Oil Filter Research Articles

Failure analysis of crankshafts used in maritime V12 diesel engines

Abstract Maintenance of equipment requires constant monitoring of the components that constitute a mechanical system, as well as the monitoring of the conditions of service, among others. One first indication of failure in a crankshaft is given by the low-pressure value of the lubrication circuit. This is mainly due to the accumulation of debris in the lubrication channels, which causes the oil filters to be clogged. As such, this will cause poor lubrication of the crankshaft, which can consequently cause its catastrophic failure, and frequently originates damage propagation to other components of the engine, namely crankcase, bearing shells, connecting rods, pistons and other mechanical parts. In the 4-stroke internal combustion maritime V12 diesel engine herein studied, there has been a frequent failure of crankshafts. The seven cases of failure of the crankshafts reported in the last 25 years are presented in the paper and several causes of failure were listed. From those, the influence of initial imperfections in the material was discussed in the article, as well as the influence of the loadings applied to the crankshaft. Hence, the theoretical dimensioning of the crankshaft was firstly assessed assuming the conservative Soderberg criterion and the crankshaft model was then analysed using the Finite Element Method, during a complete combustion cycle, at several stress concentration regions. The Rainflow cycle counting method was applied to determine the stress cycles induced during functioning and a stress-life equation was then used to estimate the fatigue lifespan of the crankshaft. Additionally, a modification to the crankshaft's geometry was suggested and a significant reduction of the induced stresses was obtained.

Concentrates of triterpenic acids obtained from crude olive pomace oils: characterization and evaluation of their potential antioxidant activity.

Pentacyclic triterpenic acids (TA) are phytochemicals of increasing nutritional interest owing to their bioactive properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antihyperglycemic and hepatoprotective. Crude olive pomace oils constitute a non-exploited significant source of these compounds. In the present study, concentrates of TA were extracted and characterized from crude olive pomace oils that were obtained by centrifugation and subsequent solvent extraction, respectively. Specifically, the concentrates were obtained from the byproduct generated in the filtration of the oils. The solids were subjected to Soxhlet extractions with hexane to remove the residual oil and then with ethanol for the TA extraction. Concentrates containing 850-980 g kg-1 TA were isolated from the oils obtained by centrifugation, whereas those isolated from oils obtained by hexane extraction presented levels of TA that ranged from 510 to 900 g kg-1 . Oleanolic (OA) and maslinic (MA) acids were the TA found in the concentrates. The relative contents of OA and MA were, respectively, 30:70 (w/w) and 77:23 (w/w). All concentrates also presented phenolic compounds at levels of g kg-1 and displayed slight antioxidant properties. Concentrates of TA, containing MA and OA, can be readily obtained from a byproduct generated by filtration of crude olive pomace oils. Concentrates isolated from oils obtained by centrifugation were rich in MA, whereas those from oils extracted with hexane were rich in OA. The concentrates showed slight antioxidant properties that can be mainly attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds and not to TA. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Development of Method for Stimulating Oil Inflow to the Well during Field Exploitation

The problem on oil filtration in the reservoir model with the preset differential pressure harmonically varying in time on its faces is solved. Hysteresis effects of capillary pressure under change in the direction of fluid expulsion are considered. The influence exerted by liquid fluctuations on cleaning the near-well zone from possible capillary blocking of aqueous phase is estimated. The action of alternating pressure pulses on the oil-saturated reservoir model is investigated. It is shown that harmonic change in liquid pressure promotes removal of immobile capillary-blocked water from the near-well zone. The results of in-situ experiments on wave action on the wellbottom zone and oil production stimulation are presented.

Field Performance of a Constructed Litter Trap with Oil and Grease Filter using Low-cost Materials

The current study was conducted to develop a litter trap by using crushed clay as an adsorbent media filter to reduce oil and grease (O&G) contents in residential wastewater and then to prevent the degradation of the environment and natural water bodies. Clay acts as a magnet, drawing the oil molecules out of the water and causing them to attach to the surfaces of the clay. The trap was built using Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and bamboo and installed at site-specific discharge points of storm water for removal of O&G. A total of twenty-four (24) wastewater samples were collected before and after the filtration The design achieved 94% of O&G removal. However, the removal efficiency deepened on the rainfall intensity, the increasing of rainfall effect negatively on the removal percentage of O&G. Nonetheless, the designed system exhibited a potential to remove O&G from the residential wastewater.

Design and Optimization of Fibrous Filter Media Using Lifetime Multipass Simulations

AbstractThe goal of this study was to optimize fibrous filter media by increasing the dust holding capacity (DHC) while maintaining the β ratio and initial pressure drop of the filter media. The key was the use of microstructure models to optimize the filter media. The microstructure of three different variations of a filter media for oil filtration was modeled by using the FiberGeo module of the GeoDict® software package. It was found that by optimizing the fiber volume distribution over the height of the filter media, higher DHC values could be achieved while keeping the pressure drop considerably low. This confirms the hypothesis that the macroscopic properties of the filter element can be improved by modifying the microstructure of the filter media.

Дослідження мембранного процесу видалення лактози з концентрату маслянки

Удосконалення технологій виробництва молочних продуктів, у т. ч. морозива, з вторинної сировини за допомогою впровадження інноваційних технологій дає змогу заощадити енергію та ресурси. Маслянка як вторинний матеріальний ресурс має цінні властивості. Вони обумовлені вмістом білків, фосфоліпідів, вітаміну F та ін. Застосування маслянки як основи для безлактозних та низьколактозних продуктів, у т. ч. морозива, стримується вмістом лактози на рівні молока. Серед відомих методів видалення лактози широке застосування мають ферментні, мембранні та їх комбінація. Представлена робота має на меті вивчення основних залежностей мембранної обробки маслянки шляхом ультра- та діафільтрації нанофільтраційним пермеатом, отриманим відповідною обробкою ультрафільтраційного пермеату маслянки. У експериментах застосовували порожнистоволоконні ультрафільтраційні (УФ) мембрани ВПУ-15 та нанофільтраційні (НФ) плоскі мембрани ОПМН-П виробництва «Владипор» (Росія). Обидва типи мембран використовувались у складі лабораторних мембранних установок. У дослідженні застосовувались стандартні методики визначення складових маслянки та її продуктів УФ та НФ. Для кожної мембрани визначали продуктивність за фільтратом та селективність залежно від робочих параметрів нанофільтрації УФ пермеату та діафільтрації (ДФ). УФ ретентат маслянки на порожнистих волокнах при тискові 0,15 МПа та температурі 50 °С отримували при факторі концентрування F = 4. Встановлена низька селективність мембрани ВПУ-15 за лактозою (4%) та висока за білком – 99,6%. Нанофільтрація УФ пермеату маслянки проводилась у діапазоні тиску 0,5…2,0 МПа. Від 0,5 до 1,5 МПа встановлено лінійну залежність питомої продуктивності від тиску при температурі 20…22 °С при факторі концентрування F = 4 у ретентаті нанофільтрації спостерігалось 17,9% лактози, а у НФ пермеаті 0,05% при однаковій концентрації солей 0,7%. При безперервній діафільтрації УФ ретентату маслянки спостерігалось зростання продуктивності мембран з ростом температури до 8,2…10 л/м2·год. Найменша концентрація лактози (0,01%) у УФ ретентаті спостерігалась при застосуванні семикратного об’єму НФ пермеату як розчинника. Ефект видалення лактози становив 99,8%. Результати досліджень показали, що комбінація ультрафільтрації та безперервної діафільтрації за допомогою НФ пермеату дає бажаний результат видалення лактози з концентрату маслянки. Найкращими параметрами процесу досліджень були тиск 1,5 МПа та температура 50 °С. Одержані дані можуть стати основою для отримання математичних залежностей для оцінки ефективного мембранного способу. Подальші дослідження будуть необхідні через проблему забруднення мембран та їхню регенерацію і дезінфекцію.

Maintenance Error Detection Procedure and A Case Study of Failure Analysis Locomotive Diesel Engine Bearings

This paper presents a maintenance error detection algorithm. Proposed algorithm is used to determine failure analysis of a locomotive diesel–electric engine. Although the inspected engines had been performing normally up to the maintenance sequence, the problem occurred after the maintenance and resulted in a complete stop of the engines with the high losses on-site. In failure cases, before focusing on technical problem narrowing down possibilities were required. After initial analysis, many possibilities were eliminated and the problem was determined with less effort on shorter time. Engine bearings were investigated to diagnose the problem. The origin of the problem was diagnosed and determined using SEM techniques and on-site inspections. The results show that the shot peening technique used in engine block cleaning operations caused the deterioration of the engine. Oil filters were damaged and could not hold shot peen particles. The oil filter and engine bearing have been examined with SEM and EDS analyses to determine the source of the particles. Some of the found ferrous particles had a spherical shape of 300–1000 µm. These particles and the high pressure created by the engine’s oil pump used to cool the system caused severe abrasive wear.

Friction and wear of sand-contaminated lubricated sliding

This paper reports a test investigation of friction and wear responses from sand contaminated lubricated sliding. The influence of sand contaminants on wear and friction is characterized. Analyses are completed utilizing segments of piston ring sliding against the cylinder liner. Paraffin oil, with and without sand contaminants, is utilized. The effects of the concentration and particle size of sand are examined.Based on the observations in the present work, we found that friction and wear increase with sand concentration in the lube. Solid proposals ought to be considered, in order to enlighten the general population on the importance of changing a car engine’s oil filter regularly.

A novel biomass lubricant filter and its effect on gasoline engine emissions and fuel economy

With the increasing number of light-duty passenger car, a large amount of waste engine oil was produced yearly which has polluted the environment and wasted fossil resources. Extend engine oil drain interval and reduce its effect on engine emission is of great importance. In this paper, a kind of modified-sawdust engine oil filter was developed and the study focus on its effect on the emission characteristics and fuel consumption rate of spark ignite gasoline engine. This modified-sawdust engine oil filter was also compared with common oil filter. The tests were performed in four-cylinder direct injection gasoline engine at six different typical operating conditions. Various tests were proceed including the exhaust emissions measurement of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) as well as the fuel consumption rate measurement. The effect of engine oil change on engine emission and fuel consumption rate were also studied. Impurity element content of waste oil and kinetic viscosity were measured before and after modified oil filter was used. The results show that relative to common oil filter, the modified-sawdust oil filter has 0.4–2.1%, 3.7–7.5%, 1.6–13.3% decrease for CO, HC, NOx emissions, respectively. In addition, it significantly reduces oil consumption, and the three major emission species (CO, HC and NOx) was also reduced when fresh engine oil was adopted. These results indicate that the use of modified-sawdust oil filter is an effective choice to improve gasoline engine emission and fuel economy.

Study on Control Cabinet of Automatic Filtration System for Insulating Oil of UHV Substation

Ultra-high voltage substation has a large demand for insulating oil, but the impurities in the oil are required to be regularly filtered out before and during use. However, the existing insulating oil is operated by manpower and it has some defects. For example, it needs a large amount of labor but with low efficiency, and it is difficult to precise control temperature and quality of the oil. This paper introduces a control cabinet for transformer oil filter. It is mainly used in the process of transformer oil filter to achieve the monitoring of liquid level, oil temperature and flow rate, at the same time, to achieve the automatic control of oil filter.

Filtration of oil from oily wastewater via hydrophobic modified quartz sand filter medium

Abstract To improve the hydrophobicity and lipophilicity of a quartz sand filter medium, two coupling agents, DN101 and KH570, were employed. The filter medium surface wettability and oil removal efficiency before and after modification were investigated, and the characteristics are summarized. The test results show that, after modification by the grafting of an organic long-chain coupling agent to the filter medium surface, the lipophilic to hydrophilic ratio increased from 1.31 (UQS) to 12.09 (MQD-Ti) and 5.11 (MQD-Si), and the oil removal efficiencies of MQD-Ti and MQD-Si improved by 21.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The stronger hydrophobicity resulted in higher quality factor values of 0.668 m−1 and 0.548 m−1 for MQD-Ti and MQD-Si, respectively, compared to 0.533 m−1 for UQS. This means that improving the filter medium surface hydrophobicity and oil removal efficiency via filter medium surface modification is effective.

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF INCREASING THE RELIABILITY OF TRIBODIAGNOSTICS IN ASSESSING TECHNICAL CONDITIONS OF THE OIL LUBRICATION SYSTEMS OF GAS-TURBINE AIRCRAFT ENGINES

The issues regarding the reliability of assessing health of the oiled joints of aircraft gas turbine engines (GTE) proceeding from the results of spectral and ferrographic measurement of the parameters of wear particles are considered. It is shown that, due to design features of the oil system analysis of the oil sample does not provide enough information about the wear processes in the GTE joints. Growth of the number of diagnostic parameters (particle concentration, form and size) does not significantly in- crease the reliability of health assessment, whereas analysis of the oil filter wipe sampling provides full information about engine wear processes. The main measurement instrumentation requirements are considered. High reliability of diagnostic results can be attained when the parameters of wear particles are measured over the full range of their variation. Issues regarding the recurrence of engine health assessment in case of using fine-meshed oil filter with 600-h lifetime are discussed. The use of expendable oil filters with a diagnostic layer can solve the problem. Diagnostic potentials of some promising methods of assessment and prognosis of the oiingl system health in aircraft GTE are evaluated.

Investigation of Production of Nano Fiber Non-woven Fabric and Its Oil adsorption and filtration characteristics

Investigation of Production of Nano Fiber Non-woven Fabric and Its Oil adsorption and filtration characteristics

3D Diffraction – Limited Imaging with a Laser Fourier Holographic Microscope

A laser holographic microscope (LHM) is investigated experimentally. The standard slide of Parascaris Univalens Iarva (ascaris) is studied. Comparison of the pictures of the same ascaris cell, observed by the LHM and high-performance Nikon conventional optical microscope (COM) 10×100/1.25 with immersion oil and green filter indicates that the both microscopes provide diffraction – limited 3-D spatial resolution, but dramatically different contrast. Thus, the LHM gives much more subcellular information.

Study of oil filtration in porous media under the steam-assisted gravity drainage process

This work is devoted to the development and computer realization of a three-dimensional mathematical model describing the processes of flow, filtration and phase transition during the hot steam injection into a rock mass. The specific feature of the developed model is the possibility to take into account the dependence of thermophysical properties of each component in a multicomponent flow on time or spatial coordinates. It is assumed that considered media is a multicomponent system consisting of steam, oil and water filling the pore space. The developed model includes mass balance equation for components characterizing water and steam saturations, the condition of a fully saturated media to define the oil component of the flow, Darcy’s law for the filtration flow of the multicomponent stream and the law of conservation of energy taking into account the convective heat transfer and the source describing the «steam-water» phase transition. Computer realization of the proposed model is based on the transformation of the system of equations in such a way that the values of steam and water saturations as well as pressure act as unknown variables; representation of the resulting system of equations in a weak form and the introduction of additional stabilization terms. The adequacy of the proposed model and the efficiency of the developed approach to its implementation are illustrated by a three-dimensional numerical simulation of oil production process through the steam-assisted gravity drainage method in the oil sand.

Analysis of BJ493 diesel engine lubrication system properties

The BJ493ZLQ4A diesel engine design is based on the primary model of BJ493ZLQ3, of which exhaust level is upgraded to the National GB5 standard due to the improved design of combustion and injection systems. Given the above changes in the diesel lubrication system, its improved properties are analyzed in this paper. According to the structures, technical parameters and indices of the lubrication system, the lubrication system model of BJ493ZLQ4A diesel engine was constructed using the Flowmaster flow simulation software. The properties of the diesel engine lubrication system, such as the oil flow rate and pressure at different rotational speeds were analyzed for the schemes involving large- and small-scale oil filters. The calculated values of the main oil channel pressure are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the proposed model feasibility. The calculation results show that the main oil channel pressure and maximum oil flow rate values for the large-scale oil filter scheme satisfy the design requirements, while the small-scale scheme yields too low main oil channel’s pressure and too high. Therefore, application of small-scale oil filters is hazardous, and the large-scale scheme is recommended.

Assessment of decontamination processes for dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in fish oil by physical filtration with activated carbon.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) provided a scientific opinion on the assessment of decontamination processes involving the adsorption with activated carbon and physical filtration of fish oil in order to reduce the amount of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) and dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL‐PCBs). All feed decontamination processes must comply with the acceptability criteria specified in the Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786. Two feed business operators provided data on their respective decontamination processes, which were assessed in terms of the efficacy of the process and the absence of adverse effects in the nature and characteristics of the product after decontamination. The processes proved to be able to remove PCDD/Fs (82–95%) and DL‐PCBs (26–45%) from the fish oil, depending on the process used by the business operator. Given that the level of contamination is within the range of the tested untreated fish oil, it is possible to meet EU requirements for these contaminants after decontamination. The CONTAM Panel considered both the evidence provided by one of the business operators and information in the available literature to conclude that the proposed processes do not lead to any detrimental changes in the nature of the fish oil. However, the process can deplete some beneficial constituents (e.g. vitamins). Information was provided to demonstrate the safe disposal of the waste material. The CONTAM Panel concluded that, on the basis of the information submitted by the feed business operators, the proposed decontamination processes to remove dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL‐PCBs from the fish oil by means of activated carbon and physical filtration were compliant with the acceptability criteria provided for in Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/786 of 19 May 2015.

Investigation of the influence of gravitational forces on the process of displacement of viscoplastic fluids

The object of research is a numerical simulation of the process of two-dimensional two-phase filtration of viscoplastic oil and water, taking into account the gravitational forces, some properties of liquids, as well as relative phase permeabilities and capillary forces.As is known, the problems of multiphase filtration have specific features. Therefore, there is a need to develop difference schemes in adaptive grids that reduce the artificial viscosity and oscillation of the numerical solution. They also make it possible to obtain acceptable results with a small number of nodes in the computational grid.To take into account the singularities of the solution, a difference-iteration method is used in moving grids. Based on the computational experiment, the influence of the initial pressure gradient and gravity on the displacement process is investigated.Economical difference schemes that combine the advantages of explicit and implicit schemes are constructed and make it possible to reduce the two-dimensional problem to a chain of one-dimensional problems. A difference-iterative method is also proposed in moving grids for solving two-dimensional (axisymmetric) non-stationary filtration problems of anomalous liquids, by means of which an iterative process is constructed to find the distribution of water saturation.The carried out calculations to determine the influence of gravity on the displacement process have shown that at z=0, even at low productive-bed thicknesses, gravitational forces influence the displacement process. And over time this influence increases: if at the time t=0.08 on the circuit the difference of water saturation was 0.0077; at t=0.24–0.0122, then at t=1.04 it becomes equal to 0.0292.It is shown that when modeling the process without taking gravity into account it is expedient to simplify the geometry of the filtration region, i. e., to consider a plane-radial flow in view of the considerable simplicity of the calculations.The developed algorithms can be used for hydro-gas dynamic calculations related to the development and operation of oil fields containing anomalous oil.

Ultra-fine Transmission Oil Filters to Increase the Efficiency of Automatic Transmissions

Ultra-fine Transmission Oil Filters to Increase the Efficiency of Automatic Transmissions

Rotating Cylinder Microfiltration of Oil–in–Water Emulsion Using Novel Slotted Pore Filter

Nowadays, oil–in–water emulsion has become an important topic in petroleum industry, which produces oil–inwater emulsion in the recovery of crude oil. Oil–in–water emulsion produced in crude oil recovery causes problems at different stages of the production in the petroleum industry. Recently, microfiltration has been applied in the separation of oil from water. In filtration of oil–in–water emulsion, there is the possibility of oil drops deforming and squeezing through the slot of membrane so the separation efficiency will decrease. This research has studied cross flow filtration of oil–in–water emulsion in a rotating system and also visualized the interaction of oil drops and slot shaped membrane pores. The drop or bubble–slot experiment used a slot with different width. It has been found that the squeezing of an oil drop in the slot is really determined by the pressure applied and velocity of the surrounding fluid. Cross flow microfiltration experiment was conducted using tubular slotted pore membrane with rotation to generate shear on the surface of membrane. Kerosene and crude oil were tested using 5.3 and 7.5 microns membrane at different rotation speed and permeate velocity. Experimental results indicated that in a no blocking condition, the movement of oil drops was determined by shear force and permeate drag force. While in blocking condition, the rejection of oil drops was determined by the formation and characteristic of the secondary membrane formed on the surface of membrane. Blocking will improve the filtration performance in relation to oil rejection, but it will increase the pressure needed or decrease the flux rate through the membrane.