Oil Industry Workers Research Articles

Risk factors for sick leave in Brazilian oil industry workers.

Studies point to a complex and multifactorial aetiology for sickness absence, but there is still insufficient evidence on how occupational and non-occupational risk factors contribute to this phenomenon. This study aimed to identify occupational and non-occupational factors related to sickness absence in oil industry workers, as well as their population attributable fractions (PAF). A retrospective cohort study of 2028 oil industry workers was conducted in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. Study data were obtained from workers´ medical register. The dependent variable was the first event of sick leave for five or more days, and the independent variables were gender, age, years of work, type of work activity, level of education, work schedule, awkward working postures, body mass index, smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption. Cox regression analysis identified risk factors to the outcome and PAF were calculated. Being female (HR 1.79), being older (HR 1.44), non-graduated ones (HR 1.44), being of operational staff (HR 1.18), overweight (HR 1.13), obesity (HR 1.39), smoking (HR 1.61) and former smoking (HR 1.30) were risk factors for sickness absence in this cohort. Of all sickness absence in the study population, 6% could be attributed to overweight, 10% to obesity, and 8% to smoking. To prevent sick leave, we recommend programs focused on combating smoking and encouraging healthy habits, aiming at weight control and the prevention of chronic diseases. Population attributable fractions point that a universal approach, aimed at the total population will be more cost-effective than health promotion programmes restricted for high-risk populations.

Work-Related and Behavioral Risk Factors of Diseases of the Circulatory System in Oil Industry Workers

Introduction: In terms of the prevalence and severity of complications, diseases of the circulatory system rank high in the structure of general morbidity among the causes of disability and premature mortality of the working-age population. The main reasons for the increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases are considered to be such behavioral risk factors as smoking, alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, hypertriglyceridemia, overweight, and physical inactivity. By now, contribution of adverse work-related and occupational factors in the development of cardiovascular disorders has been proven as well. Our objective was to study the relationship between work-related and behavioral risk factors and diseases of the circulatory system in oil workers. Methods: We conducted an assessment of working conditions and health status of oil industry workers that included a questionnaire-based survey to identify unmodified and modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometry, blood pressure measurements, the analysis of lipid metabolism indicators, and examination by a cardiologist. We established that the working conditions of oil production and refinery workers belong to hazard class 3 and may contribute to increased rates of chronic non-communicable diseases including diseases of the circulatory system. The main work-related risk factors for oilmen include vibration, noise, workplace air pollution with saturated hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide, as well as the severity of the labor process. Strong interrelationships of the main risk factors were revealed. The proportion of workers with a high risk of developing cardiovascular disorders was about 30 % of the total number of employees. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the role of work-related and non-occupational risk factors in the development of diseases of the circulatory system in oil workers and indicate the need to develop appropriate preventive measures.

Occupational hazards at the Irkutsk region oil and gas production facilities

The oil and gas industry belongs to the high risk activity. Today, the enterprises engaged in this field including oil and gas production facilities implement a risk-based approach, which involves the identification of risk criteria and risk categories, timely reassessment of risks based on updated and formed normative legal documents. In this regard, the purpose of this research is the analysis of the management system of occupational hazards and measures to minimize them using innovations and innovative solutions at the oil and gas production facilities in the Irkutsk region of the Russian Federation. The object of the study is working conditions and occupational hazards at the oil and gas production facilities of two leading oil companies of the Irkutsk region: they are the Irkutsk branch of Gazprom Bureniye LLC and the Irkutsk branch of RN-Bureniye LLC. As a result possible reasons for the discrepancy between the physical factors of the working environment of oil industry workers when pеrforming works on oil rigs are analyzed. Professional risks having been assessed, a register of high-risk professions and hazardous areas of technological processes under the operation of oil and gas drilling rigs has been compiled. The professions studied in this paper are classified as high-risk and medium-risk ones. It is found out that the negative effects of moving machines and mechanisms, general vibration, local vibration, noise, low air temperatures in winter are unacceptable. To minimize unacceptable risks, it is proposed to introduce a low-cost technology for visualizing hazardous areas on a drilling rig with the installation of proven innovative safety barriers in addition to the related training of employees.

Assessment of the risk of health disorders when working in an open area during the cold period of the year

Introduction. Oil industry workers are exposed to some work environment factors of specific natural and climatic conditions. The aim of study is to conduct an assessment of the group occupational risk of health disorders in the conditions of working in open territories in cold seasons. Materials and methods. The object of the study was workers who carry out labor operations in an open area during cold seasons: operators of a desalting and dehydrating unit, mechanists of compressor units, mechanists for pumping a working agent into the reservoir and repairmen of the oil producing company located in Western Siberia. The assessment of a priori group risk from the impact of industrial noise, exposure to chemicals in the air of the work environment, while body vibration, factors of the work environment and the climate of cold seasons in the conditions of working in open areas and in unheated rooms was carried out according to the combined model of professional risk assessment developed by A.V. Meltser, A.V. Kiselev. Results. We ranked the workplaces of the studied professional groups according to the degree of health hazard. It has been established that the greatest danger, from the point of view of the methodology of professional risk, is the workplace of an operator of the central tank desalting and dehydrating unit of the oil preparation and delivery unit. The leading factor for the development of occupational and nonspecific pathology within a studied enterprise is industrial noise. At the same time, the climate in cold seasons in the conditions of working in open areas makes a significant contribution to the development of occupational and nonspecific pathology. Conclusions. Assessment of the a priori occupational risk of health disorders among oil company workers engaged in labor operations in an open area during a cold season made it possible to establish priority work place in which it is advisable to carry out priority medical and preventive measures. The implemented system of hygienic assessment of occupational factors should take into account the effect of the climatic and weather conditions on workers’ health in the region of residence.

Assessment of the health risk of workers in the extractive industries when exposed to noise above 80 Dba

Introduction. Currently, it is important to develop preventive measures aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of employees, including those developed taking into account the results of occupational risk. The aim of study is to calculate the individual health risk of workers in the mining and oil-producing industries caused by exposure to industrial noise, taking into account the severity of the disease. Materials and methods. Mathematical models reflecting the "exposure-response" relationship were used to assess the probability of responses from the impact of factors of the production environment and the labor process, as well as to determine the probability of deviation of predictor indicators. The individual health risk of employees was calculated by multiplying the probability of a response to its severity. For probable occupational diseases, the risk was calculated taking into account the probability of developing the disease in employees with a deviation of tread indicators. Results. The values of individual risk to the health of mining workers due to the development of sensorineural hearing loss ranged from 1.18∙10-2 to 1.46∙10-1. The risk to the health of oil industry workers caused by the occurrence of production-related arterial hypertension exceeds the permissible level of 13% of people from the observation group and ranges from 1∙10-3 to 24∙10-3. Conclusions. The analysis of changes in the value of occupational risk in employees over time, conducted on the basis of mathematical models, allows you to predict the long-term consequences associated with the impact of production factors. The results of this analysis can be used in the development of preventive measures at both the group and individual levels.

Health Risks of Mining in the Arctic

Introduction: Mining in the Arctic is associated with an increased risk of developing occupational diseases. The objective of the study was to investigate the risks, structure and prevalence of occupational diseases in workers engaged in extraction of oil and gas, coal, and ore raw materials in the Russian Arctic. Materials and methods: I analyzed the results of socio-hygienic monitoring “Working Conditions and Occupational Health” conducted in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in 2007–2018. Results: Significant differences in working conditions in the extraction of various types of minerals were established, the most favorable being in the oil and gas industry as opposed to the coal mining. The risk of occupational diseases in coal mining was higher than that in oil and gas production (OR = 366.7; CI 275.8–487.6) and ore mining (OR = 1.66; CI 1.58–1.73). Among oil and gas industry workers, the structure of occupational diseases was dominated by sensorineural hearing loss (50.0 %), radiculopathy (20.8 %) and vibration disease (18.9 %). In coal miners, the most prevalent diseases included radiculopathy (32.8 %), chronic bronchitis (26.9 %) and mono-and polyneuropathy (15.5 %), and in ore miners – vibration disease (44.8 %) and radiculopathy (16.3 %). In 2018, compared to 2007, the number of occupational diseases in ore and coal miners increased by 2.16 and 1.42 times, respectively. In 2007–2018, the proportion of occupational diseases diagnosed in miners of the Russian Arctic rose from 57.9 % to 75.6 %. Conclusions: In the mining industry of the Russian Arctic, the maximum health risk is observed in coal mining, and the minimum – in gas and oil industry. The number of occupational diseases in miners tends to increase, which requires improvement of preventive measures adapted to Arctic conditions.

“ETERNITY SMELLS OF OIL”. THE OIL AND THE KHANTY: RESISTANCE OR OPPORTUNISM?

The author of the paper shows how differently oil mining affects the Khanty who live in different Western Siberia state administrative districts. According to the opinion taken in the international anthropology, extraction of raw materials within the Russian “mining course” is able to give rise to conflicts and create “crude domination”. The author agrees with Florian Stammler’s opinion that the concept of conflict cannot describe the current situation in the West Siberian region (the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area or “Yugra”; the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area) for a number of reasons. The examples given by the author show that oil-industry workers’ presence did not result in conflicts for the Khanty of the Tomsk region. The reason is that mentioning oil industry in the local discourses means, first of all, a possibility to survive, and secondly, because the forced migration the Khanty’s “lost generations” met with the oil miners as early as Stalin era. Oil industry did not cause any fundamental changes for the Khanty, it just became another manifestation of the dominant society majority. Thus the relationship between the majority and the minority in the Tomsk region is not a conflict one in spite of oil industry dominance in the region’s life.

Prevalence of nursing diagnostics in oil industry workers in Bahia, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of nursing diagnostics and to analyse differences between the groups according to the indicator created from the diagnoses and intervention of the CIPE® relating to job satisfaction. METHOD: 869 workers attending the occupational health assessments of an oil industry with nurse practitioners, using a data collection form to support clinical reasoning in the definition of diagnostics and intervention, with CIPE®. Data collected were grouped into five indicators: food aspects, interpersonal relationships, physical health, health behaviours and working conditions. RESULTS: 13 types of diagnoses and 18 interventions were mapped, being the most prevalent "job satisfaction" (85.0 %) and "promoting healthy relationship and communication techniques" (76.3 %), respectively. The student's t-test was used to compare scores of the five indicators between the groups. The "satisfied at work" revealed better interpersonal relationships (p < 0.001). The group intervened with the initiative "to promote healthy relationships and communication techniques and to encourage healthy relationships" demonstrates better interpersonal relationships (p < 0.01) and better physical health (p < 0.05). The best working conditions (p < 0.01) were identified in the group subject to "other interventions". CONCLUSION: Structured performance of the nurse practitioner in the worker healthcare enables the development of strategies aimed at implementing improvements within organizational aspects of the nursing work.

REAGENT TARGET DELIVERY TO ELECTRIC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SUCTION

Background The subsurface equipment of an oil producing well serves for recovery products to the surface of the earth and its structurally imperfect for delivering a physicochemical reagent to receive a submersible pump suction. Periodic and timely flushing of the pump and the tubing string with a suitable solvent while maintaining the necessary characteristics of the gas-liquid composition at the pump suction is the key to a long and effective operation of the producing well. In the article it was considered the existing technologies for the delivery of reagents to the zone with deposits and prepossessed a new route for the movement of solvent and inhibitor from the wellhead pump to the electric centrifugal pump suction. Aims and Objectives: o analysis of technologies for the delivery of organic solvent to the submersible pump suction for an oil well, complicated by the presence of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPD), to identify the potential for improving this technological procedure; o development of an intrawell device for target delivery of reagents to the submersible pump suction. Methods: o study of the experience of using capillary and coil-tubing pipes for injecting solvents and inhibitors into the zone with well deposits; o estimation of operating parameters of the reagent tube in the cavity of the column of tubing strings using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Results To remove ARPD from a deep pumping equipment, oil companies, as a rule, use solvent injection through the annulus, thereby reducing the functionality of the reagent. Oil industry workers proposed for consideration the scheme of reagent supply through a tube of considerable diameter located in the cavity of the tubing string.

Development of the construction of overalls for oil workers with improved hygienic properties

This article focuses on improving the working conditions of oil and gas industry workers. Safe working conditions of workers working in the open space are largely determined by their provision with their high-quality workwear, which reliably protects from the effects of adverse climatic and production factors. The aim of the study is to develop rational workwear for oil workers in Uzbekistan. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: - analysis of the working conditions of oil workers, existing workwear and the development of scientifically based requirements for the workwear being developed; - research and selection of a rational package of workwear materials. In the oil and gas industry, work is ongoing year-round, but the main work is carried out in a dry, hot climate. The special clothes given out usually to oil industry workers do not correspond to the conditions of their work and cause fair complaints. Therefore, the creation of rational special clothing for oil workers, taking into account the climatic conditions of this zone and the specifics of the oil and gas industry, is an important industrial task facing scientists and workers in the clothing industry.

Риски здоровью при добыче полезных ископаемых в Арктике

The objective of the study was to investigate the risks, structure and prevalence of occupational diseases in workers engaged in extraction of oil and gas, coal, and ore raw materials in the Russian Arctic. Materials and methods: I analyzed the results of socio-hygienic monitoring Working Conditions and Occupational Health conducted in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in 2007-2018. Results: Significant differences in working conditions in the extraction of various types of minerals were established, the most favorable being in the oil and gas industry as opposed to the coal mining. The risk of occupational diseases in coal mining was higher than that in oil and gas production (OR = 366.7; CI 275.8-487.6) and ore mining (OR = 1.66; CI 1.58-1.73). Among oil and gas industry workers, the structure of occud pational diseases was dominated by sensorineural hearing loss (50.0 %), radiculopathy (20.8 %) and vibration disease (18.9 %). In coal miners, the most prevalent diseases included radiculopathy (32.8 %), chronic bronchitis (26.9 %) and mono-and polyneuropathy (15.5 %), and in ore miners - vibration disease (44.8 %) and radiculopathy (16.3 %). In 2018, compared to 2007, the number of occupational diseases in ore and coal miners increased by 2.16 and 1.42 times, respectively. In 2007-2018, the proportion of occupational diseases diagnosed in miners of the Russian Arctic rose from 57.9 % to 75.6 %. Conclusions: In the mining industry of the Russian Arctic, the maximum health risk is observed in coal mining, and the minimum - in gas and oil industry. The number of occupational diseases in miners tends to increase, which requires improvement of preventive measures adapted to Arctic conditions.

Ведущие специалисты нефтяной отрасли советской России об итогах процесса «рационализации» в 1920-е гг. и факторах, ее определивших

The article analyzes the content of the leading experts’ discussions on the outcome of restoration and technical re-equipment of oil industry in the 1920s. The study is based on key principles of historical knowledge: historicism, consistency, and objectivity, which allows the authors to avoid ideological implications when analyzing sources and to determine the backbone of the experts’ disagreement on optimal strategy for oil industry development. So far, the modern historiography hasn’t given a full picture of conceptual approaches to this problem that emerged among leading oil industry workers. The article is to study major assessments of the industry recovery and its proposed strategies and nature of contradiction. It draws on discussion in the Scientific and Technical Council of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy and on main conclusions set forth in A.P. Serebrovsky’s book and memorandum. It uses documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (personal provenance fond of G. K. Ordzhonikidze). The theory of modernization is judged an adequate concept contributing to the elucidation of the topic. The study of archival and other materials allows the authors not only to evaluate colossal efforts made during the “rationalization” in the days of new economic policy, but also to show its significance for national economy development in the context of modernization processes. The studied documents make it possible, for instance, to determine how oil workers’ heated discussions in summarizing and identifying key factors of success arose from the need to form a development strategy for the oil industry and to reorganize its management. Analysis of various points of view shows that leading experts mostly recognized great importance of technical revolution, nationalization, and increasing centralization in the oil industry, which became a significant source for and a component of industrialization

Assessment of occupational risk of oil industry workers in extraction of energy resources with regard to fatigue

Assessment of the occupational risk of oil industry workers is an important aspect of compliance with safety requirements at oil industry enterprises in the extraction of energy resources. Solving the engineering problems facing the extraction of energy resources, including the tasks of assessing occupational risk, it is necessary to take into account as many factors as possible that affect the safe performance of work on the extraction of energy resources. The article deals with the impact of workers’ fatigue on their safety, and also a methodology for assessing the occupational risk of oil industry workers taking into account their fatigue is developed.

High Viscosity Oil Development Technology

The development of hard-to-recover reserves is now becoming a prerequisite for a successful oil business. Nevertheless, there is still no consensus on what reserves should be classified in this category and what benefits should be received by oil industry workers during their development. At the same time, it is the improvement of the tax system that can spur the development of new technologies for the extraction of “complex” oil and ensure the profitability of its production.

315-LB: Intervention Program on Lifestyle Changes and Weight Reduction for Workers in Remote Areas, Based on Therapeutic Education and Telemedicine Coordination

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are frequently found risk factors in oil industry workers in Argentinian Patagonia with limited access to health care system. Objective: Implement an intervention program based on lifestyle changes for weight reduction among oil industry workers of Patagonia; coordinated by telemedicine from the City of Buenos Aires and carried out by local nurses. Materials and Methods: Nurses in 10 different oil fields, were trained in motivational interviewing, nutrition and physical activity fundamentals. Employees were invited to a 3 months structured program, including workshops on healthy nutrition habits, and weekly consultations to infirmaries for weight control and brief motivational interviews. Participants received a health notebook for self-record of: food intake, physical activity, weight progress and therapeutic objectives. Coordinators monitored the program through video and teleconferences, plus 3 on-site visits. Results: Of 220 participants, 178 (94% males) were included for data analysis, excluding those with BMI<25 kg/m2. Initial data showed 41% overweight, 59% obesity (36.5% grade I, 17.4% grade II and 5.1% grade III) and 93,3% of dyslipidemia among participants. Adherence, measured by assistance to consultations, was 48,9 % high, 37,6% satisfactory and 13,5% low. Median weight loss was 2.5 kg (IQR 1.2 - 4.8) and 2.7% of initial weight (IQR 1.4 - 4.8). High adherence group had an average weight reduction of 4,8kg (95% CI 4.1 - 5.6). Overall, 24% of population lost more than 5% of initial weight, and 7 participants weight loss was greater than 10%. Conclusions: A structured intervention program in remote areas, coordinated by telemedicine can be a successful tool for weight loss and reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors. Disclosure J. Mociulsky: None. P. Ruiz: None. P.C. Zarate: None. L. Cura: None. M.M. Ganduglia Cazaban: Consultant; Self; AstraZeneca. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Merck & Co., Inc.

VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD OF 2,5-HEXANEDIONE ON URINE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain a valid analytical method for determining the level of 2,5-hexanedione in the urine of oil industry workers.
 Methods: Gas Chromatography (GC) was employed to analyze 2,5-hexanedione in the urine. The analysis was done using HP-5 (Crosslinked methyl siloxane) capillary columns 30 m x 0.320 mm long, film thickness 0.25 μm. The temperature of the detector temperature was 300 °C, and the injector temperature was 250 °C. The helium gas flow rate was 2 ml/min. The detector was Flame Ionization Detection (FID). Parameters of system suitability test and validation were obtained.
 Results: This study results that the method of analysis 2,5-hexanedione in urine by Gas Chromatography (GC) confirm the requirements of the validation method with a linearity was 0.99963, accuracy was in the range of 99.16% to 114.13%, the precision with % coefficient of variation was 1.65% to 5.16%, % coefficient variation of specificity was 0.027%, limit of detection was 0.054 μg/ml and limit of quantification was 0.18 μg/ml.
 Conclusion: The proposed GC method meets the acceptance criteria of validation parameters and can be applied for routine analysis.

Partitioned transtensional Cenozoic stratigraphic development of North Sumatra

Abstract The Cenozoic sedimentary history of North Sumatra is reviewed and a new account of basin development is proposed that accommodates contrasting stratigraphic histories across the region, especially times of sudden facies change. Micropalaeontology and geohistory techniques have been used to estimate the magnitude of stratigraphic change and, together with the timing of events, this indicates that North Sumatra developed in a dynamic transtensional tectonic setting, as has been proposed in regional structural models, and not the back-arc setting usually assumed by oil industry workers. This style of basin development has direct control on the nature and areal distribution of the petroleum systems elements. New definitions of common formation terms are suggested, based on a well-constrained sequence stratigraphic model, which has been assigned a new nomenclature of NS10 to NS50 Megasequences. It is noted that the stratigraphic and geographic position and extent of the source rock for the Arun, NSO A, NSO J and South Lho Sukon giant gas and condensate fields is still not known.

Anxiety and depression symptoms among gas and oil industry workers.

Oil and gas industry workers appear to suffer from anxiety and depression more frequently than the general population. To establish the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among offshore workers working for an oil and gas company and to identify the main stressors that lead to symptoms of these disorders. One thousand seven hundred and forty-seven workers employed in an offshore oil and gas company in the Middle East completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health (PHQ-9) questionnaires. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were estimated from these surveys. Anxiety and depression symptoms were reported by nearly 15% of workers surveyed. Ordered logistic regression analyses showed that age, rotation length, years of service and local origin (versus expatriate) were significant predictors for symptoms of anxiety. With adjustment for age, older local workers had a lower risk of anxiety symptoms than expatriates. Younger workers, workers with longer rotations and those with fewer years of service were more likely to report anxiety symptoms. In addition, older local workers and expatriates had a lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms than younger local workers. Future recommendations should address improvements in psychological health of offshore workers in the gas and oil industries.

«WE WILL WAKE THE SLEEPING DEPTHS OF EARTH UP!» (FROM THE HISTORY OF OIL DISCOVERY IN THE URAL AND VOLGA REGION)

The article is devoted to the milestone event in the Russian oil industry history discovery of the 1stoil field in the territory of the Perm district of the Ural region in the village Verkhnetchusovskie Gorodki. In 1929 the oil availability in this landscape was established.
 The objective of the study is to follow the effect of the report about the oil discovery in the Kama Region on Moscow and the subsequent based on this report deployment of oil prospecting works in the Ural and Volga Region, which has resulted in the foundation of the new 2ndoil base of the Soviet Union known as the 2ndBaku. The particular aim is to analyze different points of view on the interpretation of some questions of geological and productive nature associated with tchusovskaya oil. The next aim is to find out the effect of the oil discovery on the perspectives of development of the Perm Region, on the advancement of this region to the most important industrial regions of the USSR as well. The further aim is to follow in detail the massive program for development of the Tschusovskoye oilfield with identification of its strength and weaknesses. Moreover the aim of the study is to demonstrate the sweeping changes in the village life, leading to the development of the infrastructure, to the appearance of new plants in its territory and in the final analysis to the transformation of the village in the urban settlement.
 The material in the article has proved that the using of administrative methods in takeover of lands for oil-field development has dominated. The result of the oil discovery was the acceleration in the rates of the collectivization in the district relating to the resettlement of oil industry workers from the southern regions of the USSR to this region.
 The author has drawn a conclusion, that the value of the oil field Tchusovskie Gorodki is great, but not due to its oil production, but rather thanks to its role in the history of the oil industry development in the Ural and Volga Regions.

Design and Implementation of a Wearable Gas Sensor Network for Oil and Gas Industry Workers

Industrial environment usually involves some types of hazardous substances including toxic and/or flammable gases. Accidental gas leakage can cause potential dangers to a plant, its employees and surrounding neighborhoods. Around 64% of accidents that happen in the oil fields are due to combustibles and/or toxic gases. The safety plan of most industries includes measures to reduce risk to humans and plants by incorporating early-warning devices, such as gas detectors. Most existing tools for monitoring gases are stationary and incapable of accurately measuring individual exposures that depend on personal lifestyles and environment. This paper provides a design and implementation of a wearable gas sensor network by building sensor nodes with wireless communication modules which communicate their data along the network. The system is designed to be flexible, low cost, low maintenance and with accurate performance to detect toxic gases in a timely fashion to warn employees before an existence of a disaster