Oil Chemistry Research Articles

Registration of ‘TUFRunner ‘511’ ’ Peanut

‘TUFRunner ‘511’ ’ (Reg. No. CV‐131, PI 674432) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar was developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC) near Marianna, FL. It was tested under the experimental designation UF11301 and was approved for release in 2013. TUFRunner ‘511’ is a large‐seeded, runner market‐type peanut with a prostrate growth habit and medium green leaves and vines. The testa of TUFRunner ‘511’ seed are tan in color, and the seed is slightly larger than ‘Georgia‐06G’ (79.65 g 100 seed−1 vs. 77.2 g 100 seed−1, P > t = 0.0516). The release of TUFRunner ‘511’ was based on its pod yield potential, grading potential, and oil chemistry. Over a 7‐yr period from 2009 to 2015, over three Florida locations, yield of TUFRunner ‘511’ (6430 kg ha−1) was similar to that of Georgia‐06G (6416 kg ha−1), the dominant cultivar in the southeastern United States. The total sound mature kernel grade of TUFRunner ‘511’ was only slightly less than that of Georgia‐06G (78.6% vs. 79.3%, P > t = 0.064). Unlike Georgia‐06G, TUFRunner ‘511’ has high oleic oil chemistry, with 76% oleic fatty acid compared with 60% for Georgia‐06G (P > t < 0.001). These attributes make TUFRunner ‘511’ agronomically competitive with Georgia‐06G but with superior oil chemistry characteristics desired by manufacturers of peanut foods.

Essential oils of Lavandula genus: a systematic review of their chemistry

Lavandula species are one of the most useful aromatic and medicinal plants with a great economic value for pharmaceutical, food and flavor industries, cosmetics, perfumery, and aromatherapy. The pleasant fragrance, physiological effects, and commercial significance are due to the their essential oils, with a highly variable composition dependent on the genetic, environmental and processing factors. This paper provides a systematic view on the chemistry of lavender essential oils especially considering the studies in the last 15 years. The review presents the characteristic chemical constituents and chemotypes of seventeen Lavandula species. The intra- and interspecific variability is primarily discussed dependent on the geographic area, onto-and morphogenetic factors, and extraction methods. In addition, biosynthesis of lavender terpenes is presented.

Fast-onset antidepressant potentials of essential oil of herbs

The existing antidepressants demonstrated delayed onset of clinical effects, so fast-onset antidepressants are required. Essential oil of herbs showed potentials fast-onset antidepressant potential. First, its aromatic odor can directly activate olfactory nerves; its high lipophilicity causes a high blood-brain barrier penetration rate; and its high volatility is suitable for nasal-brain targeting and inhalation delivery. Therefore, essential oils can rapidly regulate brain functions by multiple ways, suggesting a fast-onset antidepressant potential. Second, the advance of studies on chemistry and pharmacology of antidepressant essential oils demonstrated chemical substances, antidepressant effects and possible action mechanisms of antidepressant essential oils. Third, the effect of essential oils' antidepressant components on fast-onset antidepressant targets was investigated. It was found that chemical constituents of essential oils antagonized NMDA receptor activities, suggesting that essential oils have fast-onset antidepressant effect. Finally, characteristics of essential oils, fast-onset antidepressant targets and drug delivery methods are integrated to give full play to essential oils' fast-onset antidepressant advantage and provide a new direction for new drug discovery.

Valvetrain Friction and Wear Performance of Polyalkylene Glycol Engine Oils

ABSTRACTThe application of polyalkylene glycol (PAG) as a base stock for engine oil formulation has been explored for substantial fuel economy gains over traditional formulations with mineral oils. Various PAG chemistries were explored by varying the feedstock material. All but one formulation have the same additive package. The friction performance of these oils was evaluated in a motored valvetrain rig with current production engine hardware in the temperature range 40–100°C and in the speed range 300–2,500 rpm. PAG formulations showed up to 48% friction reduction over GF-5 SAE 5W-20 oil depending on temperature, speed, and oil chemistry. The wear protection capability was evaluated using a radiotracer technique on another motored valvetrain rig where only one cam lobe rotated against a bucket tappet. The wear trend of some PAG oils was equal to or better than that of GF-5 SAE 5W-20 oil, whereas others showed high initial wear. The wear rate of the PAG oils was not significantly different from that of GF-5 oil. The bucket tappet surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy to characterize the tribofilm formed and to help explain the friction and wear performance.

Revisiting the Chemistry of Guaiacwood Oil: Identification and Formation Pathways of 5,11- and 10,11-Epoxyguaianes.

Guaiacwood oil from Bulnesia sarmientoi Lorentz ex. Griseb is a common natural ingredient of the perfume industry used in both domestic and luxury fragrances for its highly appreciated woody-rosy odor, as well as its excellent fixative properties. Despite its long and traditional use as a perfume ingredient, guaiacwood oil has not been extensively studied. Thus, the chemical characterization of its constituents by using a full array of GC-hyphenated techniques (GC-MS, GC × GC-MS, and pc-GC) combined with conventional chemical fractionation was undertaken. In the course of this work, 15 new sesquiterpenoids mostly belonging to the 5,11- and 10,11-epoxyguaiane families were identified. Each isolated compound was fully characterized by NMR and MS. Collectively, the specific chemical relationships observed between sesquiterpene oxides and alcohols permitted the formulation of probable formation pathways regarding their presence as natural constituents of guaiacwood extracts.

Lubricant-surface interactions of polymer-coated engine journal bearings

This work provides the methodology for the improved understanding of tribocontacts with tribolayers formed from the interactions of an engine oil and the surface of a journal bearing under boundary lubricating conditions. In particular, advanced surface characterisation combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high resolution mass spectroscopy (MS) contributed to integrated knowledge on tribochemical and tribomechanical processes in the tribocontact studied. An engine connecting rod bearing lubricated with commercial 0W-20 GF5 engine oil was evaluated as part of the tribosystem. Bearing material was a recently developed polymer-based overlay which increased in popularity in the automotive market owing to the durability and superior tribological properties. After engine bench tests and fatigue experiments, conventional oil analyses showed only minor changes regarding oil chemistry whereas MS revealed significant additive degradation, e.g., formation of organic phosphates from ZDDP and depletion of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite additive. Regarding the fatigue experiments, surface analysis by XPS showed the formation of tribofilms with a thickness only in the range of a few nanometers and composed of P, S and Zn, i.e., mainly elements in ZDDP. This publication reports for the first time on surface characterisation by laser desorption ionisation MS applied to engine journal bearings: the presence of an organic phosphorus compound the origin of which is assumed from ZDDP could be revealed by this approach.

Genetic improvement for yield through induced mutagenesisin groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Groundnut is one of the primary economic crops of the world, which has been exposed extensively to mutagenic treatments for induction of variability. The present research was aimed towards yield improvement in two groundnut cultivars (GPBD-4 and TPG-41) through induced mutagenesis using EMS and gamma rays. One hundred true breeding mutants were isolated at M3 and were evaluated for yield at M4/M5. Thirteen superior mutants showing consistent performance across the generations were further evaluated for economic traits at M6. Greater magnitude of induced variability was found for number of pods per plant (13.65-52.65; 11.83-34.62), pod yield per plant (10.40-49.71; 16.40-41.28) and 100 seed weight (30.18-52.20 g; 37.36-87.65) in GPBD-4 and TPG-41 mutant populations respectively in M4 generation. Mutants G2-214 (34.51 Q/ha) and TE-147 (31.75 Q/ha) recorded 27.53 and 31.75 per cent increase in pod yield over the respective parents GPBD-4 (27.06 Q/ha) and TPG-41 (23.80 Q/ha). Most of the superior mutants were associated with increased 100-seed weight. The high yielding mutants identified in the present study have the dual advantages i.e. desirable agronomic characters and favorable oil chemistry. In this direction mutant G2-214 which recorded highest pod yield (34.51 Q/ha) was also accompanied with increased O/L ratio (3.23) over parent GPBD-4 (1.76)

Vogel’s great legacy: The oil flower and oil-collecting bee syndrome

Ranking with the great 18th and 19th century botanists, Kölreuter, Sprengel, and Müller, Stefan Vogel was the 20th century plant biologist who discovered and explored an entirely new pollination syndrome – oil flowers and oil-collecting bees. His work inspired us to work on oil flowers and their associated bees in regions he did not visit. Throughout our work we were continually impressed with the creativity and thoroughness with which he explored this novel plant-pollinator system. Yet, time and subsequent explorations have elaborated and expanded on his work. Here we summarize his contributions and bring up to date the story of the oil flower pollination system focusing primarily on oil bees. Specifically we point out: our increased knowledge about the numbers of plants and bees partnering in this syndrome, the unrealized flexibility in the system; new findings of the chemistry of the floral oils, the use of the oils among various oil-collecting bees and the chemical signals used by at least some oil bees for floral host recognition. We also discuss what is known of the pollen and nectar hosts of oil-collecting bees.

Special Issue: Symposium on the Chemistry of Terpenes, Essential Oils and Aromatics (TEAC)

Special Issue: Symposium on the Chemistry of Terpenes, Essential Oils and Aromatics (TEAC)

Thiol–ene chemistry of vegetable oils and their derivatives under UV and air: a model study by using infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry

This model study highlights that oxidation of fatty unsaturated esters is beneficial to prepare coatings by photoinitiated thiol–ene process.

Aroma Properties of Lager Beer Dry-Hopped with Oxidized Hops

We observed qualitative changes in the chemical and aroma profile of Hallertau Mittelfrüh (HA) hop pellets after storage under prooxidative conditions. It was hypothesized that lager beer dry-hopped with oxidized HA hops would impact both the qualitative attributes related to “noble” hop aroma in the finished beer and consumer acceptance. Lager beer was dry-hopped using both properly stored and oxidized hops at two different hopping rates (3.8 and 1.5 g/L). Trained panelists using descriptive analysis evaluated the beer dry-hopped at 3.8 g/L. At this dosing rate, significant qualitative changes were observed in the beer as a result of using oxidized hops, showing differences in the attributes woody and herbal, which are associated with noble hop aroma. Sixty consumers rated their acceptance of the beers dry-hopped at a lower rate of 1.5 g/L, and no significant difference in overall liking was found between the hop preparations. Although changes in hop oil chemistry occur as a result of oxidation, these changes may not adversely affect overall liking of beer prepared with oxidized hops, but may serve as a way to enhance noble hop aroma in lager beer.

Removal of nickel and vanadium from crude oil by using solvent extraction and electrochemical process

LLP Pavlodar Oil Chemistry Refinery crude oil contain high vanadium and nickel content, which containsmore than 23.09 g/t nickel and 58.59 g/t vanadium. In this study we used two types of metal removing methodssuch as solvent extraction and electrochemical process. The present research is conducted for comparativeanalysis of the deasphalting with organic solvents and electrochemical method. Maximum efficiency ofdeasphalting, with cyclohexane as the solvent, in Soxhlet extractor was 66.4% for nickel and 51.2% forvanadium content from crude oil. Percentage of Ni extraction reached maximum of approximately 20% byusing the electrochemical method in electrolysis cell, which was developed for this research. It consists of threesections: oil and protonating agent (EtOH) solution between two conducting membranes which divides it fromtwo capsules of 10% sulfuric acid and two graphite electrodes which cover all three parts in electrical circuit.Ions of metals’ pass through membranes and remain in acid solutions. The best result was obtained in 60minutes with ethanol to oil ratio of 1 to 3 respectively, current fits in to the range from 0.3A to 0.4A, voltagechanged from 12.8V to 17.3V.

Chemistry and insecticidal potential of bay leaf essential oil against stored grain pest of wheat

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study chemistry and insecticidal activity of bay leaf oil, its fractions and isolated compounds against stored grain pest of wheat i.e.Tribolium castaneum Herbst. Bay leaf essential oil extracted from dried and powdered bay leaves was subjected to column chromatography to have its fractions. Extensive column chromatography of polar fraction yielded Eugenol and 7, 7 Dimethyl-3-methylene bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-4-ol which were identified by spectroscopic techniques. Bay leaf oil was tested for its insecticidal activity at five different concentrations in the range 4-12 mg g-1respectively against F1 generation of red rust flour beetle adults. Maximum inhibition was observed at 12 mg g-1concentration. The activity was both time and concentration dependent. The fractions of bay leaf essential oil and the compounds isolated were tested at 4mg g-1 concentration. Polar fraction was found to be more active as compared to nonpolar fraction as 100 and 53.1% mortality was obtained on 30th day for polar and nonpolar fractions, respectively. Comparison of eugenol and 7, 7 Dimethyl-3-methylene bicyclo [2.2.1] heptan-4-ol showed complete mortality on 33rd and 35thday respectively , which revealed that adults of T. castaneum were more susceptible to eugenol.The results indicated that bay leaf essential oil may have potential to control stored grain pest, T. castaneum.

Technology Focus: Water Management (December 2016)

Technology Focus Considering the current downturn in crude prices, there is a renewed interest in recycling produced water for reuse in hydraulic fracturing in the development of unconventional resource plays. As the hydrocarbons are produced, large quantities of water containing high amounts of total dissolved solids (TDS) are also produced in the process. Most of the produced water usually is reinjected into disposal wells. This practice has become a topic of public concern after reports of earthquakes began approximately 5 years ago in the central United States, where disposal wells are heavily used. Reusing produced water as the base fluid for hydraulic fracturing not only alleviates the operators’ dependence on fresh water but also lowers the overall cost of fracturing treatments. Produced water usually is composed of natural formation water and flowback water. Flowback water is water that was a large component of fracturing fluids injected into a well at high pressure as a part of the hydraulic-fracturing treatment. Within a few hours to a few weeks after the fracturing job is completed, a portion of the injected water returns to the surface. It typically contains much higher levels of chemical constituents, including TDS, than the original fracturing fluid did. The amount of produced water, and the chemical constituents (i.e., anions and cations) and their concentrations present in the produced water, usually varies significantly over the lifetime of a field. Early in the process, the water-generation rate can be a small fraction of the oil-production rate, but it can increase with time to tens of times the rate of oil produced. Compositionally, the changes are complex and field-specific because they are a function of formation mineralogy, oil and water (both in-situ and injected) chemistry, rock/fluid interactions, type of production, and the required additives for oil-production-related activities. To reuse the high-TDS produced water as a base fluid for formulating crosslinked-gel-based fracturing fluids, the water must first be treated to remove ions that hinder the development of crosslinked fluid or that cause scale buildup in the wellbore. An ideal solution would be to reuse the high-TDS produced water in subsequent fracturing treatment with no treatment or fit-for-purpose treatment. The papers featured this month deal with a fit-for-purpose treatment of produced water, a new guar-based system that allows the use of 100% produced water without treatment as a base fluid, and produced-water reinjection. I hope you enjoy reading the selected papers and search for additional papers in the OnePetro online library. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 175206 Produced-Water Injection—The Challenges Faced by N. Bhola, Jorin, et al. SPE 177067 The Integrated Approach to Formation-Water Management Part 2: Field Applications and Best Practices by R. Correa, AGIP Oil Ecuador, et al. SPE 181588 Reuse of Produced Water by Membranes for Enhanced Oil Recovery by Remya Ravindran Nair, University of Stavanger, et al.

Bioremediation of Heavy Crude Oil Contamination

Crude oil contamination is one of the major environmental concerns and it has drawn interest from researchers and industries. Heavy oils contain 24-64% saturates and aromatics, 14-39% resins and 11-45% asphaltene. Resins and asphaltenes mainly consist of naphthenic aromatic hydrocarbons with alicyclic chains which are the hardest to degrade. Crude oil biodegradation process, with its minimal energy need and environmentally friendly approach, presents an opportunity for bioremediation and as well for enhanced oil recovery to utilize heavy oil resources in an efficient manner. Biodegradation entails crude oil utilization as a carbon source for microorganisms that in turn change the physical properties of heavy crude oil by oxidizing aromatic rings, chelating metals and severing internal bonds/chains between molecules. Biodegradation does not necessarily lower quality of crude oil as there are cases where quality was improved. This paper provides information on heavy crude oil chemistry, bioremediation concept, biodegradation enzymes, cases of Microbial Enhanced heavy crude Oil Recovery (MEOR) and screening criteria towards a better understanding of the biodegradation application. Through the utilization of single microorganisms and consortia, researchers were able to biodegrade single pure hydrocarbon components, transform heavy crude oil fractions to lighter fractions, remove heavy metals and reduce viscosity of crude oil.

Essential Oils' Chemical Characterization and Investigation of Some Biological Activities: A Critical Review.

This review covers literature data summarizing, on one hand, the chemistry of essential oils and, on the other hand, their most important activities. Essential oils, which are complex mixtures of volatile compounds particularly abundant in aromatic plants, are mainly composed of terpenes biogenerated by the mevalonate pathway. These volatile molecules include monoterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpens), and also sesquiterpenes (hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpens). Furthermore, they contain phenolic compounds, which are derived via the shikimate pathway. Thanks to their chemical composition, essential oils possess numerous biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, etc…) of great interest in food and cosmetic industries, as well as in the human health field.

Essential Oils, Part III: Chemical Composition.

Data on the chemistry of essential oils which have caused contact allergy are provided. The largest group of chemicals found in essential oils consists of terpenes. The number of identified components usually ranges from 100 to 250, but in some oils (lavender, geranium, rosemary) 450 to 500 chemicals have been found. Many chemicals are present in a large number of oils, up to 98% for β-caryophyllene and 97% for limonene. Chemicals that are important constituents of >20 oils are limonene, linalool, and α-pinene. In many essential oils, there are 2 to 5 components which together constitute over 50% to 60% of the oil. In some oils, however, there is one dominant ingredient, making up more than 50% of the oil, including (E)-anethole in aniseed and star anise oil, carvone in spearmint oil, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) in Eucalyptus globulus oil, and (E)-cinnamaldehyde in cassia oil. The most important chemicals in 93 individual oils are specified.

Egypt far Western Desert basins petroleum charge system as defined by oil chemistry and unmixing analysis

Source rock analysis and maturity modeling in Egypt’s Far Western Desert basins indicates that several Jurassic and Cretaceous petroleum source rocks could be mature and expelling hydrocarbons over much of the area. Highly variable oil characteristics suggest that more than one charge system may be present. Reservoir crude oil chemistry indicates that the fluids originated from a single source facies generated over a wide range of organic maturity. Secondary alteration mechanisms include water washing, biodegradation, and evaporative fractionation. Crude oils in the upper reservoirs tend to be most affected by biodegradation and water washing. Condensates and light crude oils in the deepest reservoirs appear to be the residual phase from evaporative fractionation.The broad variation in fluid properties and chromatogram character can be attributed to a multi end-member mixing system: early mature waxy oil, later high maturity volatile oil, low level biodegradation, migrated phase evaporative fractionation, and residual phase evaporative fractionation. A statistical “unmixing” algorithm was used to determine end-member compositions and relative mixing proportions for each crude oil sample. Remigration and mixing of the products from multi-phase generation and alteration results in complex reservoir fluid compositions, such that no single reservoired oil represents a compositional end-member, rather the oil samples are mixtures of various amounts of multiple end-members. Mixing proportions show regional trends and variations in different reservoirs within a single field. The crude oil geochemical data and unmixing analysis support a complex charge history from a single source rock, rather than mixing of oils from two source rocks.

An early degradation phenomenon identified through transformer oil database analysis

Ageing of large transformer fleets is a challenge for utilities. To assess the condition of existing transformer fleets, transformer oil is commonly tested for multiple parameters and the data are recorded in large databases for subsequent interpretation. Through analysing multiple databases including oil test results and individual transformer details pertaining to UK in-service transformers operating at primary voltage levels of 33, 132, 275 and 400 kV, population analyses revealed a generic early degradation phenomenon as indicated by an early peak in acidity and 2-FAL trends with in-service age. By exploring the phenomenon from manufacturer, loading and oil chemistry change perspectives, results suggested that the early degradation was most likely due to an oil chemistry change resulting from hydrotreatment oil refining method introduced in the late 1980s. Judging from the faster degradation trend of the affected transformers, a separate asset management strategy may be needed.

Demulsifier in Injected Water for Improved Recovery of Crudes That Form Water/Oil Emulsions

Summary Waterflooding for oil displacement becomes a challenge when water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion forms upon contact of injected water with oil in the porous media. We have recently reported very-high pressure drops and high pressure fluctuations for a number of crudes in waterflooding. In this work, we address the challenge by adding a small amount of a demulsifier in the injected water. The stability of W/O emulsion is affected by many factors, including oil chemistry, brine chemistry, and temperature. We find that the W/O emulsion formation may correlate closely to the low total acid number (TAN). In this work, we report the effectiveness of a demulsifier in significant reduction of pressure drop and elimination of pressure-drop fluctuations. The demulsifier can be dispersed in brine or water, and can be carried by injection fluid as an additive for improved oil recovery. Both micromodel observations and coreflooding results show that W/O-emulsion formation is avoided when 100 ppm demulsifier is injected in the carrier brine. Results also show that there is an increase in oil recovery.