Location Of Oil Fields Research Articles

USE OF LOW-FREQUENCY SEISMIC PROBING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF WELL LOCATION COORDINATES FOR DRILLING

A wide range of studies, including structural and tectonic, lithological and facies, geochemical, hydrogeological, and geophysical methods, are carried out during the development of fields at the regional stage of geological exploration. These studies are aimed at solving key problems, such as identifying lithological and stratigraphic complexes, determining the main stages of geotectonic development, and identifying promising oil and gas complexes.However, despite the extensive studies performed, they do not always provide a final confirmation of the presence or absence of oil deposits. In recent years, in order to more accurately determine the location of oil fields, the method of low-frequency passive seismic sensing (LPDS) has attracted attention.This article discusses two hypotheses that explain the causes of anomalies in the spectrum of microseismic signals over oil and gas reservoirs. The first hypothesis assumes that during harmonic seismic excitation, the deposit goes into a state of «turbulent chaos», leading to a change in the characteristics of the seismic signal. The second hypothesis states that a change in the velocity of propagation of seismic waves in the porous environment of the deposit also causes anomalies in the signal spectrum.Experimental data support both hypotheses, and represent anomalies in the spectrum of microseismic signals in the frequency range of 2-5 Hz. Understanding these anomalies is essential for improving oil and gas discovery and evaluation techniques, contributing to more efficient development of oil and gas resources and improving accuracy of well coordinates

Comparative studies on numerical sensitivity of different scenarios of enhanced oil recovery by water-alternating-gas (CO2) injection

Enhanced oil recovery by CO2 injection technology (CO2-EOR) plays a crucial role in enhancing oil production and the permanent sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in depleted oil reservoirs. However, the availability of CO2 in oil field locations and its mobility in contrast with reservoir fluids are prime challenges in CO2-EOR. The cost of CO2 and its availability at the oil fields has prompted investigations on efficient injection of CO2 at the fields to achieve the best sweep efficiency possible. Injection strategies such as water-alternating-gas (WAG), simultaneous vertical and horizontal WAG, simultaneous water injection into the aquifer and vertical WAG, water and gas injection simultaneously but separately (SS-WAG), and water and gas injection simultaneously but not separately (SNS-WAG) play a significant role, as well as the purity of CO2. In this work, the significance of the above criteria was investigated individually and in combination. The coupled sequence of injection rate, soaking time, WAG ratio, and purity of injected CO2 for enhancement of oil production were delineated. A realistic reservoir simulation model conceptualizing the CO2-EOR system with five spot injection patterns was developed by the company CMG. The history-matched model that was developed was used to investigate the sensitivity of the coupled effects to the criteria listed above on oil recovery. Numerical investigations quantitatively emphasized that purity and soaking time of CO2 have an inverse effect in the oil production rate and that SNS-WAG resulted in a better oil production rate than SS-WAG.

MAIN PIPELINES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT METHODS

Today it is difficult to imagine the development of modern society without the discovery of oil and gas fields, the development of ways to transport these products, their processing and the full use of these products in various industries. The general problem of the functioning of the pipeline system is complicated by the fact that the existing firefighting equipment and technologies cannot reliably ensure safety, as evidenced by the growing number of emergencies associated with fires at facilities. The existing control systems for the operation of main oil pipelines require revision and modernization in terms of automation, the introduction of innovative technologies and computer systems. The leak detection method described in the paper is the most promising both for upgrading the leak detection system and for the oil pipeline safety management system as a whole. The leak detection system under study is based on the work of microscopic robots that move along the pipeline along with the oil product. The correct operation of microscopic robots requires a careful approach to the development of their control algorithms. Currently, oil (its products) and gas are the main energy carriers and are considered mass cargoes, so it is of particular importance to transport them continuously with minimum losses, in a short period of time, relatively inexpensively and safely. Oil and oil products are mainly transported by rail, water, road and pipelines. In some cases, oil products can be delivered to operators by air transport methods. The selection of each mentioned transportation method depends on the size and nature of the products to be transported, as well as the location of oil fields, oil refineries, oil bases, and consumers. One of the most important conditions is to minimize costs in all cases and prevent irrational situations. In recent years, the focus on environmental protection, as well as the need to ensure the safety of pipelines and surrounding communities, has intensified the search for innovative solutions to minimize risks and optimize the transportation process. The implementation of advanced leak detection systems, like the one based on microscopic robots, demonstrates the growing emphasis on proactive measures to address pipeline safety concerns. These microscopic robots, also known as nanobots, can be designed with specialized sensors to detect changes in pressure, temperature, and chemical composition within the pipeline. By continuously monitoring the conditions inside the pipeline, the nanobots can quickly identify any deviations from the normal operation and alert the control systems about potential leaks or other issues. This real-time data can then be used to implement timely interventions, preventing catastrophic failures and minimizing environmental impact. Keywords: Pipeline, oil, development, product,

A life cycle assessment of drilling waste management: a case study of oil and gas condensate field in the north of western Siberia, Russia

Oil production is currently impossible without drilling wells, so millions of tons of drilling waste contaminated with oil, chlorides, and heavy metals are generated every year in Russia alone. This article presents the results of a comparative life cycle assessment of water-based drill cuttings management technologies applied in Russia, including disposal, solidification, and reinjection. Life cycle assessment of the drilling waste management was performed using OpenLCA software, Ecoinvent 3.8 database and ReCiPe Midpoint (H) impact assessment method. Fossil depletion, climate change and human toxicity were chosen as impact categories. Data from oil producing companies on the composition of drilling waste and information from drilling waste treatment companies on the technologies and reagents used were also applied. To compare alternative technologies the following scenarios were compared: Scenario 0 «Landspraying», scenario 1 «Disposal», scenario 2 «Solidification» (scenario 2a – in a waste pit, scenario 2b – without a waste pit), and scenario 3 «Reinjection». Sensitivity analysis was performed to test for variations in results for oilfields located in different regions and for differences in mass of reagents used. The environmental impact of scenario 0 (landspraying) depends mostly on drilling waste composition, which is largely determined by human toxicity that can differ from 17 up to 2642 kg 1,4-DCB-eq per 1 t of drill cuttings, when for other scenarios it is from 24 up to 73 kg 1,4-DCB-eq per 1 t of drill cuttings. It means, that drilling waste landspraying is the best option only if the level of pollutants in the waste is very low. Among the other scenarios of drill cuttings management aimed at isolating pollutants from the environment, solidification technologies have the greatest environmental impact, primarily due to their use of binders. Among all scenarios, 2a and 2b have the biggest environmental effect in most impact categories. The production of cement and lime for drilling waste solidification was the main contributor to fossil depletion (64% of the total amount for scenario 2a and 54% for scenario 2b), and greenhouse gas emissions (49% of the total amount for scenario 2a and 70% for scenario 2b). However, the application of soil-like material (solidified drill cuttings) as an inert ground in swampy areas can make migration of heavy metals possible. Scenario 3 (reinjection) is associated with the least impact on the environment and the main contributor is electricity production (75% of greenhouse gas emissions). Sensitivity analysis shows that oilfield location does not affect the data for reinjection, but the impact assessment changes up to 60% for drill cutting disposal due to different waste pit design depending on permafrost and groundwater levels. Differences in the mass of used cement and lime change results for solidification scenarios considerably (up to 80%).

Геолого-геофизические исследования кольцевых геоморфологических структур на территории юга Русской платформы и перспективы поисков месторождений нефти и газа

The use of regional geological and geophysical research methods in the geological and morphological mapping of areas significantly increases the information content and efficiency of predictive exploration of oil and gas research. Aim. To show the possibilities of regional geological and geophysical research methods for studying the morphological concentric features of the tectonic structure and the search for oil and gas deposits within the south regions of the Russian Platform and Caucasus. Methods of research. Various geological and geophysical methods (analysis data of decoding satellite images, of heat flow data) were used. Results of research. The paper revealed the presence of a certain spatial mutual correlational relationship in the location of oil and gas fields in the southern regions of the Russian Platform and Caucasus regions with the location of geomorphological structures of the central type according to the data of decoding satellite images and surveys of heat flow measurements, in the form of ring (sometimes elliptical, spiral) structures. For the first time, the peripheral spatial location (in the side zones) of the main oil, gas, and bitumen deposits relative to the central part of the paleomantle plumes in the southern regions of the Russian Platform, forming geological and morphological structures of the central type, similar to the Pre -Caspian ring morphological structure, where a significant number of oil and gas fields are also concentrated in the southern regions of Russia, is revealed. It is revealed that high values of the heat flow determine the high productivity of oil and gas fields located within the geomorphological structures of the central type. The results of the prognostic assessment in the southern regions of Russia are shown, in order to identify areas that are promising for the search for new oil and gas deposits.

Asia’s oceanic Anthropocene: How political elites and global offshore oil development moved Asian marine spaces into the new epoch

AbstractThe Anthropocene epoch, characterized by human-caused planetary-scale transformations like climate change and ocean acidification, today is usually associated with the period beginning in the mid-twentieth century. Taking an oceanic perspective on the Anthropocene in Asia, the article argues that oceanic and terrestrial energy regimes synchronized since the 1950s when, for the first time in history, oceanic ghost acres turned marine spaces into a major fuel source. Despite global connections between offshore oil regions located in North America, Asia, and other places going back to the late nineteenth century, Asia’s contingent offshore oil field locations and their physical geographies, combined with political factors, inhibited large-scale offshore drilling before the 1950s. These characteristics of marine spaces meant that Asian political elites and their developmentalist agendas became the guiding force in exploring offshore fields, a process that was hardly dominated by corporate capitalism or structural choice limitations due to the legacies of colonialism.

MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMISATION AND ITS APPLICATION TO CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT IN FLOATING OFFSHORE SYSTEMS

This paper addresses the need for a rapid, multi-disciplined and rational approach to floating system concept development and selection during the very earliest stages of project definition. It describes the implementation of a modified multi- objective Genetic Algorithm for this purpose. A formulation of the NSGA-II algorithm is combined with additional Target Functions to reduce otherwise large multi-disciplined problems to more tractable solution using tools commonly available in the design office. It also provides a rational basis for the comparison of different design solutions each of which are Pareto Optimal with respect to the technical and economic performance of each underlying concept. A specific example of marginal field development using a novel FPSO concept is presented. Starting with just the oil field location and reserves estimate, the algorithm provides the means to define preliminary hull form and production facility capacities, match performance to payload, and give preliminary indicators of likely investment performance. The method may also be applied more generally in preliminary ship design, particularly where it is possible to model economic performance alongside efficiency, safety and key technical factors in hydrodynamics and structures.

Complex geodynamic indicators for forecasting hydrocarbon deposits in the arctic zone

In the article, in relation to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, a new method of forecasting hydrocarbon deposits based on computer geodynamic modelling procedures is considered. It is less expensive compared to field and analytical methods. The approbation of the method on the example of the Laptev Sea shelf zone showed a good interpretability of its results and their compliance with the forecast obtained by other methods. The rationality of using six geodynamic indicators for forecasting: the distributions of vortex structures of the velocity vectors of horizontal shear deformations and vortex structures of normal linear deformations; the values of the velocity vectors of horizontal shear deformations and velocity vectors of horizontal normal linear deformations; the distributions of the anomalous gravitational field in isostatic reduction and the reduced temperature. The sequence of stages in determining the potential of hydrocarbon deposits in the studied territories is described, which is associated with the solution of six interrelated sequential tasks: the choice of local territorial areas of optimal size - the calculation of geodynamic indicators – the allocation of homogeneous territorial clusters – the detailing and improvement of geodynamic indicators – the determination of the potential of oil and gas fields in the cluster – the localization of oil and gas fields in each cluster – construction of a digital forecast map of the location of oil and gas fields in the study area.

Energy-saving technologies at oilfield facilities

The article presents the results of the analysis of energy generation and consumption systems at the oil field facilities. The assessment of the state of the energy supply systems of the facility was carried out. The research presents the results of thermal imaging control of heat generation and transmission losses through the external fences of buildings. The generalized characteristics of the energy efficiency of the surveyed object are considered. The article analyses the directions of energy-saving, taking into account the peculiarities of the climatic features of the location of oil fields. The research justifies the relevance of using energy-saving technologies.

Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of moonpool positioning on the hydrodynamics of floating drilling production storage and offloading vessel

ABSTRACT The Floating Drilling Production Storage and Offloading (FDPSO) Platform is functionally a non-propelled vessel and belongs to a subset of a wider group of vessels called Floating Production Systems (FPS). The FDPSO, besides its unique attribute of drilling capability, has all the functionalities of FPSOs. Given the remote offshore locations of oil fields, FDPSOs provide viable economic solution for drilling, production, storage and offloading to smaller vessels for transportation of oil. This paper addresses the designer’s concern in the critical role of positioning of the moonpool since it has a direct bearing on the dynamic effects experienced by the platform. The investigation provides valuable quantitative insights into the important effects on drag during towing, sloshing effect within the moonpool and motion dynamics due to the liquid oscillation. The results of this investigation using numerical and experimental tools, is expected to give key inputs for the designer towards the design of better performing FDPSO platform and benefit the industry. This paper investigates the vessel dynamics including the liquid oscillation behaviour inside the moonpool as a function of the moonpool location in the vessel. The results of the study are important inputs to a designer for consideration of new designs. The FDPSO is a dedicated design of a large capacity platform, different from the conventional FPSO which is usually a retrofitted ship for the purpose. The investigation is based on computational simulation using a commercial RANSE solver namely, STAR-CCM+. Comparison with results from towing tank tests serves to initially validate the numerical simulation-based results. The study performs hydrodynamic diffraction analysis using a potential flow-based solver, namely ANSYS – AQWA. A simplified hull form represents the FDPSO, considering that it is a platform predominantly stationary in operation. However, drag and interactive effects with the moonpool as well as a liquid oscillation in the moonpool are important dynamic conditions for investigation in stationary as well as transit conditions during the tow. The focus of the investigation is on moonpool dynamics in calm water and regular sea conditions and ship motion in waves. The moonpool is vertical circular cylindrical shaped and the investigation considers three moonpool locations namely, at the forward, the midship and the aft, respectively. The water column in the moonpool experiences large oscillatory motions in the piston mode or the sloshing mode. The analysis captures the flow physics, amplitude of oscillations, hydrodynamics resistance and the vessel motion response. The results obtained establish that the location of the moonpool contributes to the augmentation of the cavity drag in the FDPSO. For the selected parameters, the study indicates that the moonpool located in the forward region gives better performance as compared to responses in the other locations.

Petroleum contamination significantly changes soil microbial communities in three oilfield locations in Delta State, Nigeria.

Soil microbial community structure is altered by petroleum contamination in response to compound toxicity and degradation. Understanding the relation between petroleum contamination and soil microbial community structure is crucial to determine the amenability of contaminated soils to bacterial- and fungal-aided remediation. To understand how petroleum contamination and soil physicochemical properties jointly shaped the microbial structure of soils from different oilfields, high-throughput sequencing of 16S and ITS amplicons were used to evaluate the shifts of microbial communities in the petroleum-contaminated soils in Ughelli East (UE), Utorogu (UT), and Ughelli West (UW) oilfields located in Delta State, Nigeria. The results showed 1515 bacteria and 919 fungal average OTU number, and community richness and diversity, trending as AL > UT > UW > UE and AL > UW > UT > UE for bacteria, and AL > UW > UT > UE and UW > UT > AL > UE for fungi, respectively. The bacterial taxa KCM-B-112, unclassified Saccharibacteria, unclassified Rhizobiales, Desulfurellaceae, and Acidobacteriaceae and fungal Trichocomaceae, unclassified Ascomycota, unclassified Sporidiobolales, and unclassified Fungi were found to be the dominant families in petroleum-contaminated soils. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that total carbon (TC), electric conductivity (EC), pH, and moisture content (MO) were the major drivers of bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that the differences in C7-C10, C11-C16, and C12-C29 compounds in the crude oil composition and soil MO content jointly constituted the microbial community variance among the contaminated soils. This study revealed the bacterial and fungal communities responsible for the biodegradation of petroleum contamination from these oilfields, which could serve as biomarkers to monitor oil spill site restoration within these areas. Further studies on these contaminated sites could offer useful insights into other contributing factors such as heavy metals.

Multi-Objective Optimisation and its Application to Concept Development in Floating Offshore Systems

This paper addresses the need for a rapid, multi-disciplined and rational approach to floating system concept development and selection during the very earliest stages of project definition. It describes the implementation of a modified multi- objective Genetic Algorithm for this purpose. A formulation of the NSGA-II algorithm is combined with additional Target Functions to reduce otherwise large multi-disciplined problems to more tractable solution using tools commonly available in the design office. It also provides a rational basis for the comparison of different design solutions each of which are Pareto Optimal with respect to the technical and economic performance of each underlying concept. A specific example of marginal field development using a novel FPSO concept is presented. Starting with just the oil field location and reserves estimate, the algorithm provides the means to define preliminary hull form and production facility capacities, match performance to payload, and give preliminary indicators of likely investment performance. The method may also be applied more generally in preliminary ship design, particularly where it is possible to model economic performance alongside efficiency, safety and key technical factors in hydrodynamics and structures.

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE AND LOCATION OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS WITH GRAVITATIONAL ANOMALIES OF THE FERGANA DEPRESSION

Based on the analysis of published materials, it is noted that the degree of connection between the indicators of the anomalies of the gravitational field and oil and gas content remains unclear. The aim of the research was to study the nature of the dependence and assess the degree of connection between the size and location of oil and gas fields with gravitational anomalies using the example of the Fergana oil and gas region. To solve this problem, the published material on the geological structure and data on the sizes (effective volume) of deposits, as well as data on deep anomalies of the gravity field in the Fai reduction, were used. The study involved about 70 deposits. Analysis of variance showed that the “influence” of the deep anomaly factor on the effective volume of the fields in the Fergana depression is significant and reliable with a probability of 0.99. At the same time, the share of the influence of this factor on the effective volume of oil deposits in relation to the total impact of all factors is 42%, and for oil and gas - 62%. This testifies to the significant influence of deep subcrustal processes that create corresponding gravitational effects on the formation of the size and location of oil and gas fields in the Fergana depression. According to local gravity anomalies, the impact on the location and effective volumes of deposits is significant, but the reliability is low. The degree of influence on them remains unclear. The results obtained can be used to develop methods for forecasting promising areas for performing high-priority geological exploration works.

Oil discoveries and education provision in the Postbellum South

This paper studies the effect of oil wealth on the provision of education in the early 20th century United States. Using information on the location and discovery of major oil fields, I find that oil wealth increased local revenue and education spending. However, population increased, and as consequence, schooling quality did not improve across the board. Nominal teacher wages increased, and oil-rich counties were more likely to participate in the Rosenwald school building program for blacks. However, neither student-teacher ratios nor school attendance rates improved in the wake of oil discoveries.

Application of structural-thermo-atmo-hydrogeochemical technology for hydrocarbon exploration in coastal areas, deltas of rivers and sea slopes of the Azov-Black Sea Region

For the first time, the prospects for petroleum potential of the Azov-Black Sea region are determined on the basis of an analysis of geological, structural, gas-geochemical, temperature and emanation parameters in the process of implementing an integrated structural-thermal-atmospheric-hydrogeochemical research method developed to predict hydrocarbon deposits. Regularities of relations between gas-geochemical indicators are considered. The features of the distribution of anomalous concentration fields of methane, radon and heat flux anomalies are analyzed.
 The analysis of the location of oil and gas fields and hydrogeological basins of global hydrocarbon production made it possible to substantiate and introduce one of the most important search criteria in hydrocarbon accumulation technology ‒ hydrologic, structural and geochemical elements that reflect the nature of the canyons of deltas of river systems and hydrobial generators located in their basins. Methanogenic processes are transformed by the action of mantle catalysts, ultrahigh temperatures and pressure s, which produce complex hydrocarbons and cause their migration through degassing pipes due to the cycle of matter in nature.

Marine and terrestrial influences on ice nucleating particles during continuous springtime measurements in an Arctic oilfield location

Abstract. Aerosols that serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) have the potential to modulate cloud microphysical properties and can therefore impact cloud radiative forcing (CRF) and precipitation formation processes. In remote regions such as the Arctic, aerosol–cloud interactions are severely understudied yet may have significant implications for the surface energy budget and its impact on sea ice and snow surfaces. Further, uncertainties in model representations of heterogeneous ice nucleation are a significant hindrance to simulating Arctic mixed-phase cloud processes. We present results from a campaign called INPOP (Ice Nucleating Particles at Oliktok Point), which took place at a US Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (DOE ARM) facility in the northern Alaskan Arctic. Three time- and size-resolved aerosol impactors were deployed from 1 March to 31 May 2017 for offline ice nucleation and chemical analyses and were co-located with routine measurements of aerosol number and size. The largest particles (i.e., ≥ 3 µm or “coarse mode”) were the most efficient INPs by inducing freezing at the warmest temperatures. During periods with snow- and ice-covered surfaces, coarse mode INP concentrations were very low (maximum of 6 × 10−4 L−1 at −15 ∘C), but higher concentrations of warm-temperature INPs were observed during late May (maximum of 2 × 10−2 L−1 at −15 ∘C). These higher concentrations were attributed to air masses originating from over open Arctic Ocean water and tundra surfaces. To our knowledge, these results represent the first INP characterization measurements in an Arctic oilfield location and demonstrate strong influences from mineral and marine sources despite the relatively high springtime pollution levels. Ultimately, these results can be used to evaluate the anthropogenic and natural influences on aerosol composition and Arctic cloud properties.

The field test confirms the prognosis of the location of giant oil and gas fields in the Andes of South America made in 1986

1986 saw the publication of a prognostic map for discovering giant oil and gas fields in the Andes in South America based on the recent block structure of the Earth’s crust. The model assumes that petroleum moves to the traps through permeable channels created at the intersection of deep faults. The technology of creation that the prognostic maps use involves (1) maps of morphostructural zoning, which outline the morphostructural knots (intersections of faults), and (2) a pattern recognition program that identifies knot-containing giant oil/gas fields. It was forecasted that, in the Andes of South America 11 knots, which had not been developed at that time, contain giant oil or gas fields. These 11 sites covered only 15% of the total area of all the Andes basins. Since then, six giant oil/gas fields have been discovered in the Andes region: Cano-Limon, Cusiana, Capiagua, and Volcanera (Llanos basin, Colombia), Camisea (Ukayali basin, Peru), and Incahuasi (Chaco basin, Bolivia). All these discoveries were made in places shown on the 1986 prognostic map as promising areas.

Black Gold, White Power: Mapping Oil, Real Estate, and Racial Segregation in the Los Angeles Basin, 1900-1939

In 1923, Southern California produced over twenty percent of the world’s oil. At the epicenter of an oil boom from 1892 to the 1930s, Los Angeles grew into the nation’s fifth largest city. By the end of the rush, it had also become one of the most racially segregated cities in the country. Historians have overlooked the relationship between industrialists drilling for oil and real estate developers codifying a racist housing market, namely through “redlining” maps and mortgage lending. While redlining is typically understood as a problem of horizontal territory, this paper argues that the mapping of the underground—the location and volume of subterranean oil fields, in particular—was a crucial technique in underwriting urban apartheid. Mapping technologies linked oil exploitation with restrictive property rights, constructing oil as a resource and vertically engineering a racialized housing market. By focusing on petro-industrialization interlocked with segregationist housing, this article reveals an unexamined chapter in Los Angeles’s history of resource exploitation and racial capitalism. Moreover, it contributes to a growing literature on the social production of resources, extractive technology and political exclusion, and the technoscientific practices used by states and corporations to mine the underground while constructing metropolitan inequality above ground.

A Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) study for Algerian asphaltenes

despite that the Algerian light oil contain a few quantity of asphaltenes (under to 0.7 wt %)but The problem of their deposition during the oil production and transportation is strongly suggested, this deposition of asphaltenes does not depend on the percentage of asphaltenes in the oil but depends on their chemical composition which affects the behavior of asphaltenes. Functional Groups of Algerian Asphaltenes was investigated using A Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR),This study characterizes a Six samples of asphaltenes were collected from Hassi Messaoud’s oil field at different locations, all samples were extracted using n-heptene with with 1:40 (g/ml) (oil to solvent ratio),the obtained results indicated the existence of aliphatic, aromatic and sulfoxide groups with different intensities. This study confirmed that the asphaltenes precipitation was occurs in all Hassi Messaoud’s oil field locations. Keywords : Asphaltenes; Extraction; Characterization; A Fourier-TransformInfrared (FTIR); Algerian Light oil.

Global warming and cooling: friend and foe to mankind.

The Supernova and Nova Impact Theory, SNIT, proposes correlation between the right ascension locations of supernova remnants at the time of impact with respect to locations of red sand deposits and major oil fields indicating that the sand and oil fields are scars of the impact of the debris stream on our planet. The supernovas aiding the melt of the Wisconsin Glaciations ice caps also produce deep hydrocarbon deposits in the mantle forming many of the world’s oil producing areas. A Specific mega event forms the Fertile Crescent and is correlated with an exit crater of an interstellar meteor that penetrates and exits the earth’s mantle while forming the mud volcanic basin of the Black Sea. The Monogem Ring Supernova causes the beginning of the Wisconsin Ice Age by placing iron deposits in the eastern Pacific Ocean via its western terminus locations and the eastern terminus locations are suggested by high quality iron ore and manganese deposits on land in Eurasia, Africa, and the Cook Islands. SN 1006’s deflected north western termini begins in the Greenland region and moves to the southeast to cause death via hotspots during 2014-2016 in Kazakhstan, India, and Pakistan. Grouped lower Alaskan average temperatures in the winter of 2016 are an indicator of the end of the drought in California. The impacts of supernovas 1054 and 1006 are marked by an out of season tornado outbreak in November 2005 and the record tornado outbreak in April 2011, respectively.