Abstract
Eugenol in water nanoemulsions loaded with tebuconazole appear as a very promising alternative formulations for wood protection against xylophagous fungi that are the main species responsible for different rots in wood structures. The dispersions as prepared and upon dilution (impregnation mixtures) were characterized by the apparent hydrodynamic diameter distribution of the oil droplets loaded with tebuconazole and their long-term stability. The impregnation mixtures were applied on wood of Populus canadensis I-214 clone by using a pressure-vacuum system, and the effectiveness against fungal degradation by Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Pycnoporus sanguineus fungi was determined. The retention of tebuconazole in wood was about 40% of the amount contained in the impregnation mixtures. The results showed that the impregnation process leads to a long-term antifungal protection to the wood, with the mass loss after 16 weeks being reduced more than 10 times in relation to the control (untreated poplar wood) and the reference wood (untreated beech wood).
Highlights
Timber, together with steel and reinforced concrete, are currently among the most commonly used structural materials for building large structures [1]
The aqueous dispersion of tebuconazole solubilized in eugenol droplets stabilized by poloxamer 407 were prepared in beakers of 100 mL following a procedure adapted from our previous publication [47], which can be summarized in the following steps: (i) the required amount of a stock solution of poloxamer 407 with concentration 10 wt% was weighted and poured into the beaker; (ii) the required amount of tebuconazole dissolved in eugenol is added to the beaker containing the copolymer solution, and (iii) the mixture is homogenized during 2 h under mild shaking using a magnetic stirrer (1000 rpm)
The results show that the eugenol in water nanoemulsions containing tebuconazole within the essential oil compound droplets present a density higher than water, which is not surprising considering the higher density of solid tebuconazole (1.25 g/cm3) and eugenol (1.06 g/cm3) in relation to water
Summary
Together with steel and reinforced concrete, are currently among the most commonly used structural materials for building large structures [1]. This together with their moderate toxicity to soil organisms has led to its classification by European Union Directive 98/8/EC, concerning on the placing of biocidal products on the market, as a chemical product for wood preservation under periodic revisions of its application conditions [39] This can be understood, in part, considering the possible environmental risks, especially for aquatic organism, when wood treated with tebuconazole (by pressure wood treatment) is used for building of docks. The applicability of conventional pesticide for wood protection has been increased during the last twenty years, which has allows the preparation of new pesticide formulations with an optimized effectiveness, improved safety for mammals and ot3hoefr non-target organisms, handling, and storage [40,41] This has been possible as result of the current advances of the colloidal physico-chemistry, which offer many tools that can be exploited for enhancing the availability of active molecules with technological or biiosmlosg,ichaalndinlitnegre, satnd[4s2to–r4a4g].e [E4m0,4u1ls].ioTnhsisahraes bpereonbapbolsysibalcecaosurnetseudlt oafs thoenceurorfentthaedvmanosctes woidf ethspe rceoaldlocidoalllopidhaylssicyos-tcehmems fiosrtrtyh,ewshoilcuhboilfifzeartimonanayndtoeonlscathpastuclaantiobne oefxapclotiivteedmfoorleecnuhleasn,calilnogwtinhge athveaidlaibstirliitbyutoifonacotifvseumcholmecoulelecsulwesithwittehcihnnsoulorfgaicctaalnotrsbtaiboilloizgeicdalliiqnuteidredstro[4p2l–e4ts4]. 2.eEffxepctesriimn reenltaatlioSnetcotitohne ability of the single components for wood protection [27]
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