Oil Flow Rate Research Articles

The Effect of Utilizing Pcms-Nanofluids on The Performance of the Parabolic Trough among Storage Medium

The present study relates to the investigation of a parabolic trough collector incorporated with a thermal storage tank containing rectangular boxes which stored stearic acid with 0.3vol% of CuO nanofluids acted as Phase-change Materials. The heat output of the parabolic trough's receivers and efficiency of the storage tank was determined by varying the flow rates of waste engine oil and water by 0.035, 0.045, and 0.065 kg/sec. The parabolic collector with a storage tank at 12-1 PM with a heat gain of 10441W for water and 13724W for waste engine oil at a flow rate of 0.035 kg/sec were observed. The waste oil result was 0.31 times greater than the water medium. Also, the PTC without a storage tank was 5.7 times lower at the same flow rate. The higher heat gain was achieved at a 0.035 kg/sec flow rate of the waste oil medium compared to flow rates of 0.045 and 0.065 kg/sec.

Technical solutions for performing operations on RCP-proppant thermal fixing and thermoreagent impact on the bottomhole formation zones of production wells

The article presents the results of the implementation of technologies based on the use of the thermal effect of a number of exothermic reactions occurring in reservoir conditions between the components of the composition injected into the reservoir. The main direction of using chemical compositions based on available inorganic and organic salts is the heat fixing of RCP-proppant (polymer-coated proppant) in hydraulic fractures (about three hundred wells in the Volga-Ural region) in terrigenous reservoirs. Technical solutions are proposed to combat the absorption of thermosetting compositions in wells with low reservoir pressure. Another option for the use of thermosetting compositions in conditions of consolidated reservoirs is to increase the oil flow rate of production wells due to an increase in the permeability of bottomhole formation zones due to the dissolution of asphaltene, resin and paraffin deposits, as well as an increase in the mobility of reservoir oil due to a decrease in its viscosity as a result of the action of released heat and reaction gases.

CFD investigation of air-oil two-phase flow in oil jet nozzle

In aero-engines applications, nozzle geometric parameters have major effects on the lubricating oil to accurately reach target gears or bearings. To investigate the deviation phenomenon of oil jet flow in the lubrication system, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique integrating with the volume of fluid (VOF) method and SST k- ω turbulence model is adopted to deeply understand the flow characteristics of the nozzle. By leveraging this method, the relationship between nozzle geometry, inlet pressure, jet velocity, and jet deviation are firstly analyzed. The results reveal that a higher average velocity and smaller jet deviation can be determined via adjusting the nozzle geometry. Furthermore, a specific test rig, composed of an oil supply system, target system and data collection system, is set up for oil injection test; experimental outlet velocity and mass flow rate of oil passing through the hole on the target plate are monitored and recorded. The experimental findings compare well with numerical results obtained by the CFD method.

A new correlation for calculating wellhead oil flow rate using artificial neural network

A separator and multiphase flow meters are considered the most accurate tools used to measure the surface oil flow rates. However, these tools are expensive and time consuming. Thus, this study aims to develop a correlation for accurate and quick evaluation of well surface flow rates and consequently the well inflow performance relationship. In order to achieve the abovementioned aim, this study uses artificial neural network (ANN) for flow rates prediction particularly in artificial lifted wells especially in the absence of wellhead pressure data. The ANN model is developed and validated by utilizing 350 data points collected from numerous fields located in Nile Delta and Western Desert of Egypt with inputs include; wellhead temperature, gas liquid ratio, water cut, surface and bottomhole temperatures, water cut, surface production rates, tubing cross section area, and well depth. The results of this study show that, the collected data are distributed as follows; 60% for training, 30% for testing and 10% for the validation processes with R2 of 0.96 and mean square error (MSE) of 0.02. A comparison study is implemented between the new ANN correlation and other published correlations (Gilbert, Ros and Achong correlations) to show the robustness of the developed correlation. The results show that the developed correlation able to predict oil flow rates accurately with the lowest mean square error.

A novel unibody axial flow pump for the lubrication of inverter type hermetic reciprocating compressors

Lubrication at low speeds is a general problem in the hermetic reciprocating compressors for household refrigerators. The aim of this article is to present a new method using a novel 3D printed unibody axial flow pump for the lubrication oil supply system of an inverter type hermetic reciprocating compressor during a low speed (< 2000 rpm) operation. The system is based on a 3D printed unibody bladeless impeller axial flow pump attached to the bottom end of the vertical rotating crankshaft partially immersed in the oil sump inside hermetic reciprocating compressor sealed casing. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation besides the experiment is used to simulate the flow inside the pump to calculate the mass flow rate of the lubrication oil and to optimize the helix angle of the pump. Volume of Fluid (VoF) and Multi Reference Frame (MRF) methods are used for modeling the two-phase flow (air and lubrication oil) and rotary domain respectively. The mass flow rate and climbing time of the lubrication oil in the unibody axial pump are analyzed. The results show that the designed pump is capable to supply the lubrication oil at a low speed i.e., 1400 rpm. Moreover, results indicate that the mass flow rate of the lubrication oil increases as the viscosity decreases. The average climbing time is observed to be 1 s at 1400 rpm and 0.4 s at 2000 rpm.

A Passive Ferro-Particle Sensor of Lube-Oil Based on Single Permanent Magnetic Ring

Inductive particle sensors have been widely used in wear monitoring for mechanical equipment, in which magnetostatic inductive sensor is the preferred choice to detect ferro-particles. However, the existing magnetostatic inductive particle sensors contain iron core components, and most of them are driven by external power supply, which makes it difficult to achieve lightweight and vulnerable to electromagnetic noise. Accordingly, this paper proposes a passive ferro-particle sensor of lube-oil based on single permanent magnetic ring. The corresponding mathematical model is established, and the analytical expression for the ferro-particle induced voltage is derived. To verify the validity of the model, the modeling results are compared with the finite element analysis. And the influence of the relevant parameters of the permanent magnet ring and coil on the induced voltage is discussed. The experimental results indicate that <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$30\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> m ferro-particles can be detected by this sensor at an oil flow rate of 510 ml/min. By comparing with the existing sensors, it can be concluded that the proposed sensor is of great significance to improve lightweight design and high-precision sensing for online ferro-particle monitoring in lube-oil.

Identifying of Unsteady Performance of Oil to Water Heat Exchanger Integrated with Process

There are many approaches by which the heat exchanger can be modeled depending on how much information is available to start with. Grey-box model represents one of these approaches which is considered in the present study to modeling the unsteady operation heat exchanger. The available measurements of an unidentified heat exchanger integrated with a process involving oil circulation were statistically analyzed to extract the information that could aid in its identification. The proposed heat exchanger system included a hot oil stream coming from the thermal unit process and cooled by a cold-water circuit. The objective of this study is to develop a grey box model for the unspecified heat exchanger with a suitable nonlinear state-space structure and solved numerically using MATLAB-19 software and engineering equation solver (EES). Suitable parameters included oil and water inventories, heat addition, and conductance divisor factor are chosen to fully identify the heat exchanger from measured temperatures and flow rates. The parameters used to identify the oil process included the oil mass inventory within the process and the quantity of heat added. While for the heat exchanger; oil, water, and solid thermal masses were determined along with a conductance divisor to close its model. The results revealed that, comparing the model output with the measured data was satisfactory. The effect of 10% increment in the oil process heat as external excitation on a heat exchanger can only be controlled by water and oil flow rates and any fluctuation in inlet water temperature is insignificant and considered as a noise disturbance. An increment of 19% in the oil flowrate with unchanged water flowrate resulted in an increase in oil outlet temperature by about 4%. applying a noise of about ±10% on inlet water temperature to the system resulted in insignificant effects on the oil temperatures, and therefore it could be considered as uniform temperature. An effective control system to manage the heat exchanger and therefore the process can be designed according to the predictions of changing the water and oil flow rate responses.

Continuous Double-Step Esterification Production of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Methyl Ester Using Ultrasonic Tubular Reactor.

Double-step esterification to produce biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was performed by utilizing an ultrasound clamp reactor. Six pairs of ultrasonic clamps were attached to the left and right sides of the stainless-steel tube, and each pair was separated 100 mm apart from each other. Therefore, a total of 12 units of ultrasound clamps distributed 4800 W maximum power (12 × 400 W) throughout the continuous reactor by an ultrasonic generator. To optimize each step of the continuous esterification process for producing methyl ester from PFAD, a response surface methodology was used. The final 93.32 wt % methyl ester purity was attained under a double-step esterification process. For the first step, a 3.75:1 molar ratio of methanol to PFAD (46.4 vol % methanol), 6.6 vol % sulfuric acid, and 400 mm length of ultrasound clamp at 25 L/h PFAD flow rate for converting the PFAD to 60.24 wt % methyl ester were recommended. For the second step, the esterification was repeated under a molar ratio of methanol to the first esterified oil of 2.87:1 (61.6 vol % methanol), 5.6 vol % of sulfuric acid, and 400 mm length of ultrasound clamp at 25 L/h esterified oil flow rate. The ultrasonic clamp reactor achieved high yields of esterified oil and the crude biodiesel in a relatively short residence period of 32 s. To determine the product yields of a double-step esterification process, the maximum yields were 103.9 wt % first esterified oil, 107.6% crude biodiesel, and 98 wt % purified biodiesel when calculated on the basis of 100 vol % initial PFAD. The average energy consumed in the production of double-step esterification biodiesel was 0.05796 kWh/L. Therefore, this current approach has a high potential for producing biodiesel with less energy and requires less time to convert the PFAD to a high purity of methyl ester.

Experimental Study of Drag Torque between Wet Clutch Discs

The development of automatic gearbox control systems contributes to their increasing popularity. By raising the number of gears and sophisticated algorithms, the reduction of fuel consumption is feasible regarding traditional manual transmissions. The continuously variable transmissions (CVT) are also growing their share of the market. Wet clutches are employed in all types of automatic transmissions, but because of oil viscosity, when such a type of clutch is disengaged, the drag torque phenomenon occurs. This deteriorates the global efficiency of the transmission system. To recognize the nature of this drag torque and how it is influenced by the main parameters (distance between plates, value of oil flow rate lubricating clutch, oil temperature, rotational speed between plates), a new test stand has been designed and assembled. The value of rotational speed has been studied up to 7000 rpm which is novel in literature. Due to strongly nonlinear dependences, the achieved results can contribute to designing more efficient clutch systems due to the strongly nonlinear nature of observed phenomena.

Microfluidic preparation of a novel phoxim nanoemulsion pesticide against Spodoptera litura

With continuous development of pesticide dosage forms, emulsifiable concentrates using large amounts of organic solvents are gradually obsoleted. Nanoemulsions with high water content have been developed and the preparation processes also evolved, but these processes still exist some problems, such as poor controllability and high energy consumption. Microfluidic is a controllable nanoemulsion preparation system which mainly applied to pharmaceutical synthesis. In this study, the pesticide phoxim nanoemulsion was prepared by microfluidic technology. The optimized formulation of phoxim nanoemulsion was composed of Tween 80 and pesticide emulsifier 500 as surfactant, hexyl acetate as oil, and n-propanol as co-surfactant. Moreover, when the flow rates of water and oil in the microfluidic system were adjusted to 5 μL/min and 20 μL/min, phoxim nanoemulsion was obtained with a cloud point/boiling point of 109°C, a particle size of 21.5 ± 0.8nm and a potential value of - 18.7 ± 0.6mV. Furthermore, the nanoemulsion had a rapid release effect in vitro which could be fitted by the Ritger-Peppas model. The feeding toxicity of the phoxim nanoemulsion was higher than that of commercial formulation while the contact killing effect was higher than that of the active ingredient. Therefore, pesticide dosage was reduced and the insecticidal effect was enhanced by using phoxim nanoemulsions. These results also confirm the potential of microfluidics as a green process to produce pesticide nanoemulsions.

Effect of synthesized additive on prevention of organic solid precipitate in the formation rock

This article studies the influence of a novel additive in prevention of asphaltene precipitation in the petroleum formation. N-phenylamino benzyl ethanol, an asphaltene inhibitor has been developed under laboratory conditions and characterized. This article also exhibits a novel approach to understand asphaltene precipitation, where wettability studies are carried out on crude oil aged core by injection of crude oil and asphaltene inhibitor, Crude oil under study has high apparent viscosity and high asphaltene content. The precipitation of solid asphaltene in the core was carried out by pumping the virgin crude oil and crude oil beneficiated with asphaltene inhibitors at 55 °C and 200–1600 psi. Experimental results showed enhanced flow rate of crude oil treated with synthesized additive as compared to commercial one.

Two-degree-of-freedom internal model control of particle swarm optimization for flow temperature control system in phase change material packaging technology

In this article, a phase change material packaging process system was designed. In view of the hysteresis of the system flow temperature control, a two-degree-of-freedom internal model PID (PSO-TDF-IMC-PID) controller based on particle swarm optimization was determined based on the flow regulating valve model, so as to control the phase change material outlet temperature to keep constant with establishing the system heat transfer model. Compared with other control algorithms, the PSO-TDF-IMC-PID algorithm is proved to be fast, anti-interference and robust. The traditional integral of time multiplied by the absolute value of error criterion performance index is improved, and the improved integral of time multiplied by the absolute value of error criterion is applied to PSO-TDF-IMC-PID algorithm for simulation comparison. Simulation results show that the improved integral of time multiplied by the absolute value of error criterion can effectively eliminate overshoot. The overshoot is reduced from the original 8% to almost 0. To reduce system energy consumption and improve economy, energy consumption constraint conditions are added into the variable trial-error algorithm to calculate economic flow rate and inlet temperature of heat conduction oil. The results show that the dynamic parameters of the system accord with the constraint condition of energy consumption.

Influence of Recess Dimensions and Jacking Oil Flow Rate on the Performance of Tilting Pad Journal Bearings with Jacking Oil Mechanism

Tilting pad journal bearings (TPJBs) often use externally pressurized oil to lift off journals for safe start and stop procedures and enhanced load capacity under heavy loads. This article presents an in-depth analysis of TPJBs with the jacking oil mechanism. The finite element method is used to solve the pressure distribution, and the Newton-Raphson technique is used to solve the resulting pad forces, pad moments, and oil flow rates in the pad’s recess region. Excellent correlations with the archival test data validate the numerical model. Two sets of comprehensive parametric analyses are conducted to study the effects of jacking oil flow rate and recess geometry on the bearing’s static and dynamic characteristics. It is found that the bearing performance improves with increasing jacking oil flow rate and decreasing recess area but at the expense of increased breakaway pressure. Thus, the selection of jacking oil flow rate and recess geometry must consider the bearing performance and breakaway pressure simultaneously.

Evaluation and Improvement of the Performance of a Wellhead Multistage Bundle Gas–Liquid Separator

A wellhead multistage bundle gas–liquid separator combining a gas–liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) with multi-tube bundle components is expected to improve the gas–liquid separation performance. However, there is no unified understanding of the factors influencing the separation performance of the separator. The continuous improvement and applications of the separator are restricted. This paper evaluated the performance of the separator using a numerical simulation method. The results indicate that the separation flow field evolves to be uniform with the increased water cut when the gas–oil ratio and flow rate remain constant. Compared with a 30% water cut, the separation efficiency at a 50% water cut increased by 5.88%. When the gas–oil ratio and water cut remained constant, the swirl effect of the primary separation was enhanced. The separation efficiency increased to more than 70% when the flow rate was 15 m/s. When the flow rate and water cut remained unchanged, the pressure of the separation flow field was reduced. However, when the gas–oil ratio was greater than 160 m3/t, the flow field trace density of the secondary separation bundle was reduced, and the separation efficiency was also lower than 60%. The separation efficiency can be further improved by optimizing the number and diameter of secondary separation bundles.

Studying the Effect of Installing New Three Phase Separator on the Stabilization of Degassing Station

The current work, studied the effect of replacing the existing two phase separator by three phase vessel on the off- specification quality for the produced oil. The true vapor pressure is set as the main criteria for the quality of product for an existing plant by using Aspen Hysys V9. To guarantee the process simulation is represent the real plant under operations, a comparative study was conducted between the simulation results and the plant data where it was a closely match with actual data to indicate that the simulation is a powerful tool, and it can be used for predicting the actual results. The existing plant operates with base sediment and water ratio no more than 15% while the studies expect to increase this ratio to 60% in future, for that this work is carried out by using Aspen Hysys V9.0 software to study the manipulating of different operating parameters such as dry oil flow rate, base sediments and water ratio, inlet temperature and the pressure of three phase vessel on the quality of product in term of TVP off-specification. By changing the different operating conditions, it has been found that the value of the true vapor pressure for the produced crude oil is less than 14 Psia/ 96.53 kPa. The obtained results conclude that the replacing of two phase separator by three phase vessel has no significant impacts on the true vapor pressure for the produced crude oil. The operating pressure for the three phase separator is revised and calculated where it is increased from 1176.8 kPa to 1330 kPa.

Determination of optimal oil pumping plans

This paper presents the results of determining the optimal plans for pumping oil through the main oil pipelines of Kazakhstan. The calculation methodology is based on determining the minimum unit cost of pumping depending on oil flow rate. Oil pumping energy-saving modes are determined under optimal operating conditions of pumping units and heating furnaces at stations. Determination of the optimal pumping plan is implemented as a separate module of the SmartTranPro software. Pumped oil volumes on the oil pipeline sections were determined on the basis of the automated system of control and metering of electrical energy data of KazTransOil JSC. Optimal pumping plans for monthly oil volumes in the Kalamkas – Karazhanbas and Dzhumagaliev – Atasu pipeline sections for cold and warm periods were calculated on the basis of the found dependence of the pumping unit cost. For each range of oil mass flow rate, specific costs for oil pumping and a list of operating pumps at oil pumping stations located along the pipeline section are indicated.

Data-Driven Methodology for the Prediction of Fluid Flow in Ultrasonic Production Logging Data Processing

A new method for the determination of oil and water flow rates in vertical upward oil-water two-phase pipe flows has been proposed. This method consists of an application of machine learning techniques on the probability density function (PDF) and the power spectral density (PSD) of the power spectrum output of an ultrasonic Doppler sensor in the pipe. The power spectrum characteristic parameters of the two-phase flow are first determined by the probability density function (PDF) method. Then, the transducer signal is preprocessed by distance correlation analysis (DCA), and independent features are extracted by principal component analysis (PCA). The extracted features are used as input to a least-squares fit, which gave the oil flow rates as output. In the same way, the transducer signal is also preprocessed by partial correlation analysis (PCA), and independent features were extracted using independent component analysis (ICA). The extracted features were used as inputs to multilayer back-propagation neural networks, which water cuts as output. The present method was used to calibrate an ultrasonic Doppler sensor to estimate the flow rates of both phases in oil–water flow in a vertical pipe of diameter 159 mm. Predictions of the present method were in good agreement with direct flow rate measurements. Compared to previously used methods of feature extraction from the ultrasonic Doppler power spectrum signals, the present method provides a theoretical basis for the interpretation of ultrasonic multiphase flow logging data. Ultrasonic multiphase flow logging has potential application value in the production profile logging and interpretation evaluation of production wells with low fluid production and high water cut.

Experimental analysis of matrix moveable oil saturation in tight sandstone reservoirs of the south Ordos Basin, China

Tight oil reservoirs in the south Ordos Basin are characterized by fractured, heterogeneous oil-bearing strata (an oil saturation of less than 55% on average), normal pressure (0.8±) and extra-low permeability (less than 0.3 mD). In the Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoir in Honghe oilfield, micro- and nano-pores, especially those with a pore-throat radius of less than 1 μm, account for more than 90%. Fluid flow in the matrix is non-linear and crude oil flow rates are very low under normal pressure gradients. An improved understanding of oil mobility in a tight matrix is key to further development of normal-pressure tight-oil resources in the continental basin. In this study, constant-velocity and high-pressure mercury injection experiments were conducted using samples of typical tight sandstone cores obtained from the south of Ordos Basin. A new method for reconstructing the full-scale pore-throat distribution characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs was established successfully, based on which multistage centrifugal tests, tests of low-pressure differential displacement of oil by water, and nuclear magnetic resonance tests were conducted in order to obtain the distribution characteristics of moveable fluid in different pores. The moveable oil saturation (MOS) and degree of oil recovery (i.e. ratio of accumulative oil production to producing geologic reserves) of the core samples under different differential pressures for displacement were determined. As for the tight oil reservoirs in the south Ordos Basin, the moveable fluids are mainly stored in sub-micron (0.10–0.5 μm) pores. For Type Ⅰ reservoirs (k > 0.1 mD), the volume percentage of moveable fluid in pores with a radius larger than 0.5 μm is relatively high (greater than 40%). The degree of oil recovery of water flooding serves as the basis for forecasting recoverable reserves for tight oil reservoirs. Recoverable reserves under water flooding, mainly occur in pores with a radius greater than 0.5 μm. The contribution of Type Ⅰ reserves to oil production is observed to be greater than 60%, and the degree of oil recovery reaches up to 17.1%. These results help improve our understanding on the evaluation and classification of Chang 8 tight sandstone reservoirs in Honghe oilfield and serve as theoretical basis for pilot tests to explore effective injection media and development methods to improve the matrix-driven pressure differences and displacement efficiency for oil.

Shadow zone in MQL application and its influence on lubricant deficiency and machinability during micro-milling

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) in metal cutting helps enhancing machinability while ensuring sustainability. In the absence of bulk heating in micro-milling, the cutting fluid needs to be deposited on the tribologically active chip-tool-workpiece region to perceive enhanced lubrication effect. There are few factors that can restrict the oil droplets from depositing on the tool. One such restriction that inherently appears as “Shadow Zone” during end-milling process is reported in this article for the first time. This shadow zone hinders certain percentage of droplets from reaching to the cutting edges resulting in reduced wetting capability of the MQL supply even when the overall oil flow rate remains unchanged. Lubricant deficiency induced solely by this shadow zone during micro-milling under varying parameters is assessed here. For fixed nozzle orientation, detrimental effect of the shadow zone intensifies with an increase in the axial depth of cut and top-burr height. At 50 µm axial depth, the shadow zone restricts 3.7% droplets from depositing on the active cutting edge and thereby compels the MQL assisted cutting process to rotate in incompletely lubrication condition. For unchanged oil flow rate, the corresponding deficiency increases to 16.4% at 200 µm axial depth. When compared with dry micro-milling of Ti-6Al-4 V, shadow zone reduces effectiveness of the MQL supply in controlling tool wear from 25.4 – 5.5% in the entire tool life when axial depth is increased from 50 – 200 µm. Similar degree of reduction in MQL effectiveness towards controlling surface roughness, burr width, and cutting forces is also observed.

Depth Control of an Oil Bladder Type Deep-Sea AUV Based on Fuzzy Adaptive Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control

The deep-sea autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is equipment of vital importance for ocean exploration, monitoring, and surveying. With a variable buoyancy system (VBS), AUV can achieve rising, diving, and hovering in the water column. This paper proposes a deep-sea AUV with an oil bladder type hydraulic VBS, which controls the oil flow rate with a proportional valve. However, the implementation of accurate depth control for AUV faces various challenges due to the varying water density with depth, the non-linear feature of the hydraulic system, and the disturbance from sea flows and currents. To tackle these problems, a third-order linear active disturbance rejection controller (LADRC) and its fuzzy adaptive version were designed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink based on the state-space function of the proposed AUV system. Compared with the conventional PID controller, the simulation results indicate that the proposed LADRC controller shows strong robustness to disturbance, with other advantages including smaller steady-state error, overshoot, settling time, and response time. Moreover, the proposed fuzzy LADRC controller could further decrease the overshoot caused by the increasing target distance. The results prove that the designed depth controllers can meet the control requirements of the proposed deep-sea AUV.