Oil Palm Shell Research Articles

Sulphate resistance of lightweight aggregate concrete comprising sieved palm oil fuel ash as fine aggregate replacement

Oil palm shell (OPS) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) disposal from palm oil industry causes environmental pollution. The present research investigates the compressive strength and sulphate resistance of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as partial fine aggregate replacement. Sieved POFA was used as partial fine aggregate replacement from 0% up to 20% by weight of sand. Water cured specimens were tested to determine compressive strength and durability towards sulphate attack. Use of 10% POFA slightly enhances concrete strength and durability against sulphate attack via pozzolanic reaction from the fraction of fine ash present.

ADSORPTION OF Cd(II) IN A SEMI-CONTINUOUS PROCESS BY RESIDUAL CHARCOAL FROM THE PYROLYZED OIL PALM SHELLS

This study aims to evaluate the utilization of residual charcoal from the pyrolysis of oil palm shells as activated carbon for the adsorption of cadmium metal ions in a semi-continuous process. The charcoal was crushed with a ball mill to a size of 80-100 mesh and its activation was carried out chemically using 0.1 N NaOH. Cadmium metal ions were adsorbed in a semi-continuous operation using a cylindrical packed bed column, with variations in the inlet feed concentration, pH, column inside diameter, bed height, and flow rate. The initial concentration of cadmium before and after the adsorption was tested on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The adsorption isotherms were evaluated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich adsorption isotherm models. The results showed that the best adsorption capacity was obtained at an initial concentration of 120 mg/L, pH 5, inside diameter of 26 mm, bed height of 50 cm, and flow rate of 10 ml/min. The isotherm model of cadmium metal ion adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm with R2 = 0.99.

Strength properties of renewable bio-based lightweight foam concrete incorporating of polypropylene fibre

This paper investigates the incorporating of renewable lightweight bio-based aggregate (RLWBBA) in lightweight foam concrete (LWFC). The aim of this research is to incorporate different volume fraction (Vf) of polypropylene (PP) fibre into LWFC to determine the optimum compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. Four different mix was designed containing different percentage of PP replacement (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%). From the results, the compressive strength of the oil palm shell lightweight foamed concrete with 0.3% of macro polypropylene fibre (OPSLWFC/0.3) had showed the highest compressive strength and splitting tensile strength at 28 days, which are recorded at 4.01 MPa and 0.62 MPa respectively. It also showed the lowest density among all the mix design which is 1152 kg/m3 under demoulded condition. The OPSLWFC/0.3 has increased about 23.38% of 28 days compressive strength and 37.78% of splitting tensile strength compared to the control mix, which contains 0% of fibre proportion. Hence, the findings of this research revealed that the development of environmentally friendly lightweight foamed concrete can be used as an alternative solution for traditional lightweight concrete.

MAGNETIC Fe3O4-CuO/BIOCHAR NANOCOMPOSITE FOR ADSORPTION OF INORGANIC ANIONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

In this study, biochar from palm oil shell waste was applied as supporting material for the immobilized iron and copper oxide to fabricate the magnetic adsorbent of Fe3O4-CuO/biochar. The characterization showed that metallic oxide Fe3O4 and CuO are dispersed on the surface of biochar with high accessibility. BET surface area is 263 m2 g-1 relating to a predominantly microporous structure. FTIR spectra showed that the bands at 615.27 and 590.15 cm-1 are assigned to Cu-O-C and Fe-O-C stretching vibration, respectively. The average crystallized size for Fe3O4-CuO/biochar is 25 nm related to nanoparticle size. The efficiency of the adsorbent was observed from the percentage removal of inorganic anions in an aqueous solution. The highest efficiency of the adsorption process is found in the removal of phosphate at different pH solutions and contact times. The adsorption isotherms are matched for Langmuir and Freundlich models except for the fluoride. The kinetic model shows that pseudo-second-order is more favorable for the removal of inorganic anions than pseudo-first-order. This result indicated that Fe3O4-CuO/biochar is a promising adsorbent and will be effectively used for the removal of anions from an aqueous solution.

Industrial Wastes-Cum-Strength Enhancing Additives Incorporated Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC) for Energy Efficient Building: A Comprehensive Review

Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) exhibits the advantages of thermal insulation, reduces energy consumption building costs, improves building efficiency and easy construction. Furthermore, the utilization of industrial wastes in concrete is advantageous in terms of environmental sustainability. In order to explore this, several researchers investigated the idea of integrating industrial wastes in LWAC. However, the lack of knowledge regarding the performance of industrial waste-based lightweight aggregate concrete hinders the adaptation of this concept and application of LWAC in the construction sector. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research in relation to the sustainable LWACs containing oil palm shell (OPS), lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), vermiculite, perlite, pumice and sintered fly ash as lightweight aggregate, along with industrial wastes and strength-enhancing additives (viz. fibers, polymers, etc.). Firstly, desirable physical, chemical, morphological and mineralogical characterization of different lightweight aggregates are presented, and then a comprehensive overview on fresh, hardened, durability and thermal properties of LWAC incorporating industrial wastes are discussed in comparison with normal weight concrete. The review also highlights the current challenges and suggests the research gaps for further development of eco-friendly LWAC. It is concluded that vermiculite, perlite, pumice, OPS, sintered fly ash and LECA with some suitable industrial waste materials have the potential to be used in the construction sector. Moreover, LWAC with industrial waste has 50–65% lower carbon emission (kg CO2 eq/m3) in the environment. The scientific contribution of this paper provides insights into different LWACs and the knowledge base for future research and paradigm shift of using LWACs as more common alternative building materials.

Predicting the uniaxial compressive strength of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete using artificial intelligence‐based algorithms

AbstractBecause natural coarse aggregates were depleting rapidly, concrete industry has been trended toward substitute aggregates from industrial by‐products or waste. One of the waste materials is oil palm ash (OPS), which is widely generated in the processing of palm oil in the tropics. Concretes made with OPS to estimate the compressive strength (CS) is cost and time consuming. This study aims to propose novel hybrid models by concepts of extreme gradient boosting (XGB) model optimized with different optimization algorithms such as sine–cosine algorithm, multiverse optimization algorithm (MVO), and particle swarm optimization for predicting the uniaxial CS (UCS) of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete (OPS). Also, the multivariate adaptive regression spline model is also developed to present a meaningful relationship between input and output variables. To this aim, a data set containing data samples for concrete made with OPS was gathered from the published literature. Results show that all models have acceptable performance in predicting the UCS, representing the admissible correlation between observed and predicted values and models' robustness. In the training step, the value of , the root mean square error, and the variance accounted factor for MVO–XGB are 0.9713, 1.5777, and 97.129. These values in testing phase are 0.9019, 2.6786, and 89.158. Therefore, the MVO–XGB model outperforms others, and the results demonstrate the ability of the MVO algorithm to determine the optimal value of XGB parameters.

Simple microwave pyrolysis kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass (oil palm shell) with activated carbon and palm oil fuel ash catalysts

Abstract The important parameters characterizing microwave pyrolysis kinetics, namely the activation energy (E a) and the rate constant pre-exponential factor (A), were investigated for oil palm shell mixed with activated carbon and palm oil fuel ash as microwave absorbers, using simple lab-scale equipment. These parameters were estimated for the Kissinger model. The estimates for E a ranged within 31.55–58.04 kJ mol−1 and for A within 6.40E0–6.84E+1 s−1, in good agreement with prior studies that employed standard techniques: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The E a and A were used with the Arrhenius reaction rate equation, solved by the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The statistical parameters coefficient of determination (R 2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to verify the good fit of simulation to the experimental results. The best fit had R 2 = 0.900 and RMSE = 4.438, respectively, for MW pyrolysis at power 440 W for OPS with AC as MW absorber.

Behaviour of Lightweight Concrete Wall Panel under Axial Loading: Experimental and Numerical Investigation toward Sustainability in Construction Industry

Awareness of sustainability in construction has led to the utilization of waste material such as oil palm shell (OPS) in concrete production. The feasibility of OPS as alternative aggregates in concrete has been widely studied at the material level. Meanwhile, nonlinear concrete material properties are not taken into account in the conventional concrete wall design equations, resulting in underestimation of lightweight concrete’s wall axial capacity. Against these sustainability and technical contexts, this research investigated the buckling behavior of OPS-based lightweight self-compacting concrete (LWSCC) wall. Failure mode, load-deflection responses, and ultimate strength were assessed experimentally. Numerical models have been developed and validated against experimental results. Parametric studies were conducted to study the influence of parameters like slenderness ratio, eccentricity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus. The results showed that the axial strength of concrete wall was very much dependent on these parameters. A generalized semi-empirical design equation, based on equivalent concrete stress block and modified by mathematical regression, has been proposed. The ratio of average calculated results to test results of the proposed equation, when compared to ACI 318, AS 3600, and Eurocode 2 equations, are respectively improved from 0.36, 0.31, and 0.42 to 0.97. This research demonstrates that OPS-based LWSCC concrete can be used for structural axial components and that the equation developed can serve a good guideline for its design, which could encourage automation and promote sustainability in the construction industry.

Functional Properties of Kenaf Bast Fibre Anhydride Modification Enhancement with Bionanocarbon in Polymer Nanobiocomposites.

The miscibility between hydrophilic biofibre and hydrophobic matrix has been a challenge in developing polymer biocomposite. This study investigated the anhydride modification effect of propionic and succinic anhydrides on Kenaf fibre’s functional properties in vinyl ester bionanocomposites. Bionanocarbon from oil palm shell agricultural wastes enhanced nanofiller properties in the fibre-matrix interface via the resin transfer moulding technique. The succinylated fibre with the addition of the nanofiller in vinyl ester provided great improvement of the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of 92.47 ± 1.19 MPa, 108.34 ± 1.40 MPa, and 8.94 ± 0.12 kJ m−2, respectively than the propionylated fibre. The physical, morphological, chemical structural, and thermal properties of bionanocomposites containing 3% bionanocarbon loading showed better enhancement properties. This enhancement was associated with the effect of the anhydride modification and the nanofiller’s homogeneity in bionanocarbon-Kenaf fibre-vinyl ester bonding. It appears that Kenaf fibre modified with propionic and succinic anhydrides incorporated with bionanocarbon can be successfully utilised as reinforcing materials in vinyl ester matrix.

Chemicals component yield prediction and kinetic parameters determination of oil palm shell pyrolysis through volatile state approach and experimental study

The green products from biomass pyrolysis open the way for the development and application of alternative fuels and chemicals. Until now, the pyrolysis kinetic studies are derived from solid-state approach (based on biomass as a reactant) which still faced drawbacks. A new approach, namely volatile state approach, is then developed with the volatile products as the main basis or reference to predict the mass fraction and yield as well as to determine the kinetic parameters from oil palm shell pyrolysis. The predicted results were then validated with the semi-batch pyrolysis experimental study. The oil palm shell has a biomass type number (NCT) of 9.57, volatile matter (YVM) of 71.90%-wt, and was pyrolyzed at 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, and 500 °C. From the experiment, as many as 95 compounds in bio-crude oil (BCO) were successfully produced which contain 72.79%-wt water and 27.21%-wt organic compounds. According to the characterization of 15 BCO components, they were classified into carbohydrates, fatty acids, phenol, aromatics, and water. Furthermore, the activation energy of products formation revealed a temperature dependence as a second-order polynomial function. Ultimately, this approach shows its satisfying capability to predict each BCO component mass fraction and yield which closely fits the experimental results.

Production and Potential Income for Business of Oil Palm Empty Fruits Bunch as A Media for Growing Oyster Mushroom

Solid waste produced by oil palm mills consists of oil palm empty bunches, shells, fibers and sludge. Oil palm empty fruit bunches contain 40 percent of cellulose, 24 percent of hemicellulose, 21 percent of lignin, and 15 percent of ash. This study aims to determine the production and the income potential of oyster mushrooms by using oil palm empty fruit bunches as a growth medium. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using an experimental design approach. Analysis of variance showed that all treatments had no significant effect on the length of mycelium fulfillment, the length of the mushroom stalk, the diameter of the fruit cap and the wet weight of the fungus. Treatment with K0 without empty fruit bunches of oil palm has the same growth and production potential as treatment of K1-K4 using oil palm empty fruit bunches. Fungal growth and production are influenced by environmental, nutritional and genetic factors. The potential production of oyster mushrooms with wood sawdust and 15 baglog empty fruit bunches growing media is 5.2 kilograms with a total cost of IDR 297,250. The total revenue for twice harvests for each baglog is IDR 312,000. Therefore, to support the potential for growth and production of oyster mushrooms, oil palm empty fruit bunches can be used as a medium for growing oyster mushrooms because they have the potential for income to be used as a business.

Fire resistance of lightweight foam concrete by incorporating lightweight bio-based aggregate

Concrete is widely used in the industry due to its effectiveness in terms of cost and strength. In this study, the introduction of bio-based aggregate as coarse aggregate in lightweight foam concrete will be investigated to find a better solution for fire incidents that are commonly happened. As such, lightweight foam concrete (LWFC) has been applied in many buildings especially in non-load bearing wall to enhance thermal conductivity, sound insulation and fire resistance. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of incorporating bio-based aggregate namely oil palm shell (OPS) into lightweight form concrete in terms of strength properties and fire resistance. Three different concrete mix was designed containing different percentage of OPS aggregate replacement (0, 5, 10 and 15%). From the result, the compressive strength of the LWFC-CTR mixture had achieved the highest compressive strength at 28-day, which is recorded at 3.82 MPa. The fire resistance of LWFC-OPS 15% had showed a positive outcome with improvement by almost 23.5% compared to control mix at 15 minutes. Therefore, the major finding of this research is the incorporation of eco-friendly OPS aggregate has improved the fire resistance of lightweight foam concrete, which can be used as an alternative solution for non-load bearing walls.

A review: The utilization and its benefits of liquid smoke from lignocellulosic waste

In the integrated charcoal technology, the smoke arising from the process is flowed into a pipe which is cooled, so that the smoke turns into a liquid, so it is called liquid smoke. Therefore, the technology to produce liquid smoke is environmentally friendly. The raw material used in the process of making wood vinegar is generally in the form of lignocellulose waste which contains lignin and cellulose such as wood waste, bamboo waste, oil palm shell waste, coconut shell waste and others. With simple technology input, liquid smoke can be produced from this waste, which has many benefits. The method to produce the liquid smoke was through a process of charcoal or pyrolysis which produces three forms of solid products, namely charcoal, products in the form of gases, namely smoke, and products in the form of liquids, so called tar and liquid smoke; and the main component as a characteristic of liquid smoke were acetic acid, phenolic and carbamic acid. Phenol is the compound that plays the most role in liquid smoke, because it is antibacterial and antifungal and inhibits fat oxidation. Therefore, liquid smoke with its various benefits can be a solution for the problems of pets and bacteria in agriculture or environmental pollution.

Pengaruh Temperatur Pada Microwave Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Low Density Polyethylene Dengan Katalis Zeolite/Kalsium Oksida

In general, the use of oil palm parts can be utilized by industry, but it is different from oil palm shells which become waste. The high use of plastic is proportional to the waste generated. So far, both types of waste are problems that have not been resolved. The utilization of waste shell waste and low-density polyethylene using the pyrolysis method. Microwave technology has been widely used as a heat source in the pyrolysis process. The advantages of using microwaves in pyrolysis are fast and selective heating, efficient energy use, and control of pyrolysis products. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Pyrolytic-oil from the pyrolysis of waste oil palm shells and Low-density polyethylene. The research was conducted using a microwave with temperature variations of 400oC, 450oC, 500oC, 550oC and 600oC. The composition of the main ingredients consisted of 75 grams of palm shells, 75 grams of low-density polyethylene plastic, 56.25 grams of a zeolite catalyst, 56.25 grams of calcium oxide and 131.25 grams of charcoal carbon absorber. The results showed the effect of temperature on pyrolytic-oil productivity; as the temperature increases, the product gas increases. The lowest density value at a temperature of 400oC is 966.8 Kg/m. The lowest viscosity at a temperature variation of 500oC is 2.1 Mpa.s. The highest acidity value is at a temperature of 550oC.

Advances in oil palm shell fibre reinforced thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composites

Oil palm shell (OPS), one of the most abundantly produced solid bio-wastes in Southeast Asia, is yielded by crushing the oil palm kernel during palm oil extraction in the palm oil mills. Approaches have been devoted to developing the use of OPS as reinforcing filler in polymer composites to enhance the functional properties of composites. For OPS to be effective for reinforcing materials, its role and beneficial effects on the improvement of composites’ properties need to be investigated. However, not many studies have discussed the potentials of incorporating OPS in thermoplastic and thermoset polymer composite applications. This paper summarises the enhancement of composite characteristics, including physical, mechanical, thermal, water barrier and biodegradability properties. Properties of OPS that make it a good candidate as a reinforcing filler, such as tensile strength, impact strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, morphological and water absorption, are discussed in detail. In addition, the application of its derivative, challenges, and outlook are also discussed.

Active Packaging System from Activated Oil Palm Shells Charcoal Shaped Sachet on Cassava Chips

Cassava chips are a type of snack that is fried and prone to rancidity if stored for a while. Cassava chips are added to the material that can adsorb gases, such as oxygen and water vapor, to reduce the occurrence of rancidity using a sachet-shaped adsorbent material. Activated charcoal is one of the gas adsorbents. Activated charcoal used is activated charcoal made from oil palm shells and activated with 20% phosphoric acid. This study aims to analyze the decrease in the quality of cassava chips with an active packaging system during storage for 30 days at 45oC. A total of 30 g cassava chips were packed with a standing pouch in polypropylene type and added activated charcoal from oil palm shells activated by 20% phosphoric acid as much as 1.5 g or 0.75 g which was packed with metalized aluminum plastic or LDPE plastic in the form of sachets. Storage of cassava chips with an active packaging system for 30 days and stored at a temperature of 45oC with a humidity of about 60% and observations are every 3 days in aroma and texture scoring test, moisture content, free fatty acid levels, fat content, and peroxide number. During storage from day 0 to day 30, the cassava chips have decreased the quality of the aroma from typical cassava chips to slightly rancid and the texture from crisp to somewhat not crisp. Moisture content, free fatty acid levels, and peroxide numbers during storage have increased. The fat content has decreasedduring storage. Based on this, cassava chips with the addition of 1.5 g activated charcoal and packaged with metalized aluminum plastic become the best active packaging system.

Structural Behavior of Nanocoated Oil Palm Shell as Coarse Aggregate in Lightweight Concrete

Oil palm shells (OPS) are mechanical waste that is utilized as coarse aggregates in lightweight concrete. These OPS have shape and strength like conventional aggregates yet the substantial made with these OPS invigorates a limit of 18 MPa. The characteristic strength which must be utilized in structures is seen to be around 25 MPa to 30 MPa. Considering the strength as one of the boundaries for design to be sturdy, the OPS are surface-covered with nanosilane compound. This nanosilane covering goes about as infill on the outside of the aggregates and holds the concrete paste as traditional cement. Operations are permeable in nature; their inner construction has permeable design which makes the aggregates frail. Nanosilane coatings go about as holding between the concrete stage and aggregate stage and hold the substantial solid. In the present examination, mechanical and underlying conduct of nanocovered oil palm shell lightweight concrete is contrasted with that of regular cement. Nanocovered oil palm shell lightweight substantial shows comparative strength as customary cement and decrease in nonsustainable wellspring of energy in oil palm shell lightweight concrete. Supplanting of customary cement with oil palm shell concrete addresses the modern waste which can be utilized for making concrete solid and solid. Morphology and material portrayal of oil palm shell and ordinary aggregates are investigated.

The Effect of Time on the Activation of Bayah Natural Zeolite for Application of Palm Oil Shell Pyrolysis

Oil palm shell (OPS) constitutes 60% of the waste generated during the processing of palm oil. However, OPS can potentially be converted into energy and chemicals through pyrolysis. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyse the effect of acid treatment time on the characteristics of natural zeolites, which were then applied to oil palm shell pyrolysis. The effect of the acid treatment time on the products of the pyrolysis was also studied. The acid treatment time was varied: 1, 3, and 5 hours. The crystallinity of the natural zeolites was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Solid, liquid and gaseous pyrolysis products were observed. Proximate, ultimate, and heat analysis were performed on the solid product. The liquid product was characterised using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Gas Chromatography (GC) was performed to analyse the composition of the gases produced. The results obtained from this study indicate that longer reflux times reduced the crystallinity of the zeolites. The addition of the zeolite catalysts increased the liquid products of pyrolysis from 24.5 wt% over the parent to 24.6–37.1 wt% over the acid-treated natural zeolites. The reduction of oxygenated compounds in bio-oil was observed in the amount of acetic acid and acetone produced. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

ANALISIS PENGARUH ASPAL MODIFIKASI DENGAN PENAMBAHAN ABU CANGKANG SAWIT TERHADAP KINERJA PERKERASAN ASPAL

This research uses oil palm shell ash as a filler of 1%, 2% and 3% of the weight and uses asphalt with 60/70 penetration, the method used is AASHTO and the specifications of Bina Marga 2018. This research was conducted to determine the characteristics and the optimum strength of the asphalt mixture using oil palm shell ash as a filler. From the resultsvof the tests that have been carried out, the averange value of the marshall test on the test object with 1% filler content is 290 kn/mm, the marshall value on the test object with a filler content 2% is 293 kn/mm, then the marshall value on the test object with a filler content of 3% is 293 kn/mm.

Computer Analysis of the Effects of Time and Gas Atmosphere of the Chemical Activation on the Development of the Porous Structure of Activated Carbons Derived from Oil Palm Shell

The results of the advanced computer analysis of the influence of time and gas atmosphere of the chemical activation process on the microporous structure formation of activated carbons prepared from oil palm shell via microwave irradiation and activation, using potassium hydroxide as an activation agent, are presented in this paper. The quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) and the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) methods were used especially in the analysis of the microporous structure of the activated carbons, taking into account the surface heterogeneity, and the results obtained were confronted with the simple results achieved earlier using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and T-plot methods. On the basis of the computer analysis carried out and taking into account the results obtained, it has been shown that the material with the best adsorption properties and suitable for practical industrial applications is activated carbon obtained in a gaseous nitrogen atmosphere at an activation time of 30 min. Moreover, the value of the heterogeneity parameter indicates that the surface area of this activated carbon is homogeneous, which is of particular importance in the practical application. The paper emphasizes that an erroneous approach to the interpretation of analytical results based on gas adsorption isotherms, which consists in basing conclusions only on the values of a single parameter such as specific surface area or micropore volume, should be avoided. Therefore, it is recommended to use in the analysis of measurement data, several methods of porous structure analysis, including methods considering the heterogeneity of the surface, and when interpreting the results one should also take into account the adsorption process for which the analyzed materials are dedicated.