Oil In Water Nanoemulsion Research Articles

Physical and oxidative stability of babassu (Orbignya phalerata mart) oil in water nanoemulsions: Effect of oil and guar gum concentrations

Physical and oxidative stability of babassu (Orbignya phalerata mart) oil in water nanoemulsions: Effect of oil and guar gum concentrations

Optimization of the Encapsulation of Vitamin D3 in Oil in Water Nanoemulsions: Preliminary Application in a Functional Meat Model System.

Meat products containing Vitamin D3 (VD3) are an innovative option that could contribute to reducing deficiencies in this micronutrient. Designing nanoemulsions that carry VD3 is the first step in developing functional meat products. Thereby, this study investigated the impact of food components on the nanoemulsion properties. A central composite design was used to study the effects of pea protein (PP, 0.5-2.5%), safflower oil (SO, 5-15%), and salt (0-0.5%) on the nanoemulsion stability (ζ-potential and particle size) and the VD3 retention. Also, the optimized nanoemulsion carrying VD3 was incorporated into a meat matrix to study its retention after cooking. The combination of food components in the optimized nanoemulsion were SO = 9.12%, PP = 1.54%, and salt content = 0.4%, resulting in the predicted values of ζ-potential, particle size, and VD3 retention of -37.76 mV, 485 nm, and 55.1%, respectively. The VD3 that was nanoencapsulated and included in a meat product remained more stable after cooking than the VD3 that was not encapsulated. If a meat product is formulated with 5 or 10% safflower oil, the stability of the nanoencapsulated VD3 is reduced. This research contributes to developing functional meat products carrying nanoencapsulated vitamin D3 in natural food-grade components.

Clay-carvacrol nanoemulsions for wound healing: Design and characterization studies

One of the current challenges of scientific research is the design of advanced wound care to obtain a rapid and complete healing of chronic wounds, thus avoiding serious complications. With this purpose, a great deal of attention has been paid to Carvacrol (CRV), a monoterpene and one of the main components of the essential oils of Oregano, Thyme and Satureja Montana. Despite its promising properties in wound treatment, CRV exhibits high lipophilicity, rapid oxidation and volatilization, and inadequate retention time at the site of action, which limit its therapeutic application. A possible technological strategy to overcome these disadvantages could involve the preparation of CRV-based oil in water nanoemulsions (O/W NE) in which CRV itself is used both as the oil phase and as the active compound. CRV-NE uncoated or coated by Chitosan were prepared and deeply characterized. In particular, stability studies were carried out in order to observe some parameters such as dimensions, ζ-Potential, pH and CRV amount at different temperatures over 90 days. Furthermore, the size was evaluated by DLS analyses and compared with data obtained by TEM observations. Secondly, two clay minerals (a montmorillonite and a sepiolite, VHS and PS9 respectively) were added to the NE in order to increase the final viscosity, thus obtaining a semisolid formulation. The rheological properties of the formulations were also studied, in particular, NE and NE-Ch samples were analyzed for 3 months while NE-Ch-VHS, NE-Ch-PS9 for 1 month. Finally, the biocompatibility of CRV-NE, as well as its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, were proved in vitro on fibroblasts and macrophages.

Antibacterial, anti-biofilm activity and underlying mechanism of garlic essential oil in water nanoemulsion against Listeria monocytogenes

Garlic essential oil (GEO) in water nanoemulsion (GEON) has been reported to possess good stability and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, but its effect on Listeria monocytogenes is rarely studied. In the present study, the antibacterial, anti-biofilm formation activity and underlying mechanism of GEON against L. monocytogenes were investigated. Results showed that GEON (mean particle size = 136.43 nm) significantly inhibited the growth of planktonic L. monocytogenes, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GEO in the nanoemulsion was 512 μg/mL. GEON could effectively kill L. monocytogenes in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. After GEON treatment, the cell membrane was severely damaged, which was proven by remarkable membrane depolarization and considerable loss of intracellular substances (nucleic acid, protein, and ATP). Moreover, decreased membrane integrity and collapsed cell morphology further confirmed the cell membrane damage. Additionally, GEON significantly attenuated the biofilm formation, enhanced the surface hydrophobicity, and reduced the swimming motility of L. monocytogenes. These results indicate that GEON has the potential to inhibit the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of L. monocytogenes.

Effect of Different Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance (HLB) on Droplet Size, Polydispersity Index and Stability of Lemon Myrtle Nanoemulsion

Using mixed non-ionic surfactants Tween/Span, we determined the required hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value on the oil in water nanoemulsion of lemon myrtle essential oil. In this study, Span 80 mixed with Tween 80, and Span 20 mixed with Tween 20 were used as mixed non-ionic surfactant. The droplet size, polydispersity index and stability of the lemon myrtle nanoemulsion at different HLB values were obtained over a period of 28 days. Both mixed surfactants have similar required HLB value at HLB 14 due to their smallest droplet size and lowest polydispersity index during the early nanoemulsion preparation. However, after a period of 28 days, nanoemulsion with Span 80-Tween 80 surfactant mixture was more stable compared to Span 20-Tween 20 surfactant mixture. Therefore, HLB 14 using Span 80-Tween 80 surfactant mixture has been selected as the required HLB for lemon myrtle nanoemulsion due to its stability and consistency of droplet size in 28 days.

Formation and characterization of nanoparticle assisted surfactant stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsions for application in enhanced oil recovery

Nanoemulsions (NEs) are emerging as attractive injecting fluids for enhanced oil recovery because of their abilities to reduce interfacial tension, alter the rock wettability, improve the mobility ratio, become miscible with trapped crude oil, plug the pores, etc. The present study deals with the formulation, characterization, and performance of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle-aided AOS (alpha-olefin sulfonate) surfactant stabilized oil in water NEs in improving oil recovery. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) confirms the dispersion of nanoscale oil droplets with an average size of 192 nm and 172 nm for NEs stabilized by AOS surfactant and Al2O3 nanoparticle-aided surfactant, respectively. The corresponding Zeta potential (ζ) values are −60.2 mV and −63.4 mV, which indicate the higher kinetic stability of the NEs. The phase behaviour study shows a stable middle-phase emulsion with 0.75 wt% surfactant at optimum salinity of 0.5 wt% NaCl and the IFT values in the 10−5 mN/m range as measured by Chun Huh equation. On the other hand, the IFT between decane and nanoemulsion measured at 343 K by pendant drop is observed to be 26.42 mN/m, which is further reduced to 13.89 mN/m by inducing nanoparticles into the nanoemulsion. The NEs have significant potential to alter the wettability of sandstone rock from oil-wet to water-wet. It has been observed that the formulated NEs have good miscibility with crude oil, and the viscosity of crude oil is reduced significantly, which implies an improvement in displacement efficiency. Core flooding studies on two cores were performed by injecting both the formulated slugs to test their effectiveness in improving oil recovery. The injection of one pore volume of AOS-stabilized nanoemulsion and Al2O3 assisted AOS stabilized nanoemulsion increased oil recovery by 17.71 % and 23.97 % respectively over conventional water flooding.

Cinnamon bark oil in water nanoemulsion formulation, characterization, and antimicrobial activities

The nano-emulsion of cinnamon bark oil (CBON) was formulated and investigated for stability and antimicrobial properties. The requisite hydrophilic lipophilic balance (rHLB) and surfactant concentration (Smix) of CBON were found to be 10 and 15%, respectively. A nano-emulsion prepared using 10 g/100 mL CBO and 15 g/100 mL Smix at ultrasonication for 2 min resulted in the smallest droplet size and polydispersity index (PDI) (d = 94.51 ± 0.19 PDI = 0.283 ± 0.009). The droplet size and PDI of the CBO was found to be influenced by HLB value, treatment time, and smix concentration. This study also aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the prepared oil-in water nano-emulsion of cinnamon oil against E. coli, S. aureus, and S. cerevisiae. The CBON were found to be more efficient in inhibiting and inactivating microorganisms than the crude CBO. The sensitivity of microorganism towards CBON depend on the type of microorganism with S. cerevisiae being the most sensitive followed by E. coli and S. aureus. S. aureus were inhibited with a complete 6 log reduction within 60 min of incubation with CBON. Whereas in the case of E. coli, and S. aureus a reduction of 6 log CFU and 5 log CFU respectively were reported after 120 min of exposure.

Foaming and emulsifying properties of saponin glycosides: a natural non-ionic surfactant

Most synthetic surfactants are harmful to humans and can cause health problems after prolonged exposure or consumption. This study explores in extensive detail the use of a natural surfactant saponin, extracted from fruit of S. mukorossi, to synthesise oil in water nanoemulsions and gas–liquid foams. The effects of saponin concentration (0.1–2 wt%), pH conditions (2–10) and salt concentration (100–500 mM) on stability and average droplet diameter of sunflower oil-in-water emulsion were investigated. Emulsions were stable at pH 4–10 and salt concentration 100–400 mM for up to 30 days. Critical micellar concentration of 0.5 wt% and the average hydrodynamic diameter of saponin micelle of 4.25 nm are observed. A gas inducing impeller-based device was used to generate foam from saponin solution having different gas hold up values (εG: 0.31, 0.45 and 0.62). Average bubble size of foam and its stability (drainage rate and half-life) are measured. 100% of saponin solution gets incorporated into foam in every trial. Foam drainage rate increased and half-life decreased with increase in gas holdup. It is shown that saponin can be an effective natural and non-toxic alternative to synthetic surfactants for various industrial applications.

Encapsulation of cannabidiol in oil-in-water nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion-filled hydrogels: A structure and biological assessment study

HypothesisLipophilic cannabidiol can be solubilized in oil-in water nanoemulsions, which can then be impregnated into chitosan hydrogels forming another colloidal system that will facilitate cannabidiol's release. The delivery from both systems was compared, alongside structural and biological studies, to clarify the effect of the two carriers' structure on the release and toxicity of the systems. ExperimentsOil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) and the respective nanoemulsion-filled chitosan hydrogels (NE/HGs) were formulated as carriers of cannabidiol (CBD). Size, polydispersity and stability of the NEs were evaluated and then membrane dynamics, shape and structure of both systems were investigated with EPR spin probing, SAXS and microscopy. Biocompatibility of the colloidal delivery systems was evaluated through cytotoxicity tests over normal human skin fibroblasts. An ex vivo permeation protocol using porcine ear skin was implemented to assess the release of CBD and its penetration through the skin. FindingsIncorporation of the NEs in chitosan hydrogels does not significantly affect their structural properties as evidenced through SAXS, EPR and confocal microscopy. These findings indicate the successful development of a novel nanocarrier that preserves the NE structure with the CBD remaining encapsulated in the oil core while providing new rheological properties advantageous over NEs. Moreover, NE/HGs proved to be more efficient as a carrier for the release of CBD. Cell viability assessment revealed high biocompatibility of the proposed colloids.

Garlic essential oil in water nanoemulsion prepared by high-power ultrasound: Properties, stability and its antibacterial mechanism against MRSA isolated from pork

Food-borne methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has caused significant health threats and economic loss in livestock and poultry products. Garlic essential oil (GEO) is an effective antibacterial agent but presents strong instability and hydrophobicity. In this study, GEO in water nanoemulsion (GEON) with good stability was produced by emulsification technique of high-power ultrasound. Its antibacterial activity and underlying mechanism against MRSA isolated from retailed pork were investigated. Results showed that ultrasonic treatment significantly reduced the particle size of GENO from 820.3 to 215.0 nm as time increased from 0 to 10 min. Comparatively, GEON of 10 min ultrasound was more stable than other GEONs (0, 1, 5 min) during 30 d storage. It also displayed good thermal stability and relatively good ion stability (NaCl, MgCl2, and glucose). Antibacterial analysis showed that GEON (10 min) exhibited the best anti-MRSA activity among all GEONs, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of GEO in this nanoemulsion was 0.125 % (1.25 mg/mL). Treatment of GEON (10 min) significantly suppressed the cell proliferation of MRSA, which was mainly achieved by damaging the cell membrane as evidenced by membrane depolarization and considerable leakage of intracellular nucleic acids and protein. Laser scanning confocal microscope and scanning electron microscopy showed that treatment of GEON (10 min) significantly altered the membrane integrity and severely damaged the cellular membrane and structure. The present work illustrated that GEON produced by ultrasonic emulsification is a promising alternative to inhibit the contamination and spread of MRSA in livestock and poultry products.

Feeding Corn Oil in a Nanoemulsified Form Alters the Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Milk of Zaraibi Dairy Goats.

Simple SummaryIncreasing the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of ruminant milk represents a much needed step to increase the functional properties of the milk. However, boosting milk fatty acids through feeding strategies has remained a significant challenge for years; it requires new solutions to deliver unsaturated fatty acids in a much safer form for rumen microorganisms than the traditional supplemented raw oil form. The goal is to target less biohydrogenation, which results in less saturated fatty acid accumulation in the rumen and milk. In the present study, the ultrasonic nanoemulsification of corn oil was introduced as a replacement for the raw form of oil supplementation; it was used at 3% of the offered feed dry matter in a trial on dairy goats. The new form of corn oil supplementation was more effective than the raw form of corn oil in increasing milk productivity and fat percentage and preserving a more significant proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the milk of dairy goats. Conversely, the raw form of corn oil resulted in milk fat depression and lower total solid content in addition to milk with higher proportions of saturated fatty acid.Oil in water nanoemulsion represents a new and unstudied form of oil supplementation to the ruminant diet; that is why the aim was to evaluate the potential of nanoemulsified corn oil in dairy goats’ diets on milk productivity and fatty acid proportion. Twenty-four lactating Zaraibi goats in early lactation were randomly allocated to the following treatments: control—a basal diet without any supplementation, CO—the control diet + corn oil supplied at 3% on a dry matter basis (DM), NCO—the control diet + nanoemulsified corn oil provided at 3% on a DM basis. A completely randomized design that lasted 30 days (25 days of adaptation + 5 days of sampling) was used with eight goats in each treatment. The control diet consisted of 50% concentrate and 50% Egyptian berseem clover. The NCO increased the milk production, fat percentage, and yield compared to the CO and the control. The proportions of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were higher in the NCO compared to the control and CO. The NCO had less effect on the biohydrogenation intermediates’ profile than the CO; noticeably, higher proportions of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) were associated with the NCO. In conclusion, the NCO increased milk production and decreased the transformation rate of UFA to saturated fatty acids in the biohydrogenation environment.

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICAL STABILITY OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID NANOEMULSIONS AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

Bu çalışmada, omega-3 yağ asitlerince zengin balık yağı (%5) ve Tween 80 (T80), Quillaja Saponin (QS), Gam Arabik (GA) sürfaktanları (%1) kullanılarak mikroakışkanlaştırıcı yardımı ile su içinde yağ (Y/S) nanoemülsiyonları hazırlanmıştır. Nanoemülsiyonların fiziksel stabiliteleri; pH (4-7), sıcaklık (40-80oC) ve iyonik şiddet (0-500 mM NaCl) etkisi ile belirlenmiştir. Nanoemülsiyonların partikül boyutlarının 125±0.40 ile 542±0.45 nm ve partikül yüklerinin −12.80±0.63 ile −69.1±0.14 mV aralığında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. T80 ve QS ile stabilize edilen nanoemülsiyonların farklı pH, sıcaklık ve iyonik şiddet koşullarında fiziksel stabilitelerinin değişmediği görülmüştür. GA ile stabilize edilmiş nanoemülsiyonların ise pH, sıcaklık ve iyonik şiddet etkisine nispeten hassas olduğu ancak fiziksel stabilitesinde önemli bir değişiklik olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, omega-3 ile zenginleştirilmiş fiziksel olarak stabil nanoemülsiyonlar hem sentetik (T80) hem de doğal (QS ve GA) sürfaktanlar kullanılarak üretilmiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçların omega-3 yağ asidi ile zenginleştirilmiş gıda üretimi ile ilgili çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Physicochemical and in vitro biological validation of food grade secondary oil in water nanoemulsions with enhanced mucus-adhesion properties

Among oral delivery systems, oil in water nano-emulsions (O/W NEs) are of particular interest to improve pharmacokinetics of lipophilic compounds. Recently, we have implemented a successful strategy to improve O/W NEs stability, based on a polymeric coating on an oil core, namely secondary O/W NEs, through the use of pharma grade formulations. However, in the field of food supplements, food grade materials are the top choice since they combine safety and cost effectiveness. Here, we have replaced pharma grade (PG) with food grade (FG) materials in the preparation of the polymer coated O/W NEs, and performed a comparative study between the two formulations to assess the FG one. At the same time, in order to provide formulations with enhanced mucus-adhesion to the intestinal barrier, secondary O/W NEs were prepared by adding thiol groups to chitosan (Ct) via a simple non-covalent procedure based on N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) salification, thus easily implementable to a food supplement formulation. PG and FG formulations, in different materials combinations, were prepared and physico-chemically characterized (DLS, 1H NMR, ITC, CRYO-TEM) showing similar behaviour. FG formulations (NEs, Ct-NEs and Ct-NAC-NEs) loaded with curcumin were prepared and compared with the free drug in terms of drug bioaccessibility through the INFOGEST protocol confirming improved bioaccessibility. Very interestingly, by comparing mucus-adhesion properties of the two polymeric coatings (Ct and Ct-NAC) within an intestine on chip device able to mimic the complex intestinal functions, a significant enhancement in the mucus-adhesive properties of the proposed novel Ct-NAC-NE formulation was observed with respect to Ct due to the presence of thiol groups. Nonetheless, in-vivo assays are required as a final assessment of the proposed system.

Fabrication of vitamin D3 nanoemulsions stabilized by Tween 80 and Span 80 as a composite surface-active surfactant: Characterization and stability

Poor water solubility is one of the main adverse factors for vitamin D3 to be used as a fortifier in water-soluble food system. In this study, a phase transformation based nanoemulsion fabrication process was developed to encapsulate vitamin D3 with Tween 80 and Span 80 as a composite surface-active surfactant (named as Vit D3 NEs). The encapsulation efficiency of vitamin D3 in resultant oil in water nanoemulsions reached 99.9%. The prepared Vit D3 NEs was spherical with average particle size of 391.47 ± 12.89 nm, polydispersity index of 0.23–0.31, and endothermic temperature of 127.1 ℃. Results of FTIR indicated that hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions were involved in Vit D3 NEs fabrication. Compared to un-encapsulated Vit D3 (bare Vit D3), Vit D3 NEs displayed higher stability under gastric digestion, and sustained release under intestinal digestion. The cumulative release of Vit D3 reached 69% after 5 h of intestinal digestion. Further, Vit D3 NEs demonstrated stronger thermal stability than the bare Vit D3 at 40–60 °C, and the first-order kinetics was well fit to describe its thermal degradation. Our work suggests a new insight into the application of Vit D3 NEs stabilized by Tween 80 and Span 80 in food industry.

Design, Development and Characterization of Nanoemulsion developed by High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) method Containing Antifungal Drug

Nanoemulsion is one the most attractive drug delivery for researchers to treat fungal diseases and getting interested in increasing the solubility of low soluble drugs. The objective of this research was to develop a topical nanoemulsion formulation of Posaconazole drug with the intention to enhance its aqueous solubility and local action. By employing High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) method, oil in water nanoemulsion was formulated with 0.2% cinnamon oil as lipid phase, 0.4% tween-80 and poloxamer-188 as surfactants, 0.2% transcutol as a co-surfactant. The physical characteristics of formulations were found to be stable after thermodynamic stability testing. In-vitro diffusion study for optimized nanoemulsion was performed using a dialysis bag membrane and cumulative % drug release was determined. Viscosity and percent drug content was observed to be 0.0593 cps and 90.21 ± 0.23% respectively. The optimized nanoemulsion formulation (F8) was evaluated to be transparent and thermodynamically stable, with -9.46 zeta potential, 78.79 nm particle size, 0.315 polydispersity index. The optimized Nanoemulsion was stable for 3 month in three different temperature conditions. The result from the release study was indicative of improved solubility of Posaconazole, which may serve to boost up the action of the drug for the treatment of fungal diseases.
 Keywords: Posaconazole, Nanoemulsion, HPH method, Physical Characterization

Engineered Bacterial Cellulose Nanostructured Matrix for Incubation and Release of Drug-Loaded Oil in Water Nanoemulsion.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a highly pure form of cellulose produced by bacteria, which possesses numerous advantages such as good mechanical properties, high chemical flexibility, and the ability to assemble in nanostructures. Thanks to these features, it achieved a key role in the biomedical field and in drug delivery applications. BC showed its ability to modulate the release of several drugs and biomolecules to the skin, thus improving their clinical outcomes. This work displays the loading of a 3D BC nanonetwork with an innovative drug delivery nanoemulsion system. BC was optimized by static culture of SCOBY (symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast) and characterized by morphological and ultrastructural analyses, which indicate a cellulose fiber diameter range of 30–50 nm. BC layers were then incubated at different time points with a nanocarrier based on a secondary nanoemulsion (SNE) previously loaded with a well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, namely, coenzyme-Q10 (Co-Q10). Incubation of Co-Q10–SNE in the BC nanonetwork and its release were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Garlic Essential Oil in Water Nanoemulsion Prepared by High-Power Ultrasound: Properties, Stability and its Antibacterial Mechanism Against MRSA Isolated from Pork

Garlic Essential Oil in Water Nanoemulsion Prepared by High-Power Ultrasound: Properties, Stability and its Antibacterial Mechanism Against MRSA Isolated from Pork

Ultrasonication induced synthesis of TPGS stabilized clove oil nanoemulsions and their synergistic effect against breast cancer cells and harmful bacteria

The present work reports the fabrication of TPGS assisted clove oil in water nanoemulsion for the delivery of polyphenolic nutraceuticals i.e. curcumin and resveratrol and the analysis of their synergetic healing potential. The fabrication procedure was undertaken by the use of high energy ultrasonic cavitation technique. The morphological and rheological properties of the fabricated systems were analyzed and optimized using numerous techniques. The current study throws light on the influence of surfactant type and composition on the mixing stability of oil phase. Both curcumin and resveratrol were effectively loaded in the nanoemulsion, and their loading efficiencies were found to be 99.87 and 99.38%, respectively. The study was undertaken with the aim of exploring the versatile therapeutic potential by elevating the established antimicrobial activity of curcumin and resveratrol and testing their prospects against breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsion (without nutraceuticals) itself against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria owing to the clove oil which would be an asset in accomplishing better results. In combination with curcumin and resveratrol, it exhibited enhanced effect against different bacterial strains thus showcasing an increase in its efficacy. Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of prepared formulations has been tested on MDA MB −231 and Hep G2 breast cancer cell lines to broaden the horizons of biological applications of the formulated system.

Oil in Water Nanoemulsions Loaded with Tebuconazole for Populus Wood Protection against White- and Brown-Rot Fungi

Eugenol in water nanoemulsions loaded with tebuconazole appear as a very promising alternative formulations for wood protection against xylophagous fungi that are the main species responsible for different rots in wood structures. The dispersions as prepared and upon dilution (impregnation mixtures) were characterized by the apparent hydrodynamic diameter distribution of the oil droplets loaded with tebuconazole and their long-term stability. The impregnation mixtures were applied on wood of Populus canadensis I-214 clone by using a pressure-vacuum system, and the effectiveness against fungal degradation by Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pycnoporus sanguineus fungi was determined. The retention of tebuconazole in wood was about 40% of the amount contained in the impregnation mixtures. The results showed that the impregnation process leads to a long-term antifungal protection to the wood, with the mass loss after 16 weeks being reduced more than 10 times in relation to the control (untreated poplar wood) and the reference wood (untreated beech wood).

Oil in Water Nanoemulsions Loaded with Tebuconazole for Populus Wood Protection against White- and Brown-Rot Fungi

Oil in Water Nanoemulsions Loaded with Tebuconazole for Populus Wood Protection against White- and Brown-Rot Fungi