Oil Loss Research Articles

Development of 3D-printable plant-based fat analogs utilizing coconut oil and glucomannan emulsion gels

Animal fats usually contain high amounts of long-chain saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, and plant-based fat analogs have the potential to serve as substitutes for animal fats. However, most fat analog products could not mimic the oil-release behavior of animal fats. Therefore, this study developed 3D-printable emulsified fat analogs utilizing konjac glucomannan and coconut oil and adjusted the oil stability of the fat analog system before and after cooking. Before cooking, the fat analogs showed excellent printing behavior with a homogenous state and no oil release. The raw inks hold intermediate rheological properties so that the printed fat analogs showed acceptable shape stability and surface smoothness during printing. After cooking, the fat analogs experienced significant oil release. In addition, the influences of oil content on the glucomannan-based emulsion gels’ oil release behavior, and rheological and textural properties were investigated. The results showed that the fat analogs with a higher coconut oil content showed a larger amount of released oil, higher oil loss, water loss, and cooking loss, and lower hardness and tensile strength after cooking. The temperature sweep test showed that the glucomannan-based fat analogs formed gels during heating. This study offers a method to develop emulsion plant-based fat analogs with high oil-release and stretchable properties after cooking.

Thermo-induced changes in the structure of lentil protein isolate (Lens culinaris) to stabilize high internal phase emulsions

This study aims to assess the impact of heat treatment on the emulsifying properties of lentil protein isolate (LPI) dispersion to produce high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The heat-treated LPI dispersion was characterized by size, turbidity, solubility, zeta potential, free sulfhydryl group, electrophoresis, differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and intrinsic fluorescence. HIPEs were produced with 25% of LPI dispersion (2%, w/w) and soybean oil (75%) using a rotor-stator (15,500 rpm/1 min). HIPEs were evaluated for their droplet size, zeta potential, centrifugal stability, microscopy, appearance, Turbiscan stability, and rheology over 60 days (25 °C). Heat treatment reduced the size of LPI, resulting in increased turbidity, solubility, and exposure of hydrophobic groups. HIPEs produced with heat-treated LPI at 70 °C (HIPE70) and 80 °C (HIPE80) for 20 min exhibited lower droplet sizes, increased stability, reduced oil loss, and a homogeneous appearance compared to HIPE produced with untreated LPI (HIPEc). In addition, HIPE70 and HIPE80 displayed resistance to shear stress, higher apparent viscosity, and increased storage modulus than HIPEc. HIPEs produced with heat-treated LPI were stable, suggesting that the treatment was efficient for improving the functional properties of the protein and the possibility of future research focusing on fat substitutes in food applications.

Cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsions: Stabilization by bacterial cellulose nanofibrils and applications for active packaging films

Pickering emulsions are emulsions stabilized by solid particles with a wide range of potential applications as they typically provide more stable systems than surface-stabilized emulsions. Among the various solid stabilizers, bacterial cellulose (BC) may open up new opportunities for future Pickering emulsions due to its unique nano-size, amphiphilicity and other excellent properties. In this study, BC, TEMPO-oxidized BC (TOBC) and dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) were used as emulsifiers to stabilize cinnamon essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsions. The microstructure, oil droplet size distribution, storage and loss moduli of the Pickering emulsions were affected by the type of emulsifier used. Compared to BC and DAC nanofibers, TOBC nanofibers exhibited better emulsifying capacity. TOBC (1%)-stabilized Pickering emulsion showed smaller droplet size, narrower size distributions, better stability and sustained release ability. Moreover, the Pickering emulsions showed high antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli. Active gelatin composite films containing TOBC (1%)-stabilized CEO Pickering emulsions were successfully fabricated and showed good antibacterial and antioxidant properties, which make them suitable for food packaging application.

Oil Losses – Nigeria

Oil Losses – Nigeria

Assessment of Quality and Efficiency of Cold-Pressed Oil from Selected Oilseeds.

In this present study, an oil press was used to process 200 g each of sesame, pumpkin, flax, milk thistle, hemp and cumin oilseeds in order to evaluate the amount of oil yield, seedcake, sediments and material losses (oil and sediments). Sesame produced the highest oil yield at 30.60 ± 1.69%, followed by flax (27.73 ± 0.52%), hemp (20.31 ± 0.11%), milk thistle (14.46 ± 0.51%) and pumpkin (13.37 ± 0.35%). Cumin seeds produced the lowest oil yield at 3.46 ± 0.15%. The percentage of sediments in the oil, seedcake and material losses for sesame were 5.15 ± 0.09%, 60.99 ± 0.04% and 3.27 ± 1.56%. Sediments in the oil decreased over longer storage periods, thereby increasing the percentage oil yield. Pumpkin oil had the highest peroxide value at 18.45 ± 0.53 meq O2/kg oil, an acid value of 11.21 ± 0.24 mg KOH/g oil, free fatty acid content of 5.60 ± 0.12 mg KOH/g oil and iodine value of 14.49 ± 0.16 g l/100 g. The univariate ANOVA of the quality parameters against the oilseed type was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), except for the iodine value, which was not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05). Future studies should analyze the temperature generation, oil recovery efficiency, percentage of residual oil in the seedcake and specific energy consumption of different oilseeds processed using small-large scale presses.

Design of a separator machine for oil palm fruit mesocarp and nut using computer‐aided design and linear finite element analysis

AbstractThis study addresses the inefficiencies in the current palm oil milling process, where the coexistence of mesocarp fiber and nut during pressing results in oil loss and nut breakage. To tackle this issue, the research aims to develop a machine that can separate mesocarp fibers from nuts before pressing, enhancing oil extraction and quality. The study involves designing the machine layout, creating schematic drawings, wireframe models, and assessing stress and deformation performance. Solidworks simulation was used to determine stress and deformation points within material properties, dimensions, and applied forces. The maximum stress on the rotating disc was 1.44 MPa, with a total deformation of 9.75 x 10−4 mm. Comparing this to the static component strength against cracking (0.093 MPa) revealed that the disc's material and design can safely with stand loads, preventing deformation during the mesocarp and nut separation process. This innovation promises to increase oil yields and improve oil quality in palm oil milling.Practical applicationsThe separation of mesocarp fiber and nuts using centrifugal force is a feasible method. By removing nuts from the mesh (fiber) prior digestion and oil extraction process, the issue of nut breakage will be completely omitted, and thus the pressure can be further increased to maximize oil yield at the palm oil mill industries. This suggested approach has been demonstrated to produce a large amount of oil with minimal broken kernels. The crude palm oil obtained from this separation process also satisfies industrial standards.

Development of a novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device for maintenance of cathodic protection systems on oil and gas pipelines

Periodic inspections are required for oil and gas pipelines equipped with cathodic protection systems (CPS) to prevent corrosion. This inspection takes time and requires money, mobilisation of specialised staff, and accessibility of pipeline right of way which is often hindered by security issues, and bad terrain. A novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device, developed using the NACE SP0169 standard, which measures the pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) reading, transmits the measured data to an IoT server, and a virtual environment for analysis and feedback while providing an immersive experience to the user, all in real-time, is presented. The hardware and software components are developed using Sensors, Arduino Mega 2560 board, AWS Sumerian 1.2.0 software, ThingSpeak IoT server, Blender modelling software and AutoCAD. When implemented on real test posts of oil and gas facilities and compared with the traditional methodology, the system showed consistency of data measurement and analysis, with real-time feedback to users, and a Spearman rank’s correlation coefficient of 0.998944. The study is significant as it provides the oil industry with an expert, easy-to-understand tool which helps to reduce the rate of oil spillage and losses through corrosion.

Oil-separation properties of aviation grease under thermal aging

During work or long-term storage, grease is susceptible to thermal oxygen or mechanical aging, which affects the performance of grease or even leads to the destruction of the structural surface of grease lubricated products. As the main mechanism of grease lubrication, grease partitioning can explore the aging law of grease and effectively identify whether the grease fails. In this paper, 7014 aerospace grease was selected as the research object and accelerated test was conducted by high temperature thermal oxygen. The combination of grease separation degree and mass change rate was selected for comprehensive characterization of grease separation performance. The results show that the grease partitioning degree has a significant decreasing trend; the quality change has also decreased and the degradation trajectory is similar to the partitioning degree; it is inferred that the main reason for the decrease of grease partitioning performance may be the loss of base oil and the change of thickener fiber structure.

An optimization framework to integrate distributed energy system in the crude oil stabilization process

ABSTRACT Crude oil stabilization is one of the important processes for crude oil treatment, which can reduce the evaporation loss of crude oil and improve the process safety of crude oil storage and transportation. The difference of operating conditions affects the product benefit and energy consumption of crude oil stabilization. In order to improve the overall economic efficiency, this paper used the data interaction function of MATLAB and HYSYS, and the temperature and pressure of the stabilized tower were optimized by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Meanwhile, combined with the distributed energy system, the mixed-integer linear programming model was developed, and the design strategy of the energy supply equipment was determined by taking the minimum annual equipment cost and fuel cost as the objective function, so as to reduce energy costs and carbon emissions. The method was validated in an oil field in China. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions after optimization were 0.1MPa and 130°C. The energy supply equipment was selected as an electric heater, a CHP engine, and a waste heat boiler. The energy consumption cost at this time is 3 .109 × 1 0 5 CNY/a, which is 17.65% less than the actual operating cost of the site. At the same time, carbon emissions fell by 7.8%. This method can guide the operation of the oilfield site to a certain extent.

Flaxseed Gum/Arabic Gum/Tween 80-Based Oleogel as a Fat Substitute Applied in Emulsified Sausage: Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes and Nutritional Quality.

In the present study, flaxseed gum (FG), Arabic gum (GA) and Tween 80 were used to prepare oleogels through an emulsion-templated method, and the obtained oleogels were designed for the partial substitution of pork fat in emulsified sausage. An increment in FG concentrations enhanced the viscoelasticity of emulsions, which resulted in the improved stability of emulsion systems, with smaller droplet sizes. In addition, increased FG concentrations contributed to higher mechanical strength, denser network structure and lower oil loss of oleogels. As a fat substitute, the prepared oleogels improved the textural properties and nutritional quality of emulsified sausages. With the increase in the substitution level of oleogels, the hardness and chewiness of the emulsified sausage increased, and the cooking loss decreased. Meanwhile, the reformulation with oleogels decreased the saturated fat from 57.04 g/100 g lipid to 12.05 g/100 g lipid, while increasing the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids from 0.10 to 0.39. The obtained results demonstrated that the flaxseed gum/Arabic gum/Tween 80-based oleogels had huge potential to successfully replace pork fat in emulsified sausage products.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE COMPLEX FOR MEASURING THE CONSUMPTION&#x0D; OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN MAIN PIPELINES&#x0D; WITH DATA TRANSFER TO DISPATCHING SYSTEMS

The article deals with the problem of the occurrence of losses of petroleum products on the main pipelines.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is revealed. The authors defined the subject and object of the study, set tasks to determine the&#x0D; factors influencing the occurrence of various types of losses of petroleum products during pumping, and also determined&#x0D; the causes of emergency, natural and operational losses. The article considers a system for accurately determining&#x0D; the location of the leak, which will ensure the reduction of excess losses of oil and petroleum products during unauthorized&#x0D; tie-ins, as well as environmental consequences when the product is spilled into the environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING&#x0D; TECHNOLOGICAL LOSSES OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS DURING TRANSPORTATION&#x0D; BY MAIN PIPELINE TRANSPORT

During technological operations for the transportation of oil and oil products, there are losses of pumped products.&#x0D; Historically, these losses were recorded in accordance with the norms of natural loss, which are determined&#x0D; empirically and do not have a clear scientific justification. The article presents a methodological approach&#x0D; to determining the level of technological losses of oil and oil products during technological operations of transportation&#x0D; by main pipeline transport. All technological losses are divided into two groups: losses during maintenance and repair&#x0D; of pipeline equipment; losses due to evaporation from storage equipment. For each of the groups, a reasonable method&#x0D; for calculating technological losses is proposed, taking into account the peculiarities of equipment maintenance and the&#x0D; seasonal factor. The developed methodology can be used by oil and petroleum products transportation enterprises for&#x0D; an objective and complete assessment of technological losses, their subsequent.

Enhanced recovery of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Jatropha curcas L. is a popular and potential tree borne oilseed exploited for biofuel, however, extraction ofoil from whole seedsincurs oil loss due to adsorption of considerable amount of oil to the oil cake. To minimize the oil loss, seeds were decoated using a seed decoater which separates the whole seedsinto shell and kernel. Seeds with 15 per cent of the shell removed and with 40 per cent of the shell removed were compared with whole seeds for oil extraction. The oil present in the oil cake was estimated and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The average oil recovery from the whole seed was about 23.16 per cent. Removal of 15 per cent shell increased the oil recovery to 24.6 per cent and further removal of 40 per cent shell resulted in 25.41 per cent oil recovery. The oil present in the oil cake was reduced from 10.08 to 8.93 and 7.61 per cent in the 15 per cent shell removed and 40 per cent shell removed seeds, respectively. However, the physico-chemical properties of oil from oilcake did not vary significantly. From a commercial point of view, this study helped to enhance oil recovery and displayed the significance of seed processing technique.

Impact of low oxygen storage on post-storage quality of pasteurized walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernels

Walnut (Juglans regia) kernels were obtained from two facilities, each using a different method for pasteurization to achieve a log 4 and log 5 reduction in the bacterial load on the kernel surface. Continuous pasteurization utilized high temperature steam applied for a short period, and batch pasteurization utilized lower temperature steam applied in a pressurized chamber for a longer period. Log 4 and 5 walnut kernels from both treatment methods were stored at 20 °C in air or sealed in bags with a low oxygen transmission rate, and an oxygen absorbing sachet was inserted to reduce internal oxygen concentrations to < 0.5 %. After pasteurization and packaging, walnuts were stored and evaluated periodically for peroxide value, hexanal, free-fatty acids, and total tocopherols. These objective quality measures were compared to descriptive sensory analyses of walnut taste, texture, and aroma conducted by a trained sensory panel. Continuous pasteurization of walnuts increased the rate of oil oxidation and loss of total tocopherols, but storage of walnuts in low oxygen atmospheres mitigated some of the negative quality impacts. Continuous pasteurization resulted in an immediate decreased in total tocopherols prior to storage under low oxygen atmospheres; however, low oxygen storage reduced subsequent losses in tocopherols. Batch pasteurization did not enhance quality degradation as compared to unpasteurized controls, but storage under low oxygen reduced oil oxidation and slowed the degradation of total tocopherols, as typically observed during walnut storage.

Experimental investigation on the oil permeation mechanism of underwater oil storage method with flexible oil bladder

A novel underwater oil storage method with flexible oil bladder is developed in this study. The polymer flexible bladder is used to replace the rigid storage tanks, and is restrained by a shed with anchor cables underwater. To avoid environmental pollution due to the oil permeation is essential to the practical use of the proposed underwater oil storage method. In this study, the mechanism of the permeability of the polymer flexible bladder is investigated by indoor experiment and numerical analysis. The factors including oil types, test environments and pressure differences are considered. The results reveal that the olefins and aromatics are the major controlling components. The pressure gradient in the permeation path is mainly provided by the remaining buoyancy of the oil bladder, which is linearly related to the permeation rate. When the pressure gradient is opposite to the permeation direction, the oil still diffuses with the concentration gradient. An empirical formula for calculating the oil permeation rate is presented to conveniently and directly evaluate whether the oil bladder meets environmental protection and oil loss standards. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of the present method, and has important significance for the development of underwater oil storage.

Konjac glucomannan promoted fabrication of diacylglycerol oil-based oleogels through emulsion-templated approach: Comparison with triacylglycerol oleogels

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) combined with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose was used to fabricate diacylglycerol oleogels (DGOs) through the emulsion-templated method, and compared with triacylglycerol oleogels (TGOs). The appearance and microstructure results showed that stable emulsions and oleogels could be formed in the presence of 0.2–0.6 wt% KGM. Higher KGM concentrations resulted in a stronger gel structure in oleogels, whose thixotropic recovery percentages were 50.45–75.20 %. From LF-NMR determination, the higher concentration of KGM presented earlier transverse relaxation (T2) time, and the T2 parameters of DGOs were higher than that of TGOs. Texture and oil loss analysis indicated that the mechanical strength and oil holding ability of DGOs were slightly lower than those of TGOs. This study demonstrated the advantages of biopolymers as thickening agents for obtaining stable emulsion and oleogels. The specific characteristics of DGOs distinguished from TGOs should be attributed to their different properties (unsaturation, viscosity, polarity, etc.) between the liquid oils.

Exploring the potential of naturally-derived ionic liquids for sustainable vegetable oil deacidification

This work investigated two different approaches for vegetable oil deacidification using an ionic liquid (IL), composed of cholinium cation ([Ch]) and oleate anion ([OLE]), as a solvent to form oligomeric ILs (OILs) potentially, and reactive extraction to form multicomponent ILs (MILs) from different acids. The OIL approach (adding an excess acid into the IL through hydrogen bonding) removed oleic acid (∼80%) from a commercial vegetable soybean oil, previously acidified, possibly due to high intermolecular interactions. Through MIL approach, the FFA removal was up to 85%. In this case, the MIL formation occurred concomitant to deacidification as a driving force. Both strategies were evaluated in crude vegetable oil, and the high removal indexes were maintained. Concerning the oil loss, the MIL and OIL approaches result in a significantly lower oil loss (up to 5%) than conventional chemical processes (up to 50%). Finally, envisioning integrated processes, MIL was reused in a new deacidification process, achieving good results (removal of FFA up to 85%). Alternatively, reused MILs and OILs were employed in the β-carotene and astaxanthin recovery from P. rhodozyma wet biomass, indicating that the obtained IL-based systems could be further used as green solvents for other sustainable extraction processes.

Heated and unheated lupin protein‐grape seed extract conjugates stabilizing and structuring high internal phase oil‐in‐water emulsions

AbstractPlant‐based high internal phase oil‐in‐water emulsions (HIPEs) are promising fat replacers. However, producing stable HIPES with improved viscoelastic properties is a challenge for the food industry. Conjugation of plant proteins, such as lupin protein isolate, with phenolic compounds, such as proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract, associated (or not) with moderate heat treatment arise as potential methods to tune the surface properties of proteins and, consequently, the droplet‐droplet interactions that drive the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs. In this way, unheated (UHC) and heated (85°C, 15 min) (HC) lupin protein (LPI)‐grape seed extract (GSE) conjugates were produced and used to stabilize HIPEs. Evaluation of stability by Turbiscan and oil loss by centrifugation over 56 days of storage did not reflect the kinetic stability of HIPEs against process conditions. Under shearing, UHC‐stabilized emulsions at high GSE concentrations showed oil release, whereas all HC‐stabilized HIPEs released oil. However, the increase in GSE concentration and heat treatment improved the viscosity and storage modulus (G′) of HIPEs, possibly due to the droplet‐droplet interaction originating from hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in UHC and HC‐stabilized HIPEs, respectively. This pivotal study confirmed that conjugation of a plant protein with GSE and heat treatment could improve the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs and produce HIPEs with superior texture (higher G′).

Experimental investigation of PAM/PEI polymer mud for reducing lost circulation in high-temperature formations

Lost circulation is a common and costly problem, especially in high-temperature oil and geothermal wells. Lost circulation materials, including polymeric solutions, are often used to remediate the problem. This study considers using thermoset polymeric gels in water-based drilling fluids as lost circulation materials (LCM) to mitigate the circulation loss in oil and geothermal wells at high temperatures of 150°C (302°F). Two polymers were considered, polyacrylamide (PAM), which serves as the base gel, and polyethyleneimine (PEI), an organic crosslinker. The rheological and sealing property of the PAM/PEI combination as lost circulation material was examined at 150°C (302°F) using a high temperature and high-pressure rheometer and a permeability plugging tester. The results showed the optimum gelation of the mud at 6% PAM and 1.25% PEI solution occurred at 17 minutes. The polymer mud tends to form an elastic-like solid at high concentrations of PAM and PEI. The PAM/PEI polymer mud reduced the fluid loss by 80% during the sealing treatment compared to the conventional LCM treatments with water-based mud. Also, details on effective mixing procedure and testing technique using 3D-printed tapered fracture discs are presented.

Biomimetic super slippery surface with excellent and durable anti-icing property for immovable heritage conservation

The formation and accumulation of ice on solid surface is not only a potential threat to our daily life, but also a hazard to cultural heritages, such as murals, grottoes, monuments, ancient buildings. Inspired by slippery inner surface of Nepenthes, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) for anti-icing attract a lot of attention recently. In this work, dip-coating approach is utilized to create a hydrophobic silica layer grafted with long-chain organic molecules. After infusing the oil phase, a three-layer Nepenthes-like structure is formed. The SLIPS shows excellent anti-icing property. It reduces the ice-surface adhesion strength to 0 kPa on non-porous surface and 6.83 kPa on porous surface (sandstone from Yungang Grottoes) respectively. After 35 icing/de-icing cycles, the SLIPS still shows good anti-icing ability. Our results show that the middle long-chain organic layer not only enhances the surface hydrophobicity but also increases its affinity with the oil phase to reduce lubricating oil loss, thus increasing its anti-icing durability. When the anti-icing ability decreases with time, simple re-infusing the oil phase can easily restore the anti-icing performance to its original level. The SLIPSs prepared in this work show outstanding hydrophobicity, ice repellency, durability and satisfying water vapor permeability on treated porous sandstones, which makes it potential to protect immovable cultural heritages from ice hazard.