Clove Oil Research Articles

Green Packaging: Carrageenan with Clove Oil Nanoencapsulation

The global urgency surrounding plastic waste-induced pollution has ignited significant interest in the biodegradable packaging sector, leading to a dynamic and expanding realm of biodegradable research. Nonetheless, effectively incorporating active agents into packaging materials faces hurdles related to stability and durability. This study takes a momentous leap in this context by shedding light on the transformative potential of integrating clove oil in macro and nanoencapsulation forms into carrageenan-glycerol matrices. A highlight emerges in the remarkable enhancement achieved through nanoencapsulation—a technique that substantially bolsters packaging performance. This improvement is evident in a noteworthy reduction of water vapor transmission, plummeting from an initial 11.011 to merely 6.903 g.mm m-2 d-1. This nearly fifty percent reduction underscores the efficacy of nanoencapsulation in enhancing packaging attributes. Concurrently, the study delves into the nuances of the carrageenan-clove oil composition, unveiling its profound influence on packaging strength, by systematically increasing the carrageenan-clove oil ratio, packaging strength triples, soaring from an initial 0.421 to an impressive 1.434 N/mm. Concerns of heightened brittleness due to increased carrageenan content are firmly dispelled, substantiated by consistent tensile stress values. In summary, this comprehensive investigation advances the core attributes of biodegradable packaging and presents a strategic and adept approach to address the intricate sustainability issues. Through adept manipulation of clove oil integration, the study pioneers the evolution of biodegradable packaging materials, paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future.

NOXIOUSNESS OF THREE DIFFERENT ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST RED PALM WEEVIL UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITION

Asian palm weevil, also known as red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has long been regarded as an annoying pest of many palm trees (Arecaceae), particularly date palm. Researchers are very concerned about finding an effective management strategy to control RPW due to its well-known detrimental effects on native date palm, and its economic development. Use of essential oils and botanical extracts is receiving a lot of attention among other control methods. Because they are environmentally safe. However, this study explained the feeding toxicity of three essential oils e.g., clove, black pepper, and eucalyptus seeds against 3rd instar larvae of RPW via feeding bioassay. Results showed that mortality (%) was maximum when treated with a higher dose of clove oil as compared to the other two essential oils. Meanwhile the LC50 value of clove oil was minimal which showed a higher toxicity. Our study concluded that clove oil is useful against the immature stages of R. ferrugineus. So, we suggest that it should be properly placed in IPM strategies against this pest. To enhance the efficacy of such bioactive compounds in laboratory, more work is necessary.

Potentiation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Oxytetracycline Combined with Cinnamon, Clove, Oregano, and Red Thyme Essential Oils against MDR Salmonella enterica Strains.

Tetracyclines have a high resistance percentage in Salmonella spp. of both human and animal origin. Essential oils, such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and red thyme (Thymus zygis), have shown bactericidal activity against this bacterium. However, in many cases, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) exceeds the cytotoxicity limits. The objective of this study was to assess the in vitro efficacy of combining oxytetracycline with essential these oils against field multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains. The MIC of each product was determined using the broth microdilution method. The interaction was evaluated using the checkerboard method, by means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICindex) determination. The results showed a positive interaction (synergy and additivity) between oxytetracycline and the four oils tested, resulting in a reduction in both products' MICs by 2 to 4 times their initial value, in the case of oils, and by 2 to 1024 times in the case of the antibiotic. The combination of oxytetracycline and cinnamon achieved the best results (FICindex 0.5), with a decrease in the antibiotic effective concentration to below the sensitivity threshold (MIC of the combined oxytetracycline 0.5 µg/mL). There was no antagonistic effect in any case, although differences in response were observed depending on the bacterial strain. The results of this study suggest that combining oxytetracycline with cinnamon oil could be an effective alternative for controlling tetracycline-resistant strains of Salmonella. However, its individual use should be further evaluated through in vitro susceptibility tests.

Harnessing Nature's Arsenal: Investigating the Antibacterial Efficacy of Commercial Essential Oils against Staphylococcus Strains Isolated from Poultry Meat.

Pathogens prevalent in the food supply chain provide a significant worldwide risk to both human health and the economy. Poultry meat, a staple in global diets, serves as a reservoir for bacterial contamination. Staphylococcus, a gram-positive bacterium belonging to family Staphylococcaceae has been identified as a potential causative agent of food borne illnesses. The presence of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus strains in poultry products raises concerns about the transmission of resistance genes through the food chain, necessitating thorough investigations into alternative antimicrobial agents for effective bacterial control. Essential oils (EOs) hold profound importance in terms of their known and potential application. This study focuses on the evaluation of commercial essential oils and their effectiveness against Staphylococcus strains isolated from poultry meat. Briefly, 150 raw chicken meat samples were collected, and Staphylococcus spp. was identified based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Antibiogram analysis and essential oils activity was determined by disc diffusion and agar well diffusion assay respectively. Results showed that 27 (18%) samples tested positive for Staphylococcus spp, out of which S. aureus was identified in 25 isolates (16.66%). The antibiogram profile reveals that three antibiotics namely, gentamicin, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics showing sensitivity against 74.07%, 70.37% and 62.96% of the isolates respectively. Moreover, amongst the tested essential oils cinnamon oil and clove oil exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities ZOI ranges from 19-41mm and 19-33 mm respectively. While focusing on the evaluation of antimicrobial activity of essential oils, the study endeavors to aid in development of sustainable strategies for mitigating bacterial contamination in the food industry.

A novel biopolymeric composite edible film based on sunnhemp protein isolate and potato starch incorporated with clove oil: Fabrication, characterization, and amino acid composition

Composite edible films were developed by casting method using sunnhemp protein isolate (SHPI) and potato starch (PS) at various proportions (100:0, 90:10, 80:20; 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50) containing glycerol as a plasticizer and clove oil. All the edible films were evaluated for thickness, moisture content, solubility, swelling ratio, water activity. Further characterization of edible films was done on the basis of mechanical, optical, thermal and structural attributes along with morphology. Among all the films, composite film containing 50 % SHPI, 50 % PS and 1 % clove oil were having better characteristics. The solubility and WVP decreased, while the tensile strength and elongation at break of composite film increased with the inclusion of potato starch and clove oil. Intermolecular interactions in the composite film matrix were confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis. SEM images confirmed the structural compactness and integrity of all the developed films. The amino acid composition of edible films indicated presence of most of the essential amino acids. The present finding of this research work shows that the utilization of sunnhemp protein in the development of biocomposite edible films represents an alternative opportunity of sustainable edible food packaging.

Preparation of Fresh-Keeping Paper Using Clove Essential Oil through Pickering Emulsion and Maintaining the Quality of Postharvest Cherry Tomatoes.

This study focused on developing a Pickering emulsion fresh-keeping paper that contained clove essential oil (CEO). Cherry tomatoes served as the test material for assessing the preservative efficacy of fresh-keeping paper. The results showed that Pickering emulsion had strong stability. Additionally, the fresh-keeping paper had a good antioxidant activity and sustained-release effect on CEO. In terms of the preservation effect, 0.75 wt% CEO Pickering emulsion paper reduced the decay incidence and weight loss of cherry tomatoes during 12-day storage. Fresh-keeping paper could also play a positive role in protecting the sensory index and color difference of tomatoes. It slowed the decline rate of soluble solid concentration (SSC) and titrable acid (TA). The vitamin C (Vc) and hardness of preserved tomatoes using fresh-keeping paper were maintained at a high level. The paper also inhibited the growth of microorganisms significantly. Therefore, 0.75 wt% CEO Pickering emulsion fresh-keeping paper displayed considerable potential for application in the preservation of postharvest fruits and vegetables. It is a novel fruit and vegetable preservation material worthy of development.

Preparation of Antioxidant and Antifouling Ultrafiltration Membrane by Co-blending Eugenol with Polyethylene Glycol-Modified Polyvinylidene Fluoride

Polyvinylidene fluoride-graft-polyethylene glycol methyl acrylate (PVDF-g-PEGMA) was prepared by grafting PEGMA onto PVDF using a homogeneous irradiation grafting method. After incorporating various concentrations of eugenol, a natural antioxidant component of clove oil, the membranes were fabricated through non-solvent induced phase separation. The results indicated that the addition of eugenol did not alter the inherent properties of the membrane but slightly reduced the pore size and water flux. The cyclic flux test showed that eugenol did not compromise the anti-fouling performance of the membrane, with the flux recovery ratio exceeding 93%. The antioxidant performance test revealed that eugenol enhanced the membrane’s capacity to remove free radicals and imparted oxidation resistance in NaClO solution, making the modified membrane suitable for use in oxidizing environments. This study successfully demonstrated a simple method to prepare a bifunctional membrane with anti-fouling and antioxidant properties, potentially extending its service life and applicability in oxidative contexts.

Isoeugenol Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes with Impaired Mitotic Clonal Expansion.

Isoeugenol (IEG), a natural component of clove oil, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. However, the effects of IEG on adipogenesis have not yet been elucidated. Here, we showed that IEG blocks adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells at an early stage. IEG inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner and reduces the expression of mature adipocyte-related factors including PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FABP4. IEG treatment at different stages of adipogenesis showed that IEG inhibited adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the early stage, as confirmed by lipid accumulation and adipocyte-related biomarkers. The early stage stimulates growth-arrested preadipocytes to enter mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and initiates their differentiation into adipocytes by regulating cell cycle-related factors. IEG arrested 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and attenuated cell cycle-related factors including cyclinD1, CDK6, CDK2, and cyclinB1 during the MCE stage. Furthermore, IEG suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during MCE and inhibits ROS-related antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) and catalase. The expression of cell proliferation-related biomarkers, including pAKT and pERK1/2, was attenuated by the IEG treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. These findings suggest that it is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity.

Clove Essential Oil: Chemical Profile, Biological Activities, Encapsulation Strategies, and Food Applications.

Plants have proven to be important sources for discovering new compounds that are useful in the treatment of various diseases due to their phytoconstituents. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), an aromatic plant widely cultivated around the world, has been traditionally used for food preservation and medicinal purposes. In particular, clove essential oil (CEO) has attracted attention for containing various bioactive compounds, such as phenolics (eugenol and eugenol acetate), terpenes (β-caryophyllene and α-humulene), and hydrocarbons. These constituents have found applications in cosmetics, food, and medicine industries due to their bioactivity. Pharmacologically, CEO has been tested against a variety of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, demonstrating antibacterial and antifungal properties. Additionally, many studies have also demonstrated the analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory effects of this essential oil. However, CEO could degrade for different reasons, impacting its quality and bioactivity. To address this challenge, encapsulation is viewed as a promising strategy that could prolong the shelf life of CEO, improving its physicochemical stability and application in various areas. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological activities of CEO and its constituents, as well as extraction methods to obtain it. Moreover, encapsulation strategies for CEO and numerous applications in different food fields are also highlighted.

Corn cob nanocellulose packaging for increasing the shelf life of food products

Studies were carried out to develop eco-friendly Packaging material for the extended shelf-life of food products. The current study sought to improve the coated bioactive film's hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties by preparing active packaging based on biodegradable Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) containing 1 wt% Nanocellulose (NC) and various loadings of essential oil-prepared nanocomposites. Nanocellulose (NC) from Maize Cob was used as filler in the synthesis of nanopolymers enriched with Thyme oil, Cinnamon oil, clove oil, and Rosemary oil. Characterization of nanopolymer-coated bags and their effect on enhancing the shelf-life of food products in different temperature conditions was also studied. The fabricated nanocomposite and nanocellulose were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, Contact angle, TGA, and Tensile mechanical properties. The fabricated nanocomposite-coated paper cum bag shows good hydrophobic properties as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The results showed that adding essential oils and dispersing nanocellulose to the PLA matrix strengthened its mechanical qualities as well as its efficacy for biodegradation and antimicrobial properties. The current work provides extremely promising materials for future applications in food packaging applications using sustainable nanocomposite-based biodegradable and antimicrobial coated paper cum bags.

Clinical Case Report: Use of Essential Oils in Chronic Dermal Wound

Currently, there is a trend towards adopting treatments with more natural alternative products over synthetic ones. Essential oils are known for their numerous medicinal properties (from physical to emotional issues) and have been used by the population for millennia. They contain volatile compounds that have therapeutic properties. Their complex chemical composition provides plants with adaptive advantages in their environment and can be used as important active principles in products intended for human treatment. Essential oils also have antioxidant properties, preventing cellular damage and premature aging (such as lemon, lavender, and sweet orange essential oils, for example). Regarding antimicrobial properties, various essential oils have shown activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For example, tea tree oil has been effective against various bacteria and fungi, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans. Additionally, essential oils are widely used for analgesic purposes, such as peppermint, lavender, eucalyptus, and clove, or essential oils that can reduce anxiety, improve mood, and promote relaxation like lavender, sweet orange, bergamot, and ylang-ylang. Another interesting oil is used in important ingredients in incenses and perfumes, the extract from gum resins obtained from the Burseraceae family trees (Boswellia sp.) that have anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects. Chemical components like linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8 cineole, pinenes, γ-terpinene, borneol, limonene, α-thujene, and menthol are some of the main components found in various essential oils. The most abundant phenol in oregano essential oil is a potent antibacterial agent. The aim was to report an individual clinical case, in home care, requested by a physical educator, of a female patient, leucoderma, 74 years old, residing in the State of São Paulo, presenting a chronic wound in the posteroinferior region of the right leg that was not responding to conventional methods (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, in addition to laser therapy) for more than two months. She also faced respiratory problems, sleep difficulties, mild depression, and reduced mobility. She reported being a controlled diabetic, hypertensive, and having occupational asthma. As a requested choice, aromatherapy was the sought treatment, and a protocol was established considering both physical and emotional aspects, recommending topical and aromatic use of essential oils of oregano, lavender, tea tree, frankincense, in addition to fractionated coconut and rosehip vegetable oils as diluents. After 47 days, the wound had healed, and the patient showed optimism and improved sleep quality. Aromatherapy offers a holistic and gentle approach to treating various conditions, and this case is an inspiring example of how essential oils can make a difference in people's lives. However, more clinical studies with a larger population are necessary to investigate the treatment's efficacy and safety.

Toxicity of Clove Oil as Influenced by the Size of German Cockroach <i>Blattella germanica</i> L.

German cockroaches Blattella germanica L are one of the most common urban pests. Varieties of methods are being used to control this, including spraying, baiting and repellents. Many of these synthetic toxicants cause public health concerns and environmental hazards. There is a need to search for ecofriendly alternatives and clove oil is one such option. There is a need to understand the toxicity of clove oil as influenced by the size of cockroaches, and hence this study was conducted. Cockroaches respond differently to topically applied chemicals on their thorax, wings, and abdomen. Clove oil (16 µl) took significantly longer time to kill smaller-sized cockroaches (004 g). With an increasing topical application of clove oil, the LT50 values decreased. Moreover, cockroaches showed special behaviour such as shrinking abdomen, exhausted gut, or feces, decreased wing thickness, and wing shaking. Thus, this study reveals that clove oil toxicity depends on the body size, and altered the structure of the tissues in cockroaches.

Formulation and Synthesis of Vanillin from Clove Oil as a Chemosensor for Urea Detection in Urine

Urea levels in urine play an important parameter in diagnosing bodily conditions through liver and kidney examinations. The typical reagent for detecting urea content in urine is para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pDMAB). However, it has a drawback related to the instability of color in the resulting Schiff base compound (pDMAB-urea). In this study, the synthesized vanillin compound derived from clove oil serves as the foundational material for a urea chemosensor based on the colorimetric concept. The synthesized vanillin was characterized using FTIR, GC-MS, and 1H-NMR. The formulation of the vanillin compound as a sensor was conducted by assessing the suitable solvent, determining the optimal mass of vanillin, and evaluating the acid-base conditions of the sensor formulation system both qualitatively and quantitatively. Subsequently, the most effective formulation was selected for detecting urea in urine samples. The synthesis of vanillin yielded a purity level of 95%. The optimal formulation was obtained at an optimum mass of vanilla of 0.75 g in 50 mL of 96% ethanol and 10 mL of 10% NaOH. The color change in the sample was from colorless to greenish yellow (436 nm). The vanillin obtained was applied to urine samples with the best results at a sample dilution level of 10,000×.

Enhancing anesthesia and minimizing toxicity: evaluation of clove, Cinnamon, and tea tree essential oils in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Enhancing anesthesia and minimizing toxicity: evaluation of clove, Cinnamon, and tea tree essential oils in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Modulation efficiency of clove oil nano-emulsion against genotoxic, oxidative stress, and histological injuries induced via titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) have found wide applications in medical and industrial fields. However, the toxic effect of various tissues is still under study. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effect of TiO2-NP on stomach, liver, and kidney tissues and the amelioration effect of clove oil nanoemulsion (CLV-NE) against DNA damage, oxidative stress, pathological changes, and the apoptotic effect of TiO2-NPs. Four groups of male mice were subjected to oral treatment for five consecutive days including, the control group, the group treated with TiO2-NPs (50 mg/kg), the group treated with (CLV-NE) (5% of the MTD), and the group treated with TiO2-NPs plus CLV-NE. The results revealed that the treatment with TiO2-NPs significantly caused DNA damage in the liver, stomach, and kidney tissues due to increased ROS as indicated by the reduction of the antioxidant activity of SOD and Gpx and increased MDA level. Further, abnormal histological signs and apoptotic effect confirmed by the significant elevation of p53 expression were reported after TiO2-NPs administration. The present data reported a significant improvement in the previous parameters after treatment with CLV-NE. These results showed the collaborative effect of the oils and the extra role of nanoemulsion in enhancing antioxidant effectiveness that enhances its disperse-ability and further promotes its controlled release. One could conclude that CLV-NE is safe and can be used as a powerful antioxidative agent to assess the toxic effects of the acute use of TiO2-NPs.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance clove oil.

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authority of the rapporteur Member State, Malta, for the pesticide active substance clove oil are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. The conclusions for the amendment of approval were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative use of clove oil as a preharvest nematicide on tomatoes and cucumbers (permanent greenhouse use). The representative use evaluated for the renewal of approval of clove oil was as post-harvest fungicide and bactericide on apples, pears and peaches (indoor uses). The reliable endpoints appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented. Endpoints not relevant to the scope of the proposed amendment of approval conditions will be addressed in the context of the renewal of approval procedure of clove oil running in parallel (AIR IV, EFSA Q-2016-00809). Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are reported where identified.

Flaxseed Mucilage/Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose and Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Bilayer Film as a Promising Drug Carrier for Periodontal Treatment.

The present study focused on the formulation of mucoadhesive bilayer composite films for the treatment of periodontitis and evaluation of their physicochemical properties. The solvent casting technique was used to prepare films. The primary layer (D) was prepared with flaxseed and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose composite to sustain the release of doxycycline hyclate. The second layer (S) comprised sodium alginate and polyvinyl alcohol composite for faster release of clove oil. Both layers were combined to generate the bilayer film (B). All formulations were characterized further to obtain an optimized formulation. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared radiation results showed intactness of drug and clove oil in the presence of excipients. The pH of the films was compatible with the periodontal cavity and the thickness was suitable for inserting into the cavity. The immediate release layer showed faster disintegration and swelling. The content of clove oil was above 80%. The rate of swelling of the primary layer was slow and drug content complied with the United States Pharmacopoeia. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed intact, non-porous and smooth films. Films exhibited better mechanical strength and bioadhesiveness. Clove oil was released from the immediate release layer within 10 min, and doxycycline hyclate release was retarded to a minimum of up to 8 h in the primary layer as well as the bilayer. Formulation also had a significant effect on both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In the current study, bilayers were successfully prepared and characterized. The optimized formulation can be effectively used for the treatment of periodontitis.

Effect of lavender oil, clove oil and frankincense extract on sensory and microbial properties of Raw drumsticks in refrigerator

Effect of lavender oil, clove oil and frankincense extract on sensory and microbial properties of Raw drumsticks in refrigerator

Phyto-activity of Syzygium aromaticum extract against pathogenic bacteria isolated from chronic tonsilitis patients

Because of its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, the naturally occurring spice Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) is used as a medicine and a preservative. Although it is said to have originated in Indonesia, clove is now grown in numerous coastal regions at higher altitudes all over the world. Clove has been used for ages for its medicinal properties, which have been shown effective against a wide variety of illnesses. Clove has been found to be effective as an antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, stress-reducing, interoceptive, and anesthetic. Clove's larvicidal efficacy against dengue is a novel use. Extraction of clove's volatile oil has found commercial usage in the creation of pharmaceutical, nutritional, and personal care products. Eugenol is a crucial phenolic molecule found in clove oil's various phytoconstituents. With regard to the issues raised, this study carried for detection activity of clove on pathogenic S. aureus and S. pyogen isolated from patients with chronic tonsillitis. The present study noted that the activity of methanolic extract was higher than that of aqueous extract in all concentrations except for the 1% concentration, that had no activity against both bacteria. Also, it was noted that the S. aureus had higher susceptibility than S. pyogen for both extracts.

Phyto-activity of Syzygium aromaticum extract against pathogenic bacteria isolated from chronic tonsilitis patients

Because of its antibacterial and antioxidant characteristics, the naturally occurring spice Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) is used as a medicine and a preservative. Although it is said to have originated in Indonesia, clove is now grown in numerous coastal regions at higher altitudes all over the world. Clove has been used for ages for its medicinal properties, which have been shown effective against a wide variety of illnesses. Clove has been found to be effective as an antibiotic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, stress-reducing, interoceptive, and anesthetic. Clove's larvicidal efficacy against dengue is a novel use. Extraction of clove's volatile oil has found commercial usage in the creation of pharmaceutical, nutritional, and personal care products. Eugenol is a crucial phenolic molecule found in clove oil's various phytoconstituents. With regard to the issues raised, this study carried for detection activity of clove on pathogenic S. aureus and S. pyogen isolated from patients with chronic tonsillitis. The present study noted that the activity of methanolic extract was higher than that of aqueous extract in all concentrations except for the 1% concentration, that had no activity against both bacteria. Also, it was noted that the S. aureus had higher susceptibility than S. pyogen for both extracts.