Presence Of Oil Research Articles

Lipase - Catalyzed glycerolysis of sunflower oil to produce partial glycerides.

Partial glycerides were prepared by glycerolysis of sunflower oil in presence of lipase enzyme as catalyst. Six lipases of different origins were used and compared for their catalytic activity. These include Chromobacterium lipase, pancreatic lipase, Rhizopus arrhizus lipase, lyophilized lipase (plant lipase) in addition to two lipase preparations derived from Rhizopus japonicas ; Lilipase A-10 and Lilipase B-2. Chromobacterium lipase was found to be the most active as glycerolysis catalyst whereas lyophilized lipase; a plant preparation from wheat germ was the least active. The results have also shown that the lipase type affects also the product polarity and hence its field of application as a food emulsifier. Less polar products can be obtained using Chromobacterium lipase whereas the more polar ones using a fungal lipase preparation «Lipase A-10». The product polarity is also influenced by the process temperature but the mode of its effect is different for different lipases.

Effect of the phenol antioxidant type on the kinetics and mechanism of inhibited lipid oxidation in the presence of fatty alcohols

AbstractA kinetic analysis of inhibited lipid autoxidation in the presence of a phenol antioxidant and a hydroxy compound is proposed. It is based on studies of the dependence of the WROH/Winh ratio (between the inhibited oxidation rates in presence and absence of a hydroxy compound) on the hydroxy compound concentration. This analysis permits establishing the mechanism of action of the hydroxy compound in the presence of different types of phenol antioxidants during inhibited lipid oxidation. The kinetic analysis has been applied to the oxidation at 80°C of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO) inhibited by 0.1 mM hydroquinone, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or α‐tocopherol in the presence of different concentrations of 1‐tetradecanol (1‐TD) and 1‐octadecanol (1‐OD). A linear character of this dependence is established during hydroquinone‐inhibited oxidation of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil in presence of 1‐TD. In the case of α‐tocopherol this dependence is linear for both 1‐TD and 1‐OD. The equilibrium constant of interaction between the phenol antioxidant and the fatty alcohols is determined by the angle coefficient of the linear dependence. The hydroquinone‐inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1‐OD has shown a non‐linear character of the dependence under consideration. A kinetic model describing simultaneous participation of 1‐OD in reaction with both the phenol antioxidant and the lipid hydroperoxides is deduced. Studying the kinetics of BHT‐inhibited autoxidation of TGSO in the presence of 1‐OD, it has been shown that due to steric reasons there is no interaction between 1‐OD and BHT, 1‐OD participating in the process only by accelerating the decomposition of the lipid hydroperoxides.

Marine anticorrosion paints

Four paint compositions were prepared, two of them based on vinyl copolymer as a binder and the other contain boiled oil in presence or absence of soluble resin material. Boiled oil based paints meet the most anticorrosion action and film property. Also, the anticorrosion potential of the paints depend on the type of ingredients and their ratio in the dry paint films.

STUDY ON THE CORROSIVENESS OP WOOD PYROLYSIS OILS

ABSTRACT A study has been conducted on the rate of corrosion of wood pyrolysis oils in presence of carbon and stainless steel plates. Tests were performed to similate the conditions existing in storage tanks. The effect of temperature, water content and acetic/formic acid concentration on the rate of corrosion of metals was studied, as well as their possible interaction effects. The method used involved a factorial design of experiments. All primary effects with their interactions were found statistically significant using the Fischer criterion at Fonx for the analysis of variance. Stainless steel resisted corrosion activity under all sets of conditions used. Wood oils were found not corrosive or slightly corrosive for cast iron at ambiant temperature and low water content, whatever the acid concentration used. Increasing the temperature to 45°C however dramatically increased the oil corrosion activity.

The Steam-Foam Process

Summary The steam-foam process was developed to improve the sweep efficiency of the steamdrive and steam-soak processes. Steamdrives that are not stabilized by gravity can have a poor vertical sweep efficiency as a result of (1) gravity overlay in a thick sand with vertical communication and/or (2) channeling in a layered formation with poor vertical communication between sand members. The reduced mobility of steam foam increases the pressure, and gradient in the steam-swept region to displace the heated oil better and to divert steam to the unheated interval. Surfactants reduce the steam mobility by stabilizing the liquid lamellae that cause some or all of the steam to exist as a discontinuous phase. The propagation of surfactant is retarded by ad sorption. In the phase. The propagation of surfactant is retarded by ad sorption. In the case of ion exchange of divalent ions from the clays, the surfactant is also retarded by precipitation and/or partitioning into the oil. The rate of propagation of foam is also determined by the mechanisms that generate and destroy foam. The generation mechanisms include leave-behind, snap-off, and division. The destruction mechanisms include condensation and evaporation, coalescence by a limiting capillary pressure, and coalescence resulting from the presence ofoil. The foam texture can be predicted from a population balance that includes these mechanisms. predicted from a population balance that includes these mechanisms. Introduction Scope. This paper reviews the steam-foam process. It is not an exhaustive survey of the literature, and I apologize to the many contributions that had to be omitted because of length limitations. The types of field application of steam foam are discussed first. Examples are taken from reported pilot results. The remainder of the paper focuses on process mechanisms. Understanding of the mechanisms for foam flow in porous media is still in the formative stage, and many advances can be expected. It is hoped that this paper will help the practicing engineer apply the process more efficiently and will challenge the researcher to advance the knowledge of the process and to develop more efficient formulations.

Saponification of Emulsified Triglyceride Oil in Presence of Rosin and Fatty Acid Soaps

AbstractSaponification of triglyceride oil emulsified in alkaline aqueous solution is found to proceed faster in presence of soaps from rosin acids than with soaps from fatty acids. The results are discussed in relation to differences in phase properties between the two types of soaps and applications in alkaline pulping.

Polymorphic transitions in hydrogenated canola oil in presence of surfactants

The polyorphic transitions of hydrogenated canola oil in the presence of sone selected food emulsifiers such as sorbitan monostearate, monodiglycerides, DATAE esters were studied. It has been demonstrated that during the tempering (aging) and heating cycles, the fully hydrogenated canola oil is transformed from its α and β-forms to the β-form. The presence of 5 wt% surfactant will retard such transition and Mostly β and α-forns will be stabilized. The partially hydrogenated oil (IV=23-69) shows the existence of different low and high melting point forms. The low melting forms will transferm into high melting forms at much lower rates of transition in the presence of those emulsifiers than in their absence.

Corrosive wear of cast iron in lubricating oil in presence of sulphuric acid added by drip feed method

AbstractAn investigation has been carried out into the corrosive wear of contacting grey cast iron specimens during reciprocating sliding in lubricating oils into which 10 vol.-% sulphuric acid in water was added by a drip feed method. For a base oil, containing no additives, the acid caused partial breakdown of the hydrodynamic oil film between the contacting surfaces, leading to metal/metal contact and some corrosion of the metal by the entrained acid. The ensuing wear damage occurred mainly by the mechanical interactions between the two surfaces, but was enhanced by the chemical degradation processes. Similar tests using a formulated marine diesel engine cylinder oil did not result in significant wear of the cast iron components. The acid was rapidly neutralised by the alkaline additives in the oil and breakdown of the hydrodynamic oil film was not observed. If the formulated oil was preneutralised before the test, the wear rate was increased, but not to the same level as in the base oil. This can be a...

Corrosive wear of cast iron in lubricating oil in presence of sulphuric acid added by drip feed method

Corrosive wear of cast iron in lubricating oil in presence of sulphuric acid added by drip feed method

Lipase productivity of a lipolytic strain of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris

An attempt was made to evaluate the lipase productivity by Thermoactinomyces vulgaris with various nutritional and environmental factors. Results suggest optimum conditions for production, viz. age of inoculum 18 hours, 55 degrees C, pH 6.8, 0.2% yeast extract, specific substrates, and shaken cultures incubated for 24--36 hours. Lipases are induced by corn oil in presence of yeast extract or of certain substitutes; starch could replace these at 55 degrees C. A suggestion is given of a regulatory system of lipase synthesis, involving the supply of starch to initiate growth, allowing induction of lipase by the inductive substrate.

Industrial Application of Fats and Oils in Presence of Water with Special Reference to the Thermodynamic Stability of Solubilized Solutions

Industrial Application of Fats and Oils in Presence of Water with Special Reference to the Thermodynamic Stability of Solubilized Solutions

The Behavior of Lubricating Oils In Inert Gas Atmospheres

The interactions of five gases (helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide) with mineral and synthetic lubricating oils were studied. The interactions examined included gas solubility, foaming, entrainment, evaporation of oil into gas, stability of oil in presence of gas, and effect of dissolved gas an oil viscosity. Several of the gases showed behavior (appreciably different from that of air) that was not predicted by conventional theories. No important differences were found between mineral and synthetic (diester) oils in these respects. The additives used can have appreciable influence on the foaming and entrainment characteristics, and evaporation rates, of both types of oils. *Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Boston, Massachusetts, October 17–19, 1960.

Studies on enzyme action. XXIII.—Homo- and Hetero-lytic enzymes

From the evidence given by Prof. Hopkins and his co-workers, it is clear that the agent in milk which induces the oxidation of both xanthin and hypoxanthin, in presence of either methylene blue or oxygen, is a catalyst , in the sense defined by my son and myself and justified by his later observations on the hydrogenation of oils in presence of nickel: as the change proceeds at the linear rates characteristic of catalytic action, when unhampered by secondary effects. Moreover, the catalyst is so selective in its action, that we are justified in regarding it as an enzyme: an enzyme being a colloid, selective catalyst. The most remarkable result of the inquiry is the establishment of the fact, that the two bases are “hydroxylated” at molecularly equal rates, although twice the work is done upon the one as upon the other. The following may be put forward as perhaps not too daring an explanation of this novel observation.

Societies and Academies

LONDON. Faraday Society, December 12, 1917.—Mr. W. R. Bousfield, vice-president, in the chair.—Prof. A. W. Porter: The thermal properties of sulphuric acid and oleum. The object of this paper is to supply data at various temperatures for the heats of solution and dilution and evaporation, both of sulphuric acid and oleum. Pre-existing data apply only to atmospheric temperatures; but technical processes take place at various temperatures up to 200° C. or above. These additional data are obtained by indirect methods either from vapour pressures (of H2O or SO3) by means of Clapeyron's formula or from thermal capacities.—W. R. Bousfield: Isopiestic solutions. Solutions of KC1, LiCl, NaCl, and KNO3 of equal vapour pressure are placed together in an exhausted vessel, so that interchange of aqueous vapour may take place. Hence is indicated an accurate method of determining the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution, by comparison with the equal vapour pressure of a solution of LiCl. The observations lead to the conclusion that for a pure salt without water of crystallisation there is, at a given temperature, a certain vapour pressure of water below which the dry salt surrounded bv aqueous vapour will not take up water, and will, if it is not dry, become dried. This pressure may be called the critical hydratidn pressure of the salt at the given temperature.—Dr. J, W. McBain: Notes on the system of recording rate of chemical reaction. The usual equation representing rate of reaction may be written in the form fci = (remainder of expression). The author proposes so to choose the unit of time that fe is always unity. A single number will then completely record the rate of reaction.—A. L. Feild: The viscosity of blastfurnace slag and its relation to iron metallurgy (seep. 373). O.G. Le Bas: The refractivities of saturated and un-saturated compounds. The refractivities of unsaturated compounds, together with unsaturated systems containing conjugated unsaturated groups, have been considered. Benzene has been shown to be possessed of no anomaly. Cross-linking has been assumed in some cases. The effects of conjugation of ethenoid and carbonyl groups have been shown, whilst nitrates, nitrites, and nitro-compounds have been studied. The oximino-group especially has been taken into consideration. The cycle-paraffins, substituted and un-substituted, have been considered, together with a number of terpenes and derivatives. Anomalies have been connected with the side-chains or substituents and the appropriate numbers ascertained. The larger anomalies are connected with the trimethylene ring. Those for benzene derivatives have been ascertained. The unsubstituted hydrocarbons show no anomalies.—Dr. E. B. Ludlam: The effect of hydrogen chloride on the nitrogen-hydrogen equilibrium. The paper records an experimental attempt tft simplify the difficult conditions of high temperature at high pressure under which the Haber synthesis takes place. It was thought that the presence of hydrochloric acid during the synthesis would displace the equilibrium in the direction of the formation of ammonia. The result of the experiments was negative.—Dr. H. B. Maxted: The influence of carbon monoxide on the velocity of catalytic hydro-genation. The inhibitive effect of small percentages of carbon monoxide on the velocity of hydrogenation of olive oil in presence of nickel has been studied quantitatively.