to biodiesel and ethanol blends can significantly improve the combustion efficiency, which can significantly reduce pollutant emissions when applied to alternative engine fuels. The study of the droplet dynamic properties of biodiesel-ethanol-graphene blends can help to aid in a deeper understanding of the properties of the fuel, which in turn can provide a theoretical basis for the application of the fuel. In this paper, a modified tube furnace experimental platform was used to investigate the evaporation, micro-explosion, and dynamic properties of parent and child droplets of biodiesel-ethanol-graphene. The micro-explosion and dynamics mechanisms of the parent droplets and child droplets of the blended fuel were further investigated in terms of graphene content, ambient temperature and biodiesel/ethanol blend proportion. During the research, three modes of bubble growth in droplet were proposed, the number and velocity of child droplets and the intensity of micro-explosion were found to have a positive correlation trend. It is found that BD50E50(1%G) droplets show high micro-explosion effect and evaporation rate, and can be considered as a sustainable alternative fuel for airlines or oil companies. The movement law of mixed droplets is analyzed, and the internal conditions and external characterization parameters of micro-explosion are summarized.

Guidelines Assist Selection of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for CCS and CCUS Injection Wells

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 217664, “Selection of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for CCS and CCUS Injection Wells,” by Adam C. Rowe, SPE, Stress Engineering Services, and Bruce D. Craig, SPE, MetCorr. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Currently, few test data are available for determining the most suitable corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) for downhole injection equipment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) and carbon capture, use, and storage (CCUS) wells. The complete paper provides a guideline for such selections based on the composition of the CO2 stream, including impurities and the composition of the saline formation into which the CO2 will be injected. Introduction For those CCS and CCUS systems where water is expected to be present at some point, such as injection into a saline formation or by virtue of incomplete dehydration, carbon steel will corrode and CRAs must be considered. Because carbon steel pipelines are standard practice for transport of supercritical CO2 and have a long, successful history, this paper is strictly focused on the selection of CRAs for injection wells. While the selection of CRA material can be, and often is, based on common practices, each application requires an in-depth review of the complete system to determine the best materials for the job. In the case of storage, service life is ostensibly forever, so even otherwise minor pitting rates may not be tolerable in permanent equipment. The most important factors to consider for CRA corrosion are temperature, pH of the water phase, formation-water composition (typically chloride content), and stream impurities. With respect to temperature, this paper is focused on corrosion within CCS and CCUS wells and, therefore, considers only elevated temperature resulting from downhole geothermal gradients. Stream impurities have a significant effect on potential CRA selection, especially when certain species such as oxygen are present. However, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitrogen and sulfur oxides also can be important to this selection. Technical Review of CCS and CCUS Injection Conditions Much of the CRA experience from the oil patch cannot be applied directly to CCS and CCUS well design. Multiple sources are susceptible to significant residual H2S in the injectate. Currently, no standards or guidelines exist relating to the effect of H2S in supercritical CO2 on materials. Therefore, the industry default at the time of writing is to apply the industry standard NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-3, though it is important to note that environmentally assisted cracking resistance has not been established for many CRAs at pH 3 and lower. It also is important to recognize that this standard is specifically applicable to production of oil and gas, and it remains to be determined whether CCS and CCUS operations are similar enough to apply this guide, or if supercritical CO2 warrants different limits, particularly when O2 is present. The presence of O2 in supercritical-CO2 streams presents a significant problem for the selection of CRAs. The corrosivity from O2 is defined by the dissolved oxygen concentration in the water phase, which is difficult to model in complex systems. Currently, these data are not readily available for supercritical-CO2 streams commingled with formation brines. As a guide, albeit a qualitative one, use of the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) is helpful for ranking resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in aerated brine.

Permian Basin Operators Spill the Beans on Latest Techniques

The oil patch has few secrets. “My career experiences taught me that there are no secrets in the oil field, and if you find something that works, good luck keeping it secret for more than a few weeks before people finally figure it out,” Lance Robertson, former Endeavor Energy Resources CEO, said during SPE’s Permian Basin Energy Conference (PBEC) in Midland, Texas. While much may be kept proprietary, talking and sharing is common. In October, operators came together at the PBEC to share how they are working to better produce the basin’s shale reservoirs. Jye Collins, Texas asset manager, Midland upstream with Chevron, said during a plenary focused on the Midland Basin that there “really are no secrets” in the Permian. “Everyone knows what’s going on pretty quickly in the Permian in the Midland Basin,” he said. “They say imitation is the best form of flattery, and I say Midland’s full of a lot of flattery because everybody’s looking over their shoulder to see what everyone’s doing.” One of Chevron’s major focuses in the area is on keeping the Midland Basin going through the next evolution of west Texas energy. The operator’s development strategy has evolved as the industry has learned what does and doesn’t work across the Permian. Those learnings, he noted, have led to more efficiencies. “Efficiency has been a major part of the Midland Basin story, a major part of Chevron’s story, whether we’re talking about feet per day, dollar per foot unit, OPEX, efficiency has been a big component,” he said. One efficiency, he said, has been moving from simulfrac operations to triple fracture, or trimulfrac, operations. Chevron is using triple fracturing with some of its fleets, he said. But efficiencies can compound to present a different issue: burning through inventory more quickly, which, he said, is one of the challenges associated with being successful. Marc Lemons, asset manager for Midland Basin with ConocoPhillips, said during the same plenary that the operator has been using multivariate analysis to help model where there has been drilling “trouble time” in the past to become more predictive about potential future issues. He said the company has also seen an improvement in drilling operations by bringing people together in the same location so they’re all working with the same data. “We also have a data, or a digital information drilling information center, that we created where we remotely control most of our rigs. We have operation personnel, geoscientists, engineers, directional drillers, all working together with real‑time data. And we’ve seen, I think, close to a 10% improvement on our rate of penetration because of that,” he said. Kyle Coldiron, vice president of new well delivery at Vital Energy, said in the same plenary that the company is working to boost its inventory in the Permian Basin. “Vital has always been known as a company that is kind of light on inventory, and so our BD (business development) strategy directly tries to address that,” he said. One of Vital’s approaches to do so has been to drill horseshoe wells, or U‑turn wells.

Directional oil extraction: A new application of MXene as an oil development agent in petroleum exploration and production

Directional oil extraction: A new application of MXene as an oil development agent in petroleum exploration and production

Environmental Accounting Costs and Financial Performance of Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria: Interplay of Resource-Based-View, Stakeholder and Legitimacy Theories

Environmental Accounting Costs and Financial Performance of Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria: Interplay of Resource-Based-View, Stakeholder and Legitimacy Theories

Corporate Performance and Accounting Control Practice: A Comprehensive Analysis of Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria

Corporate Performance and Accounting Control Practice: A Comprehensive Analysis of Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria

A Study on Determinants of Profitability of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is the largest oil and gas company in India. The sustainable development of a firm is dependent on the profit earned during a long period consistently. The profit earned helps the firm to improve the performance. The profit of a firm could be determined by various factors. From the revenue point of view, the operating revenue and other income are the major sources of revenue whereas the expenditure items would affect the net profit inversely. This paper has been undertaken with the aim of understanding the influence of revenue and expenditure items on the net profit. In this regard, the annual reports of ONGC for the period of 10 years from 2014-15 to 2023.24 have been collected. The data collected from the annual reports have been grouped and tabulated wherever necessary. The data so collected have been analyzed using mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, compounded annual growth rate, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that the revenue items have positively influenced the net profit while the expenditure items have negatively influenced the net profit of the firm. The major determinant of the net profit of ONGC is found to be the net revenue from operations.

Analysis of Open Well Datasets

Recently, the number of studies devoted to the use of machine learning methods in geophysics has been increasing significantly. Examples of such investigations include the prediction of rock properties and separation of rock types according to quantitative characteristics. Annotated datasets are required to build and evaluate the quality of machine learning based models. This paper analyzes open labeled well datasets and related research. We consider data containing well logs, rock images, laboratory results, labeled zonation by lithotypes. Methods for visualizing well data are presented. We provide recommendations for oil and gas companies on the preferable format for making well data publicly available

Effect of Suppliers Relationship Management Strategies on Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) and National Petroleum Investment and Management Services (NAPIMS) in Nigeria

This work focused on NAPIMS, BPP and Supplier Relationship Management Strategies in Nigeria. Supplier Quality Improvement or SPM, Supplier Lead Time Reduction or SLT, Supplier Collaboration in New Product Development or SCL and Supplier Partnership or Development was recognized in this study as five major categories of Supplier Relationship Management Strategies. Self-developed questionnaires were used in data collection for this study. The study’s analysis was based on ordinal regression analysis. Procurement success in Nigerian government agencies was strongly predicted by the following factors: Its types include supplier quality management (SQM), supplier partnership or development (SPT), supplier collaboration in the development of new product (SCL), and trust based relationship with suppliers (TBR). Based on the research, Supplier Relationship Management Strategies enable authorities in Nigeria to enhance their procurement status . This means that the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and other branches of the Nigeria government have commenced the use of SRM systems. Therefore, there is a need for government agencies in Nigeria to establish training that promotes constructive relationship between the procurement employees and their suppliers. Long term contracts are a great way to build relationships with providers as well as increase their confidence in you. To provide suppliers with a better understanding of the procurement process and to obtain improved results from collaborative product development projects, it is necessary to develop reference models

How ADNOC Opened the UAE’s Pre-Khuff Offshore Gas Play Using Advanced Fracturing Tech

A hidden gem may lie beneath one of the world’s latest megaprojects. Next year, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) is set to launch production from its largest-ever gas development within the UAE’s shallow-water Ghasha concession. Located some 190 km northwest of Abu Dhabi, the first phase will see gas flow from the Dalma field, followed by production from the Hail and Ghasha fields, with combined output expected to boost the UAE domestic gas supply by 1.5 Bcf/D by decade’s end. Set aside for several decades due to high levels of H2S and CO2, ADNOC is now pushing to make natural gas a bigger part of its energy strategy and has thus proudly positioned this multibillion-dollar project as the world’s largest sour-gas development. As operator, ADNOC holds a 70% stake in the concession alongside partners Eni (10%), PTTEP (10%), OMV (5%), and Lukoil (5%). ADNOC has also committed to making Hail and Ghasha the first major gas fields to operate with net-zero emissions, supported by substantial investments in carbon capture technology and the use of nuclear power. Yet there may be more to Ghasha’s supply-side potential, thanks to a team of engineers and subsurface experts who weren’t ready to give up on a stubborn rock. Discovered in 1979, the Pre-Khuff formation is a gas-rich sandstone that, though free from H2S, presents other challenges that have so far kept it from reaching commercialization. “The Pre-Khuff has performed well across the region—in Saudi Arabia and Qatar—but here in the UAE, we’ve faced 4 decades of unsuccessful attempts to unlock its potential,” said Jasim Ali Alloghani, ADNOC’s subsurface manager for the Gasha concession. He explained the complexities of the Pre-Khuff formation center around its depth, temperature, and tightness. Offshore the UAE, the Pre-Khuff formation is found 16,000 ft below the mudline where temperatures are more than 350°F and reservoir pressures exceed 10,000 psi. The sandstone is also rich in clay, with estimated clay content ranging from 10 to 40%. This leaves the rock with an upper porosity of about 12%, and a permeability range of 0.01 to 1 mD. The difficulties associated with the Pre-Khuff formation intensify from there. With a Young’s modulus of around 10 million psi, the rock is more than twice as stiff as much of the prolific Wolfcamp Shale in the Permian Basin that spans Texas and New Mexico in the US. The formation is also dominated by natural fractures and varying fracture gradients. Additionally, wellbore washouts while drilling in the deep reservoir have hindered geomechanical data acquisition. ADNOC has also found that the state of stress changes both laterally and vertically, i.e., anisotropy, due to the reservoir’s structural deformation. Additionally, ADNOC has faced challenges with designing effective completion designs due to limited technology and expertise. However, ADNOC’s fortunes with the Pre-Khuff shifted in early 2023 when the company executed the first successful multistage hydraulic fracturing treatments ever performed offshore Abu Dhabi. ADNOC reported a five- to 10-fold increase in initial flow rates from Pre-Khuff wells compared with initial attempts.

Utilization E-Commerce for Business Virgin Coconut Oil Nagrak Village, Sumedang Regency

-Commerce is a way to market a product using technology. Small and Medium Enterprises is an entrepreneurial activity to increase employment, increase community income, and encourage economic growth. Virgin Coconut Oil is a coconut-based business product that is processed into hygienic oil and has many benefits. In this era of technology utilization, many businesses have the potential to advance but are constrained because they are still stuttering with increasingly sophisticated technology. The purpose of the research conducted was to determine and analyze the use of E-Commerce in the Virgin Coconut Oil business in Nagrak Village, Buahdua District, Sumedang Regency. The method used in this research is qualitative research. The techniques used in data collection are interview techniques, observation, and documentation. With a strategy to increase the competitiveness of Virgin Coconut Oil SMEs through the use of E-Commerce-based marketing technology and good branding. It is hoped that the research conducted can bring development to SMEs Virgin Coconut Oil in Nagrak Village can make a positive contribution in advancing the competitiveness of SMEs.

Norway in the geopolitics of energy

Petroleum production on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) has made Norway a player of strategic importance for the geopolitics of energy. Particularly significant is Norway's role for energy security in European markets for natural gas, actualized by Russia's war against Ukraine. While climate concerns, as a long-term security risk in the balance between economic growth and fossil fuel emissions, are shared by Norway with most others in the Western Hemisphere, the country's significance in the geopolitics of energy presents some challenges of its own. Albeit otherwise considered small state in international affairs, in energy it has significance for more than itself. In the country, the Norwegian state and energy companies make significant revenues, while at the same time, fluctuating and occasionally high domestic electricity prices affect households and non-energy businesses, negatively. The situation puts simultaneous pressure on domestic, foreign and security policy played out on a scale and scope not previously experienced. Important questions are to which extent and how geopolitical challenges and energy security may put the country in a sensitive or vulnerable position, and, alternatively, how they may strengthen it for more opportunities and room for economic, commercial, and political maneuvering.

Assessment of Air Pollutants for Baba Industrial Area at Kirkuk Oil Field, Iraq

Oil fields are considered one of the major sources of air pollutants, such as particulate matter and many pollutant gases, which contribute to long-term health impacts and the phenomena of the greenhouse effect. The present study concentrated on the effect of hourly emissions from gas flares in the North Oil Company Baba industrial area on concentrations of air pollutants PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 monitored in four regions surrounding the oil field ,Gurga Chal, Alaw Mahmood, Tisin, and Yaychi, and neighbors in Kirkuk City, at different seasons during 2022. In the Tisin region, the average concentration of particulate matter affected by the Baba industrial area, and exceeded the permissible limits for pollutants, reaching 25.2 µg/m3 within 24 hours in April, while the rest of the pollutant's highest concentrations were observed in winter within the allowable limits. Spatial distribution of the same pollutants (highest hourly concentration) in Kirkuk Governorate using CAMS hourly data for spatial resolution 10km shows significant variation in pollutant concentrations across all months. Spatial analysis exhibits that Hawija District (southwest of Kirkuk) has the highest pollutant levels. Areas with high industrial activity, like the Fatha area near Salah Al-Din Governorate, showed higher SO2 levels affecting other pollutant levels, especially in Hawiga Discrete. The study concludes that the gas flares from the Baba industrial area contribute to air pollution, particularly increasing PM2.5 levels in the Tisin region near Kirkuk city, southern the North oil company. However, the overall, gas flares impact less significant than other pollution sources from Salah Al-Din Governorate. These regions have industrial activities reflect a greater influence on the air quality.

Random Forest and Decision Tree Facies Classification Models for Well Log Data of the Mishrif Formation from Basrah Oil Company, Southern Iraq

Facies collected from wells drilled in the study area were interpreted manually by using cores at every 10 meters of depth during well drilling. This depth of cores does not give true facies of all wells because the cores every 10 meters are considered very large. Extracting cores is financially expensive and takes a long time. The methodology of machine learning consists of four steps (Data gathering, Data preprocessing, Model training, and Model evaluation). This work intends to apply two of the supervised machine learning techniques random forest and decision tree models. (1) Data gathering, this dataset was collected from the Basrah Oil Company. It contains of ten wells (B-3, B-4, B-5, B-15, B-17, B-18, B-19, B-34, B-39, and B-40). Every well contains six features (logs): Sonic log, Resistivity Deep, Micro Spherically Focused Log, Neutron porosity, Density log, and Gamma-ray. Also, the dataset contains ten facies labels: mudstone, wack stone, packstone, roundstone, floatstone, shale, mud and wack stone, wack and pack stone, pack and grain stone and pack and float stone. These logs cover all the thickness of the Mishrif Formation, which is the goal of our study. (2) Preprocess, the data must be cleaned of outlier values; these values reduce the accuracy of the model during training. It is necessary at this stage to understand the relationships between all the features, because the highly correlated relationship between any two features, the more useless it will be in machine learning. The well B-5 blinded it for training to demonstrate the ability of machine learning models to predict lithofacies, then splitting randomly the dataset into 70% for training, validation 10%, and 20% for testing to verify the performance. (3) Training two models machine learning models decision tree and random forest. (4) Four statistics are computed for two models from the confusion matrix (accuracy of classification, recall, precision, and F1-score) showing the random forest was more accurate than the decision tree because the random forest model deals very well with this amount of dataset. Receiver Operating Characteristics curves of the random forest model have obtained the largest Area Under the Curve than the decision tree, is positive and above the main diagonal for all lithotypes, and the values for all classes reached more than 95%, except class 6 (shale), because of the 100% accuracy of classification. Facies classification by machine learning approach has two benefits (1) Increased accuracy of describing oil reservoirs and (2) Reducing the time, which a geologist needs to interpret logs data.

A Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity GARCH for Forecasting and Modeling Crude Oil Price Volatility

This current study explores the application of Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models to forecast and model crude oil price volatility. Crude oil is a vital commodity whose price fluctuations significantly impact global economies, energy markets, and strategic decisions of both National Oil Companies (NOCs) and International Oil Corporations (IOCs). Using the GARCH(1,1) and GARCH(1,2) models, this study evaluates the effectiveness of these models in capturing the dynamic nature of oil price volatility. The findings indicate that while both models fit the data well, the GARCH(1,1) model is preferred due to its parsimonious nature and comparable forecast accuracy. Despite including an additional lag in the GARCH(1,2) model, it did not significantly outperform the GARCH(1,1) model in predictive performance. The study further analyzes the residuals and autocorrelation characteristics, highlighting the potential for model refinement. The study underscores the importance of selecting an appropriate model complexity, incorporating external factors, and exploring advanced methodologies to enhance forecast accuracy. These insights are critical for developing effective risk management strategies and informing policy decisions in volatile crude oil markets.

PlaBacter: Determination of Microbial Diversity on Plastic Polymers in Topçu Pond

Climate change is one of the biggest problems of our world, and one of the biggest measures taken to solve the climate crisis is to reduce the consumption of oil and oil derivatives, which are considered among fossil resources. However, with the globalising world and increasing population, oil companies have turned to the plastic and packaging sector in order to meet the increasing demand for plastic consumption. This situation inevitably increases the environmental damage of plastic waste. In particular, the inability to use water resources correctly and the pollution of water by wastes left in the environment adversely affect the lives of living things on earth. Within the scope of the study, it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity living on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is known as the raw material of tools such as plastic bottles, food containers, and fishing line, which are left as waste in the environment, especially in rivers and lake shores. In this context, Topçu Pond, which is an important water source in the field of agricultural irrigation in Yozgat province, was selected as the study area. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was isolated from biofilm layers formed on water, sediment, and PET samples collected from the study area. The bacterial communities living in the samples were identified by analysing the 16S rDNA of the gDNAs with the next-generation sequencing method. Thus, we conducted the first microbial diversity study in Topçu Pond and defined the bacterial composition on PET samples in the pond.

The Effect of Environmental Awareness, Waste Management, and Palm Oil Processing Technology on the Reputation of Palm Oil Companies in Kalimantan

The Effect of Environmental Awareness, Waste Management, and Palm Oil Processing Technology on the Reputation of Palm Oil Companies in Kalimantan

CYBERSECURITY PROBLEMS IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

Due to the widespread use of digital and Internet technologies in all processes of the oil and gas industry's production cycle, cybersecurity is becoming an increasing threat. Therefore, today cybersecurity is becoming one of the priorities of technological development of oil and gas companies. The article provides a brief description of the digital transformations taking place in the oil and gas industry, analyzes the main new cybersecurity threats and provides information on cybersecurity incidents. The issue of developing new technologies based on deep learning for smart oil fields is considered.

THE ROLE OF THE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IMS) IN IMPROVING PERFORMANCE IN THE AREAS OF QUALITY, HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (QHSE): A CASE STUDY OF THE ALGERIAN LOCAL PETROLEUM COMPANIES «ENAFOR & ENTP»

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the integrated management system (SMI) on improving performance in the areas of quality, environment and occupational health and safety in Algerian petroleum companies. Theoretical Framework: The study draws on concepts of integrated management systems, which combine multiple performance dimensions to improve operational efficiency and employee well-being. Method: A quantitative approach was adopted, surveying a sample of 100 managers and employees from ENAFOR and ENTP, two local petroleum companies in Hassi Messaoud, Algeria. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire to evaluate the SMI's influence across the targeted performance areas. Results and Discussion: Findings indicate that the SMI significantly enhances worker performance, with the quality dimension contributing most prominently, while the environmental dimension has the least impact. The discussion highlights the need for comprehensive SMI implementation, emphasizing operational coordination to increase efficiency and reduce risks. Research Implications: The study suggests that Algerian local petroleum companies should adopt a more integrated SMI approach, aligning quality, environment, and safety standards to ensure sustainable performance. Emphasis on environmental improvements could further enhance worker engagement and performance outcomes. Originality/Value: This research contributes to understanding SMI's practical implications in high-risk industries, underscoring the value of an integrated approach to quality, safety, and environmental management.

Analysis of Stakeholder Discourses on Petroleum Exploration and Production in the Brazilian Equatorial Margin

The exploration and production (E&P) of oil and natural gas in the Brazilian Equatorial Margin, particularly at the Amazon River Mouth, has become a subject of intense national and international debate. This study analyzes public discourses related to those activities within the context of Brazil’s environmental commitments under the Paris Agreement. The analysis spans the period from President Lula da Silva’s third inauguration, in January 2023, to May 2024, focusing on political and economic approaches. The method involved systematic literature review, discourse analysis, and content analysis, using the Atlas TI software as a content analysis tool to manage, code and categorize textual data. The results show the predominance of the right to development, ecological modernization, and energy clout narratives. The common but differentiated responsibilities narrative is deeply rooted in these dominant narratives and undermines the opposition to oil production in the Brazilian Equatorial Margin. The analysis reveal the complexity of the discursive coalitions formed and simultaneously offers insights to help public policymakers balance economic development, energy security, and environmental sustainability.