Peel Oil Research Articles

EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM Feroniella lucida (SCHEFF.) SWINGLE FRUIT ON Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found on human skin and mucus membrane linked to the severity of the chronic inflammatory skin disease, and a contaminant in food. This study presented the effect of essential oil extracted from Feroniella lucida (Scheff.) Swingle fruit for its antibacterial activity against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 29213 and TISTR 517; and its chemical composition. The hydro-distillated essential oil yield from the peel was approximately 0.72% (v/w, fresh weight), compared to the average yield of 0.10% (v/w) from the plant leaves. The major components of the peel oil were decyl acetate (56.20% of the total GC-MC peak area), decanal (22.49%), and dodecyl acetate (6.81%). The oil could inhibit both strains, but the ATCC 29213 was more sensitive than TISTR 517 with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.125 and 2.0, and 0.5 and 16.0 mg/mL, respectively. For the mode of action performed for the strain ATCC 29213, the essential oil had a significant effect to inhibit the bacterium growth within 2 h, and caused protein, potassium ion, and adenosine triphosphates (ATP) leakages, but it had no effect on the leakage of nucleic acids. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the essential oil effect on the bacterial cell morphology, the crease and furrow of ATCC 29213 cells were detected. These results encourage further application of the oil from the edible fruit as anti-Staphylococcus aureus to develop skin care products as well as to be used in food industry.

Ginger oil and lime peel oil loaded PBAT/PLA via cast-extrusion as shrimp active packaging: Microbial and melanosis inhibition

Biodegradable active packaging for shrimp was produced via cast sheet extrusion of poly (butylene adipate terephthalate) and poly (lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) at different ratios, incorporating ginger oil (GO) and lime peel oil (LPO). Surface chemistry, mechanical and barrier properties, volatile mass fraction, and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Microbial growth and melanosis of packaged shrimp were monitored. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated major volatile components of LPO and GO as D-limonene (40.55%) and L-zingiberene (19.85%), respectively. Essential oil loading improved polymer compatibility via C-H bonding and modified the polymer crystallinity, leading to improved film flexibility but reduced tensile strength. GO incorporation showed greater release of volatile mass fraction from the film matrix than LPO, with increased oxygen permeability and water contact angle. High PBAT film (PBAT70/PLA30) allowed greater release of essential oil than high PLA film (PBAT30/PLA70), with higher antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus. Film containing LPO was more effective in inhibiting microbial growth, while film containing GO showed superior prevention of melanosis in packaged shrimp. A linear correlation was found between microbial growth and degree of melanosis in shrimp packaged in PBAT/PLA packaging containing GO and LPO. Both LPO and GO effectively enhanced film functional properties and showed promise for seafood packaging with different mechanisms of ameliorating product bacterial degradation.

Investigation on Flame and Spray Characteristics of Butanol and Lemon Peel Oil Blends With Gasoline Using Optical Engine

Abstract The current research investigates the spray behavior of lemon peel oil (LPO) and butanol in a controlled environment under various engine-like conditions. The liquid spray morphology of both fuel blends is captured using a standard Mie scattering technique, and the liquid spray penetration length is compared to a baseline fuel isooctane. In order to simulate and create engine-like conditions, these experiments are carried out in a constant volume chamber under various pressure and temperature conditions. Furthermore, the combustion quality of binary and ternary blends is studied using an optical gasoline direct injection engine at three different injection timings. According to the constant volume spray study, isooctane has the shortest penetration. Because of its higher boiling point, LPO has a longer liquid spray penetration length. Despite its lower boiling point, butanol penetrates better than isooctane. The temperature was also discovered to influence liquid spray tip penetration length more than pressure significantly. In-cylinder combustion imaging results also revealed that injection timing significantly impacts combustion. Although butanol improves combustion, LPO-dominant blends demonstrated more diffusion burning due to poor evaporation characteristics. The blends prepared for the study were similar to gasoline in combustion conditions. It was discovered that these blends ran optimally without requiring any modifications to existing engines, even though late injection is recommended to improve combustion quality and peak performance.

FORMULASI TABLET KUYAH DARI MINYAK ATSIRI JERUK KALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa) DENGAN VARIASI PEMANIS SORBITOL

In the essential oil of calamansi orange peel, the main component is limonene, which is known to have antimicrobial and antiseptic activity. The chewable tablet dosage form is considered suitable to be combined with calamansi orange essential oil which has been proven to have antibacterial properties, so it is necessary to add variations of sorbitol sweetener. The general objective of this research is to obtain chewable tablets that have good physical properties and taste that are accepted by the market. This study examined (1) the physical evaluation test of all chewable tablet formulations meeting the physical evaluation requirements (weight uniformity test, size uniformity test, and taste response test) (2) taste response test was carried out on variations in the use of sorbitol. The chewable tablets were formulated in 3 groups, FI (Sorbitol 50%), FII (sorbitol : 60%) and FIII (Sorbitol : 70%), and the formulation of the chewable tablets used the direct compression method. The test results for the physical properties of the tablets showed that all tablets met the requirements. The effect on the use of sorbitol in the formulation increased the hardness, friability, and sweetness of the tablets, but had no effect on the uniformity of the weight and uniformity of the size of the tablets. The formulation of the chewable tablet which was very good was seen from the results of the physical properties test and the taste response of the tablet and the best formulation was Formula III

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Mosquito Repellants in Roll-On Forms

Diseases like Malaria, Dengue, and Chikungunya are increasing at alarming rate. Therefore mosquito control and personal protection from mosquito bites are currently the most important measure to control the disease. Use of appropriate mosquito repellent is important to avoid disease. Use of chemical based mosquito repellent which is proved to be harmful and non-biodegradable is increasing day by day. In this study an attempt has been made to formulate and evaluate plant based mosquito repellent. The main advantage of using a plant based mosquito repellent is that the ingredients used in the formulations are biodegradable, eco-system and has less side-effect compared to synthetic mosquito repellent. The paper deals with the formulation of repellent product using the essential oil of plant materials viz, cucumber peel, grapefruit peel, sandalwood bark and curry leaves obtained by steam distillation. The purpose of the developing formulation was, for a quick onset of action and to minimize the side-effects. The same formulations were evaluated for mortality rate, repellent activity, efficacy, stability, etc.

Citrus sinensis Peel Oil Extraction and Evaluation as an Antibacterial and Antifungal Agent.

Throughout the tropical and subtropical climates, the genus Citrus can be found. The current study was conducted to extract the Citrus sinensis peel oil and evaluate its antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic potential. Petroleum ether was used to extract the C. sinensis peel oil through a Soxhlet apparatus. The antimicrobial and antifungal potential was determined via agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were calculated (test bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae; test fungal strains: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Altrnaria alternata). Antiparasitic activity against Leishmaniatropica was determined following standard protocol using amphotericin-B as positive and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as a negative control and the percentage inhibition was calculated. The oil extracted was brownish yellow with a tangy smell, water-insoluble, density (0.778 g/cm3) and specific gravity (0.843 g/cm). In antibacterial activity, the diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against E. coli (14 mm) and minimum for S. agalactiae (10 mm). While in antifungal activity diameter of the zone of inhibition was maximum against A. flavus (12.5 mm) and minimum for A. alternata (8.6 mm). S. agalactiae exhibited the minimum MIC value (6 mg/mL) and in fungal strains A. alternata exhibited the minimum value (2 mm). Citrus sinensis peel oil displayed antileishmanial efficiency of 60% at 50 μg/mL concentration after 48 h of incubation. C. sinensis peel oil demonstrated antimicrobial capabilities, implying that it could be used as a natural preservative in food or as an effective treatment against a variety of pathogenic organisms. Industries should extract oil from the waste of citrus fruits which will be beneficial from an economic point of view.

ANN and RSM Modeling for the Synthesis of Avocado Seed Starch Combined Orange Peel Extract Antimicrobial Packaging Film

Cooperation of essential oil into film formation results in active packaging materials, which can improve the quality and freshness of the foods and extend the shelf life. In the present study, extraction of starch and essential oil was performed. The active films were developed through the solvent casting method. The influence of avocado seed starch and orange peel essential oil was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology and an artificial neural network on the tensile strength, water vapor permeability, and antimicrobial properties of active films. The results showed that both models performed reasonably well, but trained artificial neural networks have more modeling capability rather than the response surface method. The optimum conditions were found to be orange peel oil of 0.57 g and 30% w/w of avocado seed starch with the values of the corresponding responses of 3.94 MPa, 3.098 × 10 − 10 g/ms Pa, and 17.273 mm for tensile strength, water vapor permeability, and inhibition zone, respectively. Generally, the orange peel extract had an effective and promising alternative for the commercial production of antimicrobial packaging films.

The effect of additional orange Pangkep (Citrus maxima) peel oil on characteristics and microbial inhibition of corn flour-based edible film

The edible film is a thin layer of hydrophilic materials made of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that replaces plastic packaging. This study was carried out to determine the effect of adding the Pangkep orange peel (Citrus maxima) oil on edible films based on corn flour. Treatments applied in this research were concentration of corn flour (2%, 4%, and 6% (w/v)) and concentration of Pangkep orange peel (Citrus maxima) oil (1%, 1.5%, and 2% (v/v)). Measurement parameters were tensile strength, elongation, thickness, moisture content, and inhibition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the composition of Pangkep orange oil (Citrus maxima) and corn flour had a significant effect on the elongation, thickness, moisture, and inhibition of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The best formula treatment was obtained with a combination treatment containing 4% corn flour and 1% Pangkep orange peel oil (Citrus maxima).

Isolation, Identification, and Process Optimization of Novel Strain Bacillus paramycoides from Food Waste

A new strain of alkaline protease-producing bacteria was isolated from soil and identified via 16s rRNA sequencing. The bacteria was identified as a novel strain of Bacillus paramycoides. Optimized substrate concentrations were used while varying one factor at a time to determine optimal process conditions. The bacterium isolated from slaughterhouse soil was found to show maximum enzymatic activity. Among the various substrates, potato peel (3%) and mustard oil cake (2%) were shown to be effective carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Alkaline protease production activities for potato peel and mustard oil cake were determined to be 1436.7 U/mL and 1425 U/mL, respectively. Maximum enzymatic activity (2752.5 U/mL) was observed at pH 9, temperature 40°C, inoculum age 12 h, inoculum size 2%, and production time 72 h. The low cost of enzyme with high activity at mild conditions suggests its potential use in the food industry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on isolation, identification and process optimization of novel strain B. paramycoides from food waste.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN SABUN CAIR MINYAK ATSIRI KULIT BUAH JERUK BALI (Citrus maxima)

Pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) has several chemical compounds, one of which is essential oil, 6.68g of essential oil was found in the peel of the pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) which has an active compound, namely limonene (94.96%). The essential oil provided strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates. The purpose of the study was to formulate the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) into liquid soap preparations that met physical stability and to test the antibacterial activity of liquid soap preparations of pomelofruit (Citrus maxima) peel essential oil against S. aureus bacteria. The method used in testing the stability of liquid soap preparations is cycling test and in the antibacterial activity test using the Disk diffusion method. The results obtained that the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) can be formulated in the form of liquid soap because it meets the physical stability test, namely before and after the cycling test and activity tests. antibacterial against S. aureus. at 1% concentration of 18.9mm (strong), 3% of 20.4mm (very strong), and 5% of 21.1mm (very strong). Based on this, the essential oil of pomelofruit peel (Citrus maxima) can be made into liquid soap preparations that meet the physical stability test and have antibacterial activity in very strong category at a concentration of 5% in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria.

Potential Effect of Lemon Peel Oil with Novel Eco-Friendly and Biodegradable Emulsion in Un-Modified Diesel Engine.

The current research work is based on exploring a novel biological fuel source and renewable fuel offered by waste lemon fruit skin. Furthermore, bio-based multi-wall carbon nanotubes (BMWCNTs), emulsion, fossil diesel, and raw lemon peel oil were procured. The single-cylinder diesel engine was evaluated using these potential ingredients in terms of performance, combustion, and emission. Test engine results reveal that the presence of BMWCNT emulsion in the bio-fuel + blend + emulsion blend produced a lower (4.7%) brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a higher (13.6%) brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC) at peak engine load conditions with diesel. The same test fuel blend possesses an equivalent heat release rate (HRR) and cylinder pressure trends to the diesel fuel blend due to an optimized air/fuel mixture and oxygen supply. Bio-fuel + blend + emulsion achieved step-down reductions of 7.83% carbon monoxide (CO) and 20.68% hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, as well as reductions of 27.7% nitrogen oxide (NOx) and 37.3% smoke emissions at peak engine load with diesel.

Understanding changes in volatile compounds and fatty acids of Jincheng orange peel oil at different growth stages using GC–MS

Jincheng orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) is widely grown in Chongqing, China, and is commonly consumed because of its characteristic aroma contributed by the presence of diverse volatile compounds. The changes in aroma during the development and maturation of fruit are indicators for ripening and harvest time. However, the influence of growth stages on the volatile compounds in Jincheng orange remains unclear. In addition, volatiles originate from fatty acids, most of which are the precursors of volatile substances. On this basis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was performed to elaborate the changes in volatile constituents and fatty acids as precursors. This study tested proximately 60 volatiles and 8 fatty acids at 9 growth and development stages (AF1–AF9). Of those compounds, more than 92.00% of total volatiles and 87.50% of fatty acids were terpenoid and saturated fatty acids, respectively. As shown in the PCA plot, the AF5, AF6, and AF9 stages were confirmed as completely segregated and appeared different. In addition, most of the volatiles and fatty acids first increased at the beginning of the development stage, then decreased from the AF6 development stage, and finally increased at the AF9 maturity stage. Moreover, the highest contents of terpenoid, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and saturated fatty acids in Jincheng orange peel oil were d-limonene, linalool, octanal, cyclohexanone, and stearic acid during development stages, respectively. Our results found that the growth stages significantly affected the volatile constituents and precursors in Jincheng orange peel oil.

DI-diesel engine fueled with orange peel calophylluminophyllum seed blended biodiesel

Engines that run on diesel fuel are very important to the functioning of contemporary society. At the same time, they are a significant contributor to the pollution of the atmosphere. Because both the comfort of the atmosphere and the inter-related, we are unable to cut down on the usage of diesel at this time. This is a very precarious scenario. The number of vehicles that run on diesel continues to grow on a daily basis. We have no choice but to switch to alternate fuels such as biodiesel if we want to prevent this problem. In the current experiment, orange peel oil was combined with diesel in two distinct proportions: 20% orange oil and 80% diesel, and 40% orange oil and 60% diesel. The purpose of this was to compare the two different combinations. According to the findings, the mixture consisting of 40% orange oil and 60% diesel is the most effective one. Then, Calophyllum inophyllum oil was further added using a transesterification process mixed with potassium hydroxide, isopropyl alcohol, pH indicator, and methanol. Then, different cases were tested: (40% orange oil + 20% Calophyllum inophyllum + 60% diesel), (40% orange oil + 40% Calophyllum inophyllum + 20% diesel) and (100% diesel). The tests show that the break thermal efficiency of O40+C20+D40 and O40+C40+D20 is 4.36 % and 4.76 % which is almost similar. O40+C40+D20 increase the NOx emissions slightly, but it decreases the emissions of HC, CO, CO2, and smoke compared to O40+C20+D40. So, O40+C40+D20 is the best alternative fuel for diesel engines.

Production and optimization of novel Sphorolipids from Candida parapsilosis grown on potato peel and frying oil wastes and their adverse effect on Mucorales fungal strains

Brief introductionMucormycosis disease, which has recently expanded with the Covid 19 pandemic in many countries, endangers patients' lives, and treatment with common drugs is fraught with unfavorable side effects.Aim and objectivesThis study deals with the economic production of sophorolipids (SLs) from different eight fungal isolates strains utilizing potato peels waste (PPW) and frying oil waste (FOW). Then investigate their effect against mucormycetes fungi.ResultsThe screening of the isolates for SLs production revealed the highest yield (39 g/100 g substrate) with most efficiency was related to a yeast that have been identified genetically as Candida parapsilosis. Moreover, the characterizations studies of the produced SLs by FTIR, 1H NMR and LC–MS/MS proved the existence of both acidic and lactonic forms, while their surface activity was confirmed by the surface tension (ST) assessment. The SLs production was optimized utilizing Box-Behnken design resulting in the amelioration of yield by 30% (55.3 g/100 g substrate) and ST by 20.8% (38mN/m) with constant level of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 125 mg/L. The studies also revealed the high affinity toward soybean oil (E24 = 50%), in addition to maintaining the emulsions stability against broad range of pH (4–10) and temperature (10–100℃). Furthermore, the antifungal activity against Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus microsporus, and Syncephalastrum racemosum proved a high inhibition efficiency of the produced SLs.ConclusionThe findings demonstrated the potential application of the SLs produced economically from agricultural waste as an effective and safer alternative for the treatment of infection caused by black fungus.

Methanolysis of avocado peel oil using heterogeneous catalyst enhanced by microwave heating and parametric optimization

ABSTRACT The focus of the present research was on producing fatty acid-methyl ester from Avocado Peel Oil (APO) using cement clinker as a catalyst at different reaction conditions. The APO used in this study of characterized by their physicochemical properties. Hence, the avocado peel was used in this study for the manufacture of fatty acid-based methyl ester as a substitute for diesel oil. To make methyl esters from fatty acids, APO was heated in a microwave and then transesterified with a cement clinker catalyst. Using the response surface method (RSM), the best yield of fatty acid-methyl ester was calculated. The model equation predicted an ideal yield value of 84.5% at 72.6 min, a concentration of catalyst 4.4% w/w, and methanol to oil mole ratio of 12.7:1. The experimentally obtained methyl ester yield of 82.45% at optimum process variables coincided with the model equations predicted. The optimum conversion of methyl ester determined by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum was 98.36%. As a result, the physicochemical properties evaluated at optimum value were within the international standard limits.

Development of Natural Preservative for the Shelf life Extension of Meat Products

To determine the Anti-microbial property of Thyme oil, Apple peel oil, Clove oil, Bar of cassia oil on Lamb meat for longer storage of meat. Usage of essential oil adds nutrition and longer storage of meat. This will reduce the use of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrites, and also decreases the risk of heart disease, diabetic and other chronic diseases. The main objective is to test Anti-microbial property of this natural preservative as an alternative for the commercially existing preservatives. The formulated natural preservative contains naturally occurring compounds which have Anti-microbial properties to prevent the growth of microorganisms. The antioxidant properties of the preservatives help in increase the nutritive value of raw meat in a cost effective and without any artificial preservatives.The formulated natural preservative helps to replace the chemical preservatives used. It implements the nutritional values and also implements the Anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of the Lamb meat. By this the nutritional value, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the Lamb meat will be increasing and also helps to increase the shelf life of the Lamb meat. Key Words: Preservatives, Antimicrobial property, Antioxidant, Nutrition value

Sintesis Mikroemulsi Menggunakan Surfaktan dan Minyak Atsiri Kulit Buah Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) Sebagai Body Mist

This study aims to determine the effect of the mixture ratio of surfactant (Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80) and essential oil of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) and determine the appropriate ratio of surfactant and sweet orange essential oil mixture to produce the best microemulsion characteristics. This study used a completely randomized design with phase 1 surfactant mixture ratio Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80. The treatments used were 97:2,75:0,25; 97:2,50:0,50; 97:2,25:0,75; 97:2.00:1.00; 97:1,75:1,25. then step 2 the ratio of surfactant and sweet orange peel oil is 90:10; 87.5:12.5; 85:15; 82.5:17.5; 80:20. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that the ratio of the surfactant mixture Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80 had an effect on the microemulsion characteristics of sweet orange peel oil. The best treatment on the surfactant mixture ratio 97:2,50:0,50 with the smallest turbidity index value, namely. The best ratio of surfactant and essential oil of sweet orange peel was 82.5:17.5 with turbidity index (%) before and after centrifugation 0.217±0.009% and 0.419±0.005%, respectively. It has a particle size of 26.5±14.2 nm, a zeta potential value of 0.0mV and is stable at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 for 8 weeks of storage.

Sintesis Mikroemulsi Menggunakan Surfaktan dan Minyak Atsiri Kulit Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Sebagai Face Mist

This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of the mixture of surfactants and essential oil of lemon rind (Citrus limon) and determine the ratio of surfactant and essential oil of lemon rind (Citrus limon) to obtain the best microemulsion characteristics. This experiment used a completely randomized design with step 1 ratio of surfactant mixture (Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80) which was 97: 2.75: 0.25; 97:2.5:0.5; 97:2.25:0.75; 97:2.0:1; 97:1.75; 1.25. Then, in step 2 the ratio of surfactant and lemon peel essential oil was 90:10; 87.5: 12.5; 85:15; 82.5:17.5; 80:20. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance using excel. The results showed that the ratio of the mixture of surfactants and lemon peel essential oil had an effect on the characteristics of the resulting microemulsion. The ratio of surfactant mixture 97: 2.75: 0.25 (Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80) was the best treatment for making lemon peel essential oil microemulsion with the lowest turbidity values ??before and after centrifugation, namely 0.245±0.010% and 0.203±0.059 %. The ratio of surfactant and essential oil of lemon peel 85:15 was the best treatment with turbidity index values ??before and after centrifugation 0.298±0.037% and 0.334±0.161%, respectively. Lemon peel essential oil microemulsion has a particle size of 1272.2 nm and a potential zeta value of 0 mV. Lemon peel essential oil microemulsion 85:15 was stable for 8 weeks of storage.

Preliminary Study on Insecticidal Potential and Chemical Composition of Five Rutaceae Essential Oils against Thrips flavus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

To meet the demand for novel pest management strategies to combat the development of insecticide resistance, plant essential oils may be a promising alternative source. This study investigated the insecticidal activity of five essential oils from the Rutaceae plant family against Thrips flavus Schrank (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under laboratory conditions. The plant essential oils were citrus oil (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Chuan-shan pepper oil (Zanthoxylum piasezkii Maxim.), zanthoxylum oil (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.), pomelo peel oil (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) and orange leaf oil (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Among the essential oils evaluated, orange leaf oil (LC50 = 0.26 g/L), zanthoxylum oil (LC50 = 0.27 g/L), and pomelo peel oil (LC50 = 0.44 g/L) resulted in a higher gastric toxicity under laboratory conditions. The results of the pot experiment also showed that orange leaf oil (93.06 ± 3.67% at 540.00 g a.i.·hm-2, 97.22 ± 1.39% at 720 g a.i.·hm-2, 100.00% at 900.00 g a.i.·hm-2) zanthoxylum oil (98.73 ± 1.27% at 900 g a.i.·hm-2), and pomelo peel oil (100.00% at 900 g a.i.·hm-2) exhibited a higher control efficacy, being the most effective against T. flavus after 7 days of treatment. The essential oil components were then identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal activity of orange leaf oil, pomelo peel oil, and zanthoxylum oil could be attributed to their main constituents, such as methyl jasmonate (50.92%), D-limonene (76.96%), and linalool (52.32%), respectively. In the olfactory test, adult T. flavus were attracted by zanthoxylum oil and Chuan-shan pepper oil. We speculated that linalool might be the key signaling compound that attracts T. flavus. These results showed that orange leaf oil, zanthoxylum oil, and pomelo peel oil exhibited insecticidal activities under controlled conditions. They can be implemented as effective and low-toxicity botanical insecticides and synergistic agents against T. flavus.

MINYAK ATSIRI BERBAHAN KULIT JERUK DAN BUNGA KENANGA SEBAGAI AROMA TERAPI PADA MATA KULIAH PERAWATAN BADAN

Aromatherapy is a material used by students in body care courses to improve fitness and is an important aspect so that the activities carried out can be optimal, but students often complain that the use of aramotherapy is expensive and wasteful. This needs efforts to overcome it with non-pharmacological therapies such as aromatherapy of essential oils made from orange peel and ylang flowers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the use of essential oil aromatherapy made from orange peel and ylang flowers from the aspect of cost efficiency in PVKK students, Faculty of Engineering, PGRI Adi Buana University, Surabaya. The method used in this study is making aromatherapy with organoleptic tests and conducting analysis conclusions. The results of research that has been carried out experiments and tested that the essential oils of orange peel and ylang flowers can be used as aromatherapy. The conclusion is that the essential oils from orange peel and ylang flowers have a good aroma, and are very affordable from an economical point of view when compared to other aromatherapy treatments