Diesel Engine Oil Research Articles

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on blends of honne oil/diesel fuel/kerosene/DMC

Honne oil (tamanu) (H), a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia. It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel. Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is scarce. The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance, exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, typically used in agricultural sector, over the entire load range, when fuelled with neat diesel (ND) and blends of diesel fuel (D)/DMC/H/ kerosene (K). DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND. Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20 (20%H + 80%D), HK (20%H + 40%K + 40%D) and HKD5 (20%H + 40%K + 35D + 5%DMC) to HKD15 in steps of 5% DMC keeping H and K percentages constant. The emissions (CO, HC and smoke density (SD)) of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest, with SD dropping significantly. The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND. The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND. There is a good trade off between NOx and SD. Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion

Determination of Operational Parameters of a Single Cylinder Two Stroke Engine Run on Jatropha Biodiesel

The utilization of jatropha oil in a small capacity laboratory diesel engine was investigated. The Jatropha biodiesel was obtained from National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria - Nigeria. The biodiesel was within the EN, BIS and Brazil specification for biodiesel. The tested blends were 20/80%, 30/70%, 40/60% and 50/50%. Each blend was tested on a short term trial of one hour. 20/80% jatropha oil/diesel blend addition gave the maximum brake power and thermal efficiency. The exhaust gas temperatures of the jatropha oil/diesel blends were lower than that of diesel signifying lower heat loss. The percentage heat losses were lower when operated on higher jatropha oil/diesel blends. For economy of fuel, 20/80% gave specific fuel consumption values when compared to other jatropha oil/diesel blends at all engine speeds. Higher volumetric efficiencies were obtained for lower engine speeds of jatropha oil/diesel blends. Air/fuel ratio shows a decreasing trend with increase in jatropha oil content in jatropha oil/diesel blends. There was no reaction of the jatropha oil/diesel blends with engine parts as there was no engine starting problems, wear out of components or breakdown. No long term assessment, emission characteristics or endurance tests including breakdown of jatropha oil biodiesel were carried out. The research found that 20/80% blend of jatropha oil/diesel blend gave the best performance amongst all blends It is recommended that 20/80% jatropha oil/diesel blend should be used to supplement fossil fuel.

Comparison of the Effects of Biodiesel and Mineral Diesel Fuel Dilution on Aged Engine Oil Properties

Dilution of engine oil occurs when fuel is injected late in the combustion cycle to regenerate the diesel particulate filter used for trapping particulate emissions. Fuel dilution reduces oil viscosity and the concentration of engine oil additives, potentially compromising lubricant performance. Biodiesel usage may compound these issues due to its oxidative instability, and its higher boiling point compared to mineral diesel potentially causes it to concentrate more in the oil sump. In this work, different amounts of mineral diesel and biodiesel (soy methyl ester, SME) were combined with 15W-40 CJ-4 diesel engine oil in laboratory oil aging experiments. Fuel was added and oil samples were withdrawn at periodic intervals. The oils were analyzed using typical oil analysis procedures to determine their condition, and wear evaluations under boundary lubricating conditions were determined using a high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Results showed that fuel dilution accelerated engine oil degradation, with biodiesel having a larger effect. However, friction remained unchanged with dilution, and wear actually decreased for fuel-diluted oils after 48 h of aging compared to aging without fuel dilution. Examination of the tribofilms by ultraviolet (UV) and visible Raman spectroscopy as well as Auger electron spectroscopy showed that additional carbon-containing components were present on tribofilms formed from fuel-diluted oils. These fuel-derived components may be responsible for the decreased wear observed.

Effect of different nozzle geometries using Pure Rapeseed Oil in a modern Diesel engine on combustion and exhaust emissions

Effect of different nozzle geometries using Pure Rapeseed Oil in a modern Diesel engine on combustion and exhaust emissions

Effect of Load Level on the Performance of a Dual Fuel Compression Ignition Engine Operating on Syngas Fuels With Varying H2/CO Content

Syngas, an environmentally friendly alternative gaseous fuel for internal combustion engine operation, mainly consists of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). It can substitute fossil diesel oil in a compression ignition diesel engine through dual fuel operation route. In the present investigation, experiments were conducted in a constant speed single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled with syngas-diesel in a dual fuel operation mode. The main contribution of this study is to introduce the new synthetic gaseous fuel (syngas) including the possible use of CO gas, an alternative diesel engine fuel. In this work, four different H2 and CO compositions of syngas were chosen for dual fuel study under different engine loading levels. Keeping the same power output at the corresponding tested loads, the engine performance of dual fuel operations were compared to that of diesel mode for the entire load range. The maximum diesel replacement in the engine was found to be 72.3% for 100% H2 fuel. This amount replacement rate was reduced for the low energetic lower H2 content fuels. The brake thermal efficiency was always found highest (about 21%) in the case of diesel mode operation. However, the 100% H2 syngas showed a comparative performance level with diesel mode at the expense of higher NOx emissions. At 80% engine load, the brake thermal efficiency was found to be 15.7% for 100% CO syngas. This value increased to 16.1%, 18.3% and 19.8% when the 100% CO syngas composition was replaced by H2 contents of 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively. At part loads (i.e., at 20% and 40%), dual fuel mode resulted a poor performance including higher emission levels. In contrast, at higher loads, syngas fuels showed a good competitive performance to diesel mode. At all the tested loads, the NOx emission was observed highest for 100% H2 syngas as compared to other fuel conditions, and a maximum of 240 ppm was found at 100% load. However, when the CO fractions of 25%, 50% and 100%, were substituted to hydrogen fuel, the emission levels got reduced to 175 ppm, 127 ppm, and 114 ppm, respectively. Further, higher CO and HC emission levels were recorded for 25%, 50%, and 100% CO fraction syngas fuels due to their CO content. Ignition delay was found to increase for the dual fuel operation as compared to diesel mode, and also it seemed to be still longer for higher H2 content syngas fuels. The peak pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise were found to decrease for all the cases of dual fuel operation, except for 100% H2 syngas (beyond 60% load). The reduction in peak pressure resulted a rise in the exhaust gas temperature at all loads under dual fuel operation. The present investigation provides some useful experimental data which can be applied to the possible existing engine parameters modifications to produce a competitive syngas dual fuel performance at all the loading operations.

Bioremediation of soil polluted with fuels by sequential multiple injection of native microorganisms: Field-scale processes in Poland

Research was conducted to estimate impact of the multiple bioaugmentation on the treatment of soil contaminated by fuels – diesel oil and aircraft fuel. The bacteria used to inoculate the remediation plots were isolated from the polluted soil and proliferated in field conditions. The amount of biomass applied to the polluted soil was set to ensure the total number of bacteria in soil 10 7–10 8 cfu/g d.w. The multiple inoculation of soil with indigenous bacteria active in diesel oil and engine oil (plot A) degradation increased bioremediation effectiveness by 50% in comparison to the non-inoculated control soil and by 30% in comparison to the soil that was inoculated only once. The multiple inoculation of soil with indigenous microorganisms was then applied in bioremediation of the soil polluted with double high concentration of diesel oil (soil B) and in bioremediation of the soil polluted with aircraft fuel (soil C). The process efficiency was 80% and 98% removal of TPH for soil B and C, respectively.

Lubricating Oils Evaluation of Dispersancy Capacity of Lubricating Oils and the Impact of Biofuels on Lubricant Dispersancy

Abstract One of the primary functions of a lubricant is to preserve the cleanliness of a combustion engine’s mechanical parts. The cleanliness of the mechanical parts is facilitated by the introduction of “detergency” and “dispersancy” additives to the engine oil. This last property, dispersancy, is the property that allows the oil to suspend and carry away “pollutants” of diverse sources, such as soot from combustion, metallic particles from wear, corrosion of mechanical parts, and insoluble products resulting from the aging of the oil, etc. Recently, with the arrival of new fuels (e.g., biodiesel, ethanol blends, etc.) we notice that the existing or traditional lubricants present an important variability in terms of durability and resistance to pollutants, such as the fuel or the biofuel. Our studies show that the dispersancy capacity of certain types of lubricants is significantly degraded by the presence of specific pollutants, and in particular fatty acid methyl esters of the biofuels, which have a significant impact. It is therefore important to quantify the degradation of the oil in-service (engines or transmission oils) and to monitor the evolution of the oil’s dispersancy properties during use to be able to determine steps and intervals for maintenance. Additionally, for the development of new lubricants it is necessary to define a criterion of acceptance of the oil by its dispersancy capacity. This new method will define and quantify this criterion. The writers will present the results of these studies with particular emphasis on the impact of biofuels on the dispersancy capacity of both gasoline and diesel engine oils. They will describe a method of analysis using an automated instrument providing precise, objective measurement of this important parameter. This method will therefore be able to estimate the dispersancy capacity of lubricants, as well as the implication of various pollutants on this parameter.

Surface engineering to improve the durability and lubricity of Ti–6Al–4V alloy

► Oil-lubricated friction and wear tests of both commercial and experimental coatings and surface treatments for titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V were conducted to determine which held promise for applications in diesel engines. ► Eighteen materials and surface treatment combinations were tested against Type AISI 52100 bearing steel under reciprocating sliding and in engine-conditioned formulated diesel oil. ► Eight of eighteen candidates passed the friction criteria (friction coefficient less than 0.15) and wear criteria (stable sliding with minimal vibration). ► The eight treatments that passed our criteria included a nitriding treatment, a titanium nitride coating, an oxygen diffusion treatment, a diamond-like coating, and a commercial chromium-nitride coating. The fuel efficiency of ground vehicles, like heavy trucks, can be improved by reducing engine weight. While primarily known for its use in aerospace structures, titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V has the potential to replace heavier steel in certain friction and wear-critical diesel engine components like connecting rods, intake valves, movable turbocharger vanes, and pistons. While Ti–6Al–4V exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, good fatigue strength, and acceptable fracture toughness, it has poor sliding characteristics. Titanium alloys have a propensity to fail by galling, and often exhibit high and unstable friction coefficients. In the current work, selected surface engineering techniques were compared to determine which best enhance the tribological performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy and another alloy, 60Ni–40Ti. Candidate treatments included diffusion treatments, hard coatings (TiN and CrN), a soft coating (Cu–Ni–In), titanium-matrix TiB 2 in situ-formed composite, and shot peening. Diffusion treatments included oxygen diffusion, nitriding, and carburizing. In addition to studying the effects of individual surface engineering approaches, some were combined in an attempt to maximize their effects, but at the same time retain the mechanical properties of the titanium alloy achieved by proper heat treatment. Both dry and lubricated friction and wear tests were conducted using ASTM G133 (linearly reciprocating ball-on-flat). The ball specimens were AISI 52100 bearing steel. Lubricated tests were performed in engine-conditioned diesel engine oil. Test coupons were characterized using microindentation, stylus and optical interferometry, and metallographic examination. Surface engineering methods significantly improved the wear performance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, but their relative rankings varied significantly between oil-lubricated and non-lubricated conditions.

The Use of Linear Sweep Voltammetry in Condition Monitoring of Diesel Engine Oil

Abstract One of the main ways to decrease engine oil changes is to increase drain intervals. Although it has been a controversial subject for years, increased drain intervals can be accomplished safely using lubricant analysis. Over the years, many diesel engine operators have effectively employed used oil analysis to extend engine oil drain intervals safely by monitoring the condition of the oil and the engine. Various tests have been used for the monitoring of engine oil. However, although it has been used for years to evaluate the remaining useful life of industrial lubricants, linear sweep voltammetry has not been used for routine monitoring of engine oil. This paper will show how linear sweep voltammetry can be an effective method for maximizing extended drain intervals in an over-the-road heavy-duty trucking fleet.

Developing of High Power Density Diesel Engine Oil

For high power density diesel engine operating characteristics and its unique compact structure, the development of new high power density diesel engine oil referred to the latest diesel engine oil standard GB 11122-2006. Through the comprehensive assessment of physical and chemical properties, the composite of poly a-olefin (PAO) and polymer esters was determined as base oil,and added high-performance additives. This oil developed has clean dispersion, antioxidation, anti-wear , anti-corrosion and other properties. the lubricating oil can well satisfy the performance requirements of high power density diesel engine.

MEMBRANES SEPARATION PROCESS FOR OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Pilot-scale dead end microfiltration membranes were carried out to determine the feasibility of theprocess for treating the oily wastewater which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as power station of south of Baghdad and the general company of petrochemical industries. Polypropylene membranes(cylindrical shape) with different pore diameters (1 and 5 micron) were used to conduct the study onmicromembrane process. The variables studied are oil concentration (100 – 1000 ppm), feed flow rate (20 –40 l/h), operating temperature (31 – 50°C) and time (0 – 3 h). It was found that the flux increases withincreasing feed flow rate, temperature and pore size of membrane, and decreases with increasing oilconcentration and operating time. It was found also that the effect of feed oil concentration has the greatest effect on the fouling of membrane among other variables. The percent rejection of oil improved significantly with decreasing oil concentration but decreased with increasing feed temperature, pore size of membrane and operating time. Feed flow rate has slightly effect on oil rejection. The type of oil used in this work is 20W-50 gasoline and diesel engine oil. A general model of dead end filtration mode has been successfully evaluated to explain fundamental mechanisms involved in flux decline during dead end microfiltration of oily water emulsions. Analysis of the fall in flux with time for the polypropylene membrane (5 μm) indicates that intermediate and standard pore models give the best prediction for experimental behavior. Empirical correlations for the prediction of the flux and percent reject of oil were determined in this study. These equations have the correlation coefficient 98.87% and 91.49% respectively.

Performance analysis of a single cylinder DI diesel engine using different biodiesel

Biodiesel produced from cottonseed oil is quite a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity and carbon residue. But the performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the transesterification process. The research work discusses the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine run by using biodiesel, which was obtained from various vegetable oils like pungam oil, rice bran oil, cotton seed oil and tamanu oil. Those characteristics were compared with diesel fuel. The experimental investigations were carried out in a single cylinder water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine. The crank angle encoder measured the engine speed; the piezo electric sensors measured the cylinder pressure and the fuel injection pressure. This research work aims on the effective use of biodiesel in the diesel engine without modifying any engine specification.

Performance and emission characteristics of calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (blends and preheated) in an agricultural diesel engine

The present work examines the use of a non-edible oil namely honne oil, a new possible source of alternative fuel for diesel engine. The uses of honne oil either in neat form or blended (unheated or preheated) with diesel fuel in diesel engine has not been reported in the literature. The viscosity of honne oil can be reduced by blending it with diesel fuel. Even after blending, viscosity is high as compared to neat diesel. The high viscosity of honne oil blends can be reduced by preheating. The effect of temperature on the viscosity, density, flash point and lower heating of honne oil and its blends has also been investigated. The performance and emission characteristics of unheated honne oil blend (20% honne oil and 80% diesel fuel by volume) are found to be close to neat diesel. The performance and emission characteristics of preheated honne oil blends (10% to 50%) are better than unheated honne oil blends.

Emission and performance characteristics of an indirect ignition diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil

Biofuel has so far been backed by government policies in the quest for low carbon fuel in the near future and promises to ensure energy security through partially replacing fossil fuels. At present biodiesel is mostly produced by transesterification reaction from oil-seed feedstock and has to conform to ASTM D6751 specifications. Biodiesel sustainability has sparked debate on the pros and cons of biodiesel and the question of food security. The use of waste cooking oil such as palm and coconut oil in diesel engines is more sustainable if they can perform similarly to ordinary diesel fuel (B0). This paper presents the experimental study carried out to evaluate emission and performance characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil such as 5% palm oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (P5) and 5% coconut oil with 95% ordinary diesel fuel (C5). B0 was used for comparison purposes. The results show that there are reductions in brake power of 1.2% and 0.7% for P5 and C5 respectively compared with B0. In addition, reduction of exhaust emissions such as unburned hydrocarbon (HC), smoke, carbon mono-oxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) is offered by the blended fuels.

Feasibility of Using Full Synthetic Low Viscosity Engine Oil at High Ambient Temperatures in Military Vehicles

Abstract : Advancements in lubricant technology over the last two decades, in particular, the availability of high quality synthetic base oils, has set the stage for the development of a new fuel efficient, multifunctional powertrain lubricant with extended drain capabilities. Given its large fleet size, diversity of equipment, and range of environments in which it must operate, the U.S. Army is perhaps uniquely positioned to benefit from these advancements. This report summarizes the initial work that the U.S. Armys Fuel and Lubricants Technology Team has been doing to establish the technical feasibility of developing a new multifunctional, fuel efficient powertrain lubricant for the Armys fleet of combat and tactical vehicles and equipment referred to as the Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL) project. The feasibility of using a low viscosity diesel engine oil in Army engines was determined. At desert like operating conditions, a prototype SCPL provided similar overall performance as an SAE15W.40 oil in 3 Army engines.

Sliding friction and wear behaviors of surface-coated natural serpentine mineral powders as lubricant additive

This work aims to investigate the friction and wear properties of surface-coated natural serpentine powders (SP) suspended in diesel engine oil using an Optimal SRV oscillating friction and wear tester. The worn surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Results indicated that the additives can improve the wear resistance and decrease friction coefficient of carbon steel friction couples. The 0.5wt% content of serpentine powders is found most efficient in reducing friction and wear at the load of 50N. The SEM and XPS analysis results demonstrate that a tribofilm forms on the worn surface, which is responsible for the decrease in friction and wear, mainly with iron oxides, silicon oxides, graphite and organic compounds.

ÓLEO REFINADO DE SOJA PARA ACIONAMENTO DE MOTORES DIESEL

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da utilização do Óleo Refinado de Soja (ORS) em motores de ciclo diesel de baixa potência. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratorio de Mecanização Agricola da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Para a representação das curvas de rendimento do motor, os dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente com o auxílio do software SAS e as equações geradas foram testadas pelo teste T e F, e para a representação das curvas de rendimento foi utilizado analises de regressão. As características analisadas foram: a viscosidade cinemática das misturas em diferentes proporções de ORS e óleo diesel com um viscosímetro Saybolt Universal; os rendimentos foram realizados em um motor Yanmar modelo NSB75, com potência nominal de 5.5 cv a 1800 rpm, monocilíndrico e injeção direta, sendo o combustível utilizado para os ensaios as misturas de ORS e óleo diesel nas proporções de 0, 2, 10, 20, 30, 40, e 50%. Verificou-se que o aquecimento é uma técnica viável para a redução da viscosidade e que para atender Portaria ANP 310, as proporções têm que ser pequenas e deverão ser aquecidas, e o aquecimento é mais eficiente em proporções maiores de ORS. Foi verificado aumento da potência e do torque em função do aumento da proporção de ORS, com relação ao consumo específico não foram encontras diferenças significativas. Em relação ao custo concluiu-se que em R$ kW-1h-1, não ocorreram diferenças significativas. Conclui-se que, a utilização do óleo vegetal se mostrou viável, de forma técnica e outros trabalhos deverão ser realizados para avaliar o motor em condições de trabalho por longo período, para avaliar as condições de desgaste e de manutenção.

Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection

Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to a marginally inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity and carbon residue. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by injecting a small quantity of diethyl ether (DEE) along with air. The main objective of this study is to improve the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with rubber seed oil (RSO) through DEE injection at different flow rates of 100, 150 and 200 g/h. A single cylinder diesel engine with rated output of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm was converted to operate in the DEE injection mode. DEE was injected into the intake port during suction stroke, while rubber seed oil was injected directly inside the cylinder at the end of compression stroke. The injection timing of DEE was optimized for this mode of operation. Results indicate that the brake thermal efficiency of the engine improves from 26.5% with neat RSO to a maximum of 28.5% with DEE injection rate of 200 g/h. Smoke reduces from 6.1 to 4 BSU with DEE injection at the maximum efficiency flow rate. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions are also less with DEE injection. There is an increase in the NO x emission from 6.9 g/kWh to 9.3 g/kWh at the optimum DEE flow rate. DEE injection with RSO shows higher peak pressure and rate of pressure rise compared to neat RSO. Heat release rate indicates an increase in the combustion rate due to the reduced ignition delay and combustion duration with DEE injection.

Performance and emission studies on an agriculture engine on neat Jatropha oil

Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors in India. They are also potential sources of decentralized energy generation for rural electrification. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Vegetable oils have been considered good alternatives to diesel in the past couple of years. However, there are many issues related to the use of vegetable oils in diesel engine. Jatropha curcas has been promoted in India as a sustainable substitute to diesel fuel. This study aims to develop a dual fuel engine test rig for evaluating the potential suitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel and for determining the performance and emission characteristics of an engine with Jatropha oil. The experimental results suggest that engine performance using Jatropha oil is slightly inferior to that of diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of the engine was lower, while the brake-specific fuel consumption was higher with Jatropha oil compared with diesel fuel. The levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from Jatropha oil during the entire duration of the experiment were lower than those of diesel fuel. The reduction of NOx was found to be an important characteristic of Jatropha oil as NOx emission is the most harmful gaseous emission from engines; as such, its reduction is always the goal of engine researchers and makers. During the entire experiment, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the case of using Jatropha oil were higher than when diesel fuel was used. The higher density and viscosity of Jatropha oil causes lower thermal efficiency and higher brakespecific fuel consumption. The performance and emission characteristics found in this study are significant for the study of replacing diesel fuel from fossils with Jatropha oil in rural India, where the availability of diesel has always been a problem.

舶用潤滑油の極圧性・摩耗防止性能評価技術

舶用潤滑油の極圧性・摩耗防止性能評価技術