Inclusion Of Oil Research Articles

Fluorescence alteration of oil inclusions under ultraviolet irradiation

Fluorescence alteration of oil inclusions under ultraviolet irradiation

Application of 3-nitrooxypropanol and canola oil to mitigate enteric methane emissions of beef cattle results in distinctly different effects on the rumen microbial community

BackgroundThe major greenhouse gas from ruminants is enteric methane (CH4) which in 2010, was estimated at 2.1 Gt of CO2 equivalent, accounting for 4.3% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. There are extensive efforts being made around the world to develop CH4 mitigating inhibitors that specifically target rumen methanogens with the ultimate goal of reducing the environmental footprint of ruminant livestock production. This study examined the individual and combined effects of supplementing a high-forage diet (90% barley silage) fed to beef cattle with the investigational CH4 inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and canola oil (OIL) on the rumen microbial community in relation to enteric CH4 emissions and ruminal fermentation.Results3-NOP and OIL individually reduced enteric CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake) by 28.2% and 24.0%, respectively, and the effects were additive when used in combination (51.3% reduction). 3-NOP increased H2 emissions 37-fold, while co-administering 3-NOP and OIL increased H2 in the rumen 20-fold relative to the control diet. The inclusion of 3-NOP or OIL significantly reduced the diversity of the rumen microbiome. 3-NOP resulted in targeted changes in the microbiome decreasing the relative abundance of Methanobrevibacter and increasing the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. The inclusion of OIL resulted in substantial changes to the microbial community that were associated with changes in ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration and gas production. OIL significantly reduced the abundance of protozoa and fiber-degrading microbes in the rumen but it did not selectively alter the abundance of rumen methanogens.ConclusionsOur data provide a mechanistic understanding of CH4 inhibition by 3-NOP and OIL when offered alone and in combination to cattle fed a high forage diet. 3-NOP specifically targeted rumen methanogens and partly inhibited the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway, which increased H2 emissions and propionate molar proportion in rumen fluid. In contrast, OIL caused substantial changes in the rumen microbial community by indiscriminately altering the abundance of a range of rumen microbes, reducing the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria and protozoa, resulting in altered rumen fermentation. Importantly, our data suggest that co-administering CH4 inhibitors with distinct mechanisms of action can both enhance CH4 inhibition and provide alternative sinks to prevent excessive accumulation of ruminal H2.

Óleos termogênicos em substituição a ractopamina na produção de suínos em fase de pós-terminação

This study aimed to assess the effects of thermogenic oils (safflower and coconut oils) as a replacement for ractopamine in heavy pig diets. A total of 24 mix-breed barrows with an average weight of 98.70 ± 1.63 kg were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates. Treatments were as follows: basal diet, modified basal diet + 10 ppm ractopamine, basal diet + safflower oil, and basal diet + coconut oil. Animal performance, organ weights, meat quality, carcass traits, and economic viability were determined. Data were analyzed using Duncan’s test at the 5% significance level. The safflower oil diet resulted in the highest carcass meat and ham weights, whereas the coconut oil diet provided the highest loin eye area and the lowest fat area, resulting in the highest meat/fat ratio. Analysis of economic viability indicators revealed that vegetable oil treatments differed significantly from other treatments in feed cost, feed cost per kilogram of live weight, economic viability index, and cost index, given that oil inclusion increased the price of diets. Supplementation of heavy pig diets with thermogenic oils is a viable alternative to enhance lean meat production, but its use depends on market availability and product price.

Fluid Inclusion Constrained Multiple Petroleum Chargings in the Lithologic Reservoirs of the Late Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Minfeng Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The fluid inclusion technique was utilized to reveal the petroleum charging events in the lithologic reservoirs embraced in the Late Eocene Shahejie Formation of the Minfeng sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Petrography, fluorescence microspectrometry, and microthermometry were systematically carried out on 15 double-polished thin sections handled from reservoir core samples of the third Member of the Shahejie Formation. The results show that three generations of petroleum inclusions with fluorescence colors of yellow, yellowish green and bright blue were entrapped along the healed fractures in detrital quartz grains of these samples. The fluorescence features of petroleum inclusions illustrate that inclusion oils have different maturities and were products of source rocks at different stages. In addition, the trapping time of petroleum inclusions was determined by combining the homogenization temperatures of their coeval aqueous inclusions with thermal-burial histories. By integrating the petrographic occurrence, characteristics of petroleum inclusions, and the maturity and the trapping time of the studied inclusion oils, it is jointly constrained that the lithologic reservoirs of the Late Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Minfeng sag underwent three petroleum chargings, which occurred during 37.8~25 Ma, 11.7~3.5 Ma and 1.4~0.1 Ma, respectively. The petroleum from each charging period migrated from the center of the sag to the edge, and the lower the maturity of the migrating petroleum, the longer the migration duration.

Olive Pomace and Soybean-Sunflower Acid Oils as Alternative Fat Sources in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Diets: Effects on Performance, Digestibility and Flesh Fatty Acid Composition and Quality Parameters.

Simple SummaryAcid oils, by-products of edible oil refining, are potentially interesting fat sources for farmed fish diets because of their high energy content and usually competitive price. Their use and revaluation may contribute to more efficient and sustainable fish production. They are characterised by presenting a similar fatty acid profile to their respective crude oils, but with a high content of free fatty acids. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of including soybean-sunflower and olive pomace acid oils in European seabass diets, as a preliminary step to determine whether they might be suitable energy sources for fish diets. The results showed that growth was only impaired in animals fed the diet containing olive pomace acid oil, which had the highest moisture, impurities and unsaponifiable matter. They also suggest that dietary free fatty acid content affects digestibility, but not the fatty acid profile of flesh and perivisceral fat. Notwithstanding, further studies assessing the effects of the inclusion of these oils are needed before recommending their use.The effects of dietary inclusion of soybean-sunflower and olive pomace acid oils on growth, digestibility and flesh composition were studied in European seabass. Eight diets were fed for 100 days (101.37 ± 0.33 g initial weight, mean ± SD), differing in the added fat source (25% fish oil, 75% experimental oil): S (crude soybean oil), SA (soybean-sunflower acid oil), O (crude olive pomace oil) or OA (olive pomace acid oil); 3 blends: S-O, S-OA, SA-OA at a 1:1 ratio; and a diet containing only fish oil (F) as a control. Animals fed OA showed the worst performance among dietary treatments, with the lowest weight, specific growth ratio, average daily gain and the highest feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). In contrast, other diets including acid oils did not impair performance. Acid oil diets did not affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein or total fatty acids (p > 0.05), but a lower digestibility of lipids and saturated fatty acids was observed (p < 0.001). Flesh composition and fatty acid profile were not affected by the high dietary free FA content (p > 0.05). Hence the results suggest that the studied acid oils may potentially be used in fish diets although further studies are needed.

Oil Charging Power Simulation and Tight Oil Formation of Fuyu Oil Layer in Sanzhao Area, Songliao Basin

A thermodynamic and hydrocarbon composition model based on VTFlinc software was conducted based on the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions and gas-to-liquid ratio, and the fluid inclusions’ trapped pressure was calculated. This software does not require the determination of individual inclusions, the composition of the simulation procedure is simple, and the simulation result has certain reliability. The VTFlinc software was used to calculate the trapped pressure of oil inclusions in the Fuyu tight reservoir of the Sanzhao area in the Songliao Basin. The results show the existence of two phases of oil charge. The first phase occurred at the end of the Nenjiang Formation at 79–74 Ma with an oil entrapped pressure of 16.922–19.068 MPa, and pressure coefficient of 1.18–1.26. During the second period in the Sifangtai Mingshui group at 69–64 Ma, the oil entrapped pressure was 20.216–28.830 MPa, and the pressure coefficient was 1.21–1.33. During the two periods, the pressure of the trapped oil inclusions is abnormal, and the pressure coefficient is above 1.2. Abnormal high pressure is the main driving force of hydrocarbon source rock and oil in the Fuyu Formation, as well as an important driving force for the lateral migration of oil in the tight reservoir. The reservoir formation model of the Fuyu tight oil reservoir in the Sanzhao area is a direct high-pressure charging and multi-channel migration accumulation model. The Q-1 source rock and Fuyu oil layer has a direct contact relationship between the source rock and the reservoir.

Molecular inclusion of Cymbopogon martinii essential oil with β-cyclodextrin as a strategy to stabilize and increase its bioactivity

An essential oil complex (EOP) of Cymbopogon martinii with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was evaluated as a strategy to stabilize the essential oil of Palmarosa and increase its bioactivity. The complexation methods used were co-precipitation and kneading, and, for comparison, physical mixing was carried out. To confirm the molecular inclusion, techniques were combined for the characterization of the inclusion complex, such as Fourier Transformer Raman Spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), which suggested the formation of the EOP-β-CD complex with complexation efficiency through the co-precipitation and kneading methods of 77.68% and 47.74%, respectively. Stability of the free and complexed EOP in relation to major compounds (linalool, geraniol, geranyl acetate and caryophyllene) during 14 days of storage was analyzed through Headspace Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Geraniol showed stability over the period of evaluation and increased availability when complexed by the Co-precipitation and kneading complex. Furthermore, the antifungal and antitumor activity of the EOP-β-CD complex was evaluated, showing reduced mycelial growth against Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides strains compared to the free EOP (percentage of inhibition to toxigenic fungi A. flavus EOP-KM: 29.41%; EOP-CP and EOP-PM: 24.37 and 14.28%, respectively, and, the free EOP with 11.76%). In addition, an interesting activity against tumor cells (HeLa and HT-29) was observed against the tested complexes, which emphasizes the importance of the biotechnological use of β-CD for the stability of natural compounds.

Growth performance and heamatobiochemical parameters of broilers fed diets containing Artemisia afra essential oil

The study was conducted to determine the effects of Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. essential oil inclusion in diets on growth performance and blood parameters in broiler chickens. Four hundred day-old Cobb 500 chicks were randomly allotted to four treatments: NC – negative control (commercial broiler diet without antibiotics), PC – positive control (commercial broiler diet), AA1 – commercial diet + 0.1% A. afra essential oil, and AA2 – commercial diet + 0.3 % A. afra essential oil. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. From the results, birds fed the PC diet had the highest average daily feed intake (105.60 g ± 3.18) and average daily gain (ADG) in the grower phase. The highest ADG in the finisher phase was obtained in the AAI treatment (170.23 g·d−1 ± 2.00), whereas the feed conversion ratio was lower in the essential-oil-containing diets. Diet significantly improved protein utilization efficiency in both grower and finisher phases. Birds fed AA1 had the highest values for neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils, whereas those fed the NC diet had the highest alkaline phosphatase levels (102.00 IU·L−1 ± 7.61). The findings of the study suggest the use of A. afra essential oil in broiler diets can positively improve growth and flock health.

Fluid Inclusion Evidence for Oil Charge and Cracking in the Cambrian Longwangmiao Dolomite Reservoirs of the Central Sichuan Basin, China

The Cambrian Longwangmiao gas reservoirs in the Moxi area of the Sichuan Basin have a complex associated gas accumulation history. Based on core and thin section examination, fluid inclusion analyses and 1-D burial-thermal modelling, the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation processes in the Longwangmiao Formation have been reconstructed. Various diagenetic events were identified, making up a complete pore fill sequence as follows: solid bitumen/dolomite→ nonfluorescent solid bitumen → dolomite → quartz/yellow fluorescent oily bitumen → residual hole. Analyses of oil inclusions and bitumen-bearing inclusions are key to the understanding of the hydrocarbon accumulation processes. The Th values of the aqueous inclusions that are contemporaneous with hydrocarbon inclusions range from 74.3 to 214.3°C. In conjunction with burial-thermal history modelling results, the results indicate that there were two stages of oil charge and three stages of natural gas accumulation in the Longwangmiao carbonate reservoirs. The two stages of oil charge occurred in the Late Silurian and Middle Triassic, respectively. Three gas accumulation events occurred in the Middle to Late Triassic, Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, and Late Cretaceous, respectively.

203 Effect of Feed Intake and Calcium Salts of Palm Oil Inclusion on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Finishing Steers

Abstract Fifty-nine Angus×SimAngus-crossbred steers [body weight (BW) 279 ± 16 kg] were used to evaluate the effect of different dry matter intake (DMI; FS) with or without the inclusion of palm oil calcium salts (4% dry matter basis; CSPO) on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers. Steers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to individual pens. Treatments (2×2 factorial) consisted of ad-libitum ground corn (GC)-based diet without (ANF) or with (AWF) the inclusion of CSPO, or 85% of the DMI of the ANF treatment without (RNF) or with the inclusion of CSPO (RWF). After weaning, steers were fed a corn silage-based diet for 30-d and subsequently placed in a GC-based diet. Both diet types were offered ad-libitum or at 85% of the ANF intake and with or without CSPO. After 59-d in the finishing diet, all steers had ad-libitum access to feed. All data were analyzed with a mixed model considering the fixed effect of treatments, time and their interaction, and random effect of block. There were FS×CSPO interactions (Table 1; P ≤ 0.01) for BW, DMI, average daily gain (ADG) during the first 106-d. After all steers were switch to ad-libitum, restrictedly fed steers had greater (P ≤ 0.01) ADG and ADG:DMI ratio (G:F) compared with ad-libitum fed steers. No treatment differences (P ≤ 0.21) were observed for final BW (FBW), and overall DMI, and G:F. No treatment or their interactions (P ≥ 0.34) were detected for any carcass characteristic (Table 2) except for longissimus muscle area (LMA, P = 0.07), where CSPO inclusion tended to increase the LMA of steers fed ad-libitum but did not differ from restricted steers. Therefore, differences in growth as a consequence of intake restrictions during the growing and early finishing stage could be mitigated once cattle are allowed ad-libitum access to feed.

Coupling Relationship Between Densification Characteristics and Tight Oil Accumulation of the FGSR Reservoir: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Zhenyuan Area of the Southwest Ordos Basin, Central China

Fine-grained sedimentary rock (FGSR) reservoirs in a deep-water sedimentary environment from the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in central China have huge potential for tight oil production. According to the comprehensive research of fluid inclusion experiment, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, thin section identification, and whole rock analysis, the petrographic characteristics, fluorescence spectrum parameters, and the homogenization temperature of oil inclusions and associated brine inclusions in the FGSR reservoir were analyzed to explore the coupling relationship between densification characteristics and tight oil accumulation of the FGSR reservoir. The results show the FGSR reservoir diagenesis has experienced compaction, cementation, and multiple stages of dissolution. A comprehensive analysis of burial history shows that the Chang 7 Member FGSR reservoir in the study area has three phases of oil charging, corresponding to the geologic time range of 132–124, 120–102, and 98–97 Ma. The organic acid produced by the first-stage oil charging accelerated the dissolution of feldspar and cuttings, and the dissolution pores increased significantly. Then, the organic acid in the second-stage oil charging accelerated the dissolution, and the abnormally high hydrocarbon expulsion pressure inhibited the damage of compaction on the pores of FGSR reservoir. Finally, the thermal evolution degree of source rocks reached the highest in the third-stage oil charging. The constructive effect of large-scale organic acids on pores and the protective effect of the chlorite membrane on pores inhibited the densification process of the FGSR reservoir. In short, the FGSR reservoir has experienced a cyclical reservoir densification process of “reducing porosity–increasing porosity–preserving porosity.” The coupling of pore evolution and oil charging of the FGSR reservoir is the key to the extensive accumulation and large-scale reservoir formation of tight oil in the Chang 7 Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Zhenyuan area, southwest Ordos Basin. The significance of the study may help to understand the process of the tight oil accumulation and predict the tight oil of the FGSR reservoir distribution.

U-Pb dating of oil charge in superimposed basins: A case study from the Tarim Basin, NW China

Abstract Direct dating of oil charge in superimposed basins is essential to understanding the evolutionary histories of petroleum systems, especially in sedimentary basins with complicated tectonic evolution and thermal histories. Based on analyses of different phases of calcite veins and primary oil inclusions, episodes of oil charge were determined by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) in situ U-Pb dating of calcite veins from an Ordovician reservoir within the Tahe Oilfield of the Tarim Basin, NW China. This basin has been subjected to multiple uplifts and erosions and repeated oil charges. The U-Pb dating results indicate that the first phase of oil charge occurred from 329.7 ± 1.6 Ma to 308.1 ± 4.1 Ma, and the second phase occurred from 249.3 ± 2.6 Ma to 220.5 ± 7.3 Ma. The timing of oil charge determined by fluid inclusion analysis alone can lead to great uncertainties due to the existence of multiple phases of oil charge and complex thermal evolution in superimposed basins. Our study demonstrates that U-Pb dating of calcite veins originating from the reservoirs offers a unique solution to determining the oil charge history, which avoids the multi-solution uncertainties in the timing of oil charge inferred from fluid inclusion analysis in superimposed basins.

Evolution of Ordovician YJ1X ultra-deep oil reservoir in the Yuecan oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China

Based on a combined in-situ calcite U-Pb dating, molecular geochemical correlations of reservoir oil and extract from reservoir rocks, and fluid inclusion analysis, the charge and evolution history of the YJ1X ultra-deep oil reservoir of the Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in the southwestern part of the Tabei Uplift has been determined systematically. (1) The reservoir oil, free oil and inclusion oil have similar geochemical characteristics and are presumably derived from marine source rock deposited in similar sedimentary environment. (2) The reservoir oil, free oil and inclusion oil have similar maturities with calculated equivalent vitrinite reflectance values in the range of 0.80%–0.96%. (3) Two types (Group I and II) of oil inclusion assemblages (OIAs) have been identified in the reservoir, of which Group I represents the original gas-saturated oil entering the trap during the initial oil charge, whereas Group II represents undersaturated residual oil retained in the reservoir after minor leakage of light hydrocarbon. (4) The reservoir experienced oil charge only once during the Early Devonian around 425 Ma and has been well preserved after the minor light hydrocarbon leakage in the Middle Devonian. The study shows that there may be old oil and gas accumulations in ultra-deep strata of petroliferous basins with well-developed caprock and stable tectonic background.

Key oil accumulation periods of ultra-deep fault-controlled oil reservoir in northern Tarim Basin, NW China

A giant fault-controlled oilfield has been found in the ultra-deep (greater than 6000 m) Ordovician carbonate strata in the northern Tarim Basin. It is of great significance for hydrocarbon accumulation study and oil exploitation to determine the key oil accumulation periods. Based on detailed petrographic analysis, fluid inclusion association (FIA) in calcite samples filling in fractures from 12 wells were analyzed, and key accumulation periods of the strike-slip fault-controlled oilfield was studied by combining oil generation periods of the source rocks, formation periods of the fault and traps, and the fluid inclusion data. (1) There are multiple types of FIA, among them, two types of oil inclusions, the type with yellow fluorescence from the depression area and the type with yellow-green fluorescence from the uplift area with different maturities indicate two oil charging stages. (2) The homogenization temperature of the brine inclusions in FIA is mostly affected by temperature rises, and the minimum temperature of brine inclusions symbiotic with oil inclusions is closer to the reservoir temperature during its forming period. (3) FIA with yellow fluorescence all have homogenization temperatures below 50 °C, while the FIA with yellow-green fluorescence have homogenization temperatures of 70–90 °C tested, suggesting two oil accumulation stages in Middle–Late Caledonian and Late Hercynian. (4) The Middle–Late Ordovician is the key formation period of the strike-slip fault, fracture-cave reservoir and trap there. (5) The oil generation peak of the main source rock of the Lower Cambrian is in the Late Ordovician, and the oil accumulation stage is mainly the Late Ordovician in the depression area, but is mainly the Early Permian in the uplift area. The key oil accumulation period of the strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs is the Late Caledonian, the depression area has preserved the primary oil reservoirs formed in the Caledonian, while the uplift area has secondary oil reservoirs adjusted from the depression area during the Late Hercynian. Oil reservoir preservation conditions are the key factor for oil enrichment in the strike-slip fault zone of northern Tarim, and the Aman transition zone in the depression is richer in oil and gas and has greater potential for exploration and development.

Impact of Feeding Fermented Palm Kernel Cake and High Dietary Fat on Nutrient Digestibility, Enzyme Activity, Intestinal Morphology and Intestinal Nutrient Transporters mRNA Expression in Broiler Chickens under Hot and Humid Conditions

Simple SummaryThe use of palm kernel cake (PKC) as an alternative ingredient in poultry diets is limited due to its high fibre content, which affects the growth of chicken. The fermentation of PKC with lactic acid bacteria has been shown to improve the broiler’s growth performance even at an increasing level of PKC inclusion. On the other hand, a higher level of PKC/fermented PKC (LPKC) inclusion in the broiler diet has always been incorporated with a higher level of dietary fat supplementation. However, there is little information on the effect of feeding PKC/LPKC based diets and oil supplementation on the digestion and absorption processes. We observed the response of broiler chickens to a fermented PKC-based diet at different levels of dietary fats, under hot and humid conditions. Higher oil inclusion in a PKC/LPKC diet is necessary to ensure better nutrient digestibility in chickens via improved digestive function. This finding will enable better utilisation of the agricultural by-product, and a more optimum feed formulation, especially in hot and humid tropical regions.The study aimed at determining the ileal nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal morphology, and nutrient transporters mRNA expressions in broiler chickens fed with fermented PKC (LPKC) based diets with different levels of fat supplementation under hot and humid conditions. From day 22 to 35, broiler chickens were randomly fed with either (1) 20% LPKC-based diet with 5% palm oil, (2) 20% LPKC based diet with 9.5% palm oil, (3) 20% PKC-based diet with 5% palm oil or (4) 20% PKC-based diet with 9.5% palm oil. Feeding LPKC and PKC diets at the finisher phase have not affected the nutrient’s digestibility, but a higher level of oil supplementation does. This was seconded by changes in the digestive enzyme activity, villus height, and mRNA expression of nutrient transporters in the higher level of oil-supplemented diets fed chickens. In conclusion, the inclusion of oil at 9.5% in a 20% LPKC/PKC-based diet is necessary to ensure better nutrient digestibility in chickens via improved digestive function, especially in hot and humid tropical regions.

Effect of low inclusion of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a partially sand replacement to the performance of mortar

Effect of low inclusion of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a partially sand replacement to the performance of mortar

The state and prospects of the use of Argania spinosa oil in nutrition and diet therapy

The article provides an overview of the world experience in obtaining and food use of the oil of Argania spinosa. The relationship between technological methods of oil extraction and purification and the composition of its biologically active components: polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, phenolic compounds is considered. The main directions of the usage of argan oil in dietary nutrition are analyzed and the results of international clinical studies based on the inclusion of argan oil in diet therapy for metabolic disorders and psycho-neurological disorders of various nature are summarized. The effectiveness of argan oil components in gene expression and remodulation of steroid and hormone metabolism has been noted. It has been shown that, with regular inclusion in the diet, the components of argan oil provide choleretic, cardio-, hepato- and chemoprotective effects, exhibit neuroprotective effects in relation to the causes of cognitive impairments and neuropsychiatric disorders. Along with the high nutritional value of argan oil, the geographical area of growth of Argania spinosa is very limited, the species does not lend itself well to introduction, which is the leading reason for the overestimated market value of the oil, its falsification and the limited circle of real consumers. In this regard, it is advisable to search for technological solutions that make it possible to include argan oil in the diet of a larger number of consumers and, at the same time, make the very idea of falsifying this product senseless. Such a solution, according to the authors of the article, can be achieved by scientifically grounded combination of argan oil with other edible vegetable oils that have a different composition of fatty acids and associated biologically active components. Promising directions for blending vegetable oils are proposed.

Calcite U-Pb ages constrain petroleum migration pathways in tectonic complex basins

Abstract Tracing secondary oil migration pathways is critical for understanding petroleum system evolution histories. Traditional tools (e.g., molecular indicators and numerical modeling) utilized for evaluating oil migration processes either lead to ambiguous interpretations or only provide qualitative estimates. We quantitatively constrain secondary oil migration processes under an absolute time frame by integrating oil-inclusion fluorescence and in situ calcite U-Pb dating on calcite veins and cements hosting primary oil inclusions. Fluorescence spectra of oil inclusions and U-Pb ages were obtained on samples from ultra-deep Ordovician reservoirs along two major faults in the Halahatang oilfield, Tarim Basin (northwestern China). Absolute U-Pb ages suggest two main oil charge events during 475–433 Ma and 294–262 Ma, respectively, and revealed a northward-decreasing trend for oil maturity during single charge events. Vertical migration of oil from in situ source rock through active (or reactivated) faults is believed to be the key process inducing the spatial maturity variation in charged oils and considered as the main mechanism of secondary migration, with brecciated fault zones and dilatant fractures along faults acting as major vertical oil-migration pathways. The successful application of this approach has wider implications for elucidating petroleum migration processes in tectonic complex basins worldwide.

Globalization and the oil market: An overview on considering petroleum as a trade commodity

Today, the process of globalization and globalization of the economy is one of the most important issues in the world. In this process, the manner and rules of trade of some goods with a strategic international trade position are more important. Energy carriers, especially crude oil, are among these commodities that are considered strategic commodities in foreign trade. The inclusion of crude oil among the World Trade Organization commodities has raised various issues. Since the oil price in the market is affected by factors such as psychological factors and supply and demand, the inclusion of oil in the World Trade Organization will, directly and indirectly, affect these factors. Principles such as national behavior can directly affect crude oil demand. Also, the principle of quantitative restriction can directly affect the supply of crude oil. Besides, agreements such as the General Tariff and Trade Agreement, the Service Trade Agreement, and the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement can influence engineering service providers' roles at various stages and move them toward competition.

Morfometria intestinal e desempenho de frangos de corte submetidos a dietas com óleo de buriti

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens subjected to diets with the inclusion of buriti oil. Buriti oil is an energy food that can be used in chicken feed to replace soybean oil, which has a high cost in production, also has its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which can provide benefits in chicken feed. 180 male broilers of the Ross lineage were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The experimental phase took place from 14 to 28 days and levels 0; 0.75 and 1.50% of buriti oil were added to the corn and soybean-based feed. It can be inferred that the buriti oil-based diets in the diet with insertion of levels of 0%, 0.75% and 1.50% did not differ significantly for the productive performance variables, but in relation to the productive yield there was a significant difference for carcass yield accompanied by greater disposition of abdominal fat, thigh and heart fat, a common effect in the use of oils. Although no statistical differences were observed for most of the variables in the assessment of intestinal morphometry, there was an increase in the crypt depth of the duodenum and ileum and an increase in the muscle layer of the duodenum and jejunum, which may have been caused by some injury to the intestine and not by direct effect of buriti oil. In the other variables there was no difference between treatments and it is concluded that buriti oil did not harm the performance, yield and intestinal morphometry of broiler chickens from 14 to 28 days of age.