Oil Cake Research Articles

Ability of black soldier fly larvae to bioaccumulate tocopherols from different substrates and measurement of larval tocopherol bioavailability in vitro

Abstract Edible insects are an emerging approach to provide sustainable proteins in feed. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can also bioaccumulate micronutrients from various substrates. The purpose of this study was to assess whether BSFL can bioaccumulate significant concentrations of bioavailable α and ɣ-tocopherol (TOC) from vitamin E (VE) rich substrates. BSFL were reared on VE rich substrates, e.g. wheat germ oil, bran, etc. α and γ-tocopherol were quantified in larvae and substrates by HPLC. VE bioaccessibility was estimated using an in vitro model of digestion. Uptake efficiency of micellarized VE by intestinal cell was estimated using Caco-2 cells. BSFL were at least as rich in α-TOC, but not ɣ-TOC, as their rearing substrates. VE bioaccessibility was almost always significantly lower in BSFL than in corresponding substrates. Conversely, VE uptake efficiency was either not significantly different or significantly higher in BSFLs than in substrates. Thus, VE enrichment of BSFL from VE rich substrates, in particular co-products such as brans and oil cakes, could be an innovative way to recycle VE and to provide significant amounts of sustainable VE in farm animal feed.

Argan Cake Oil Transesterification Kinetics and an Optimized Choice of a High-Performance Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Argan Cake Oil Transesterification Kinetics and an Optimized Choice of a High-Performance Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

Influence of Hazelnut and Walnut Oil Cakes Powder on Thermal and Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the addition of powdery hazelnut oil cakes (HOC) or walnut oil cakes (WOC) to wheat flour (WF) on its selected thermal and rheological properties. In the research material, part of the wheat flour (5%, 10%, 15%) was substituted with powdery oil cakes based on hazelnuts and walnuts. The control sample was wheat flour (100% WF). In the tested systems with the addition of hazelnut oil cakes (WFHOC) and walnuts (WFWOC), the characteristics of the gelatinization and retrogradation processes were determined using the DSC method, the gelatinization characteristics of 10% pastes using the RVA method, flow curves and viscosity curves, as well as mechanical spectra. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the type of oil cakes and the level of their addition significantly influenced the thermal and rheological properties of the tested systems. Partial replacement of wheat flour with HOC or WOC significantly influenced most DSC parameters. The highest values of gelatinization enthalpy ∆HG and retrogradation ∆HR were characteristic of the WFWOC5% sample (5.9 J/g) and the control sample (1.3 J/g), respectively. All tested systems showed the properties of shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids, and the partial replacement of wheat flour with HOC or WOC resulted in a significant reduction in the maximum viscosity of pastes, increasing with the increase in the proportion of oil cakes. WFHOC-based pastes were characterized by higher values of the G' and G″ modulus, while their values and the values of the K' and K″ parameters decreased as the share of oil cakes increased. Gels based on all tested systems showed the nature of weak gels (tan δ = G″/G' > 0.1). Replacing part of the wheat flour with nut oil cakes modified the thermal and rheological properties of pastes and gels, and the observed changes were influenced by both the origin and the level of addition of powdered oil cakes. It was found that WFHOC/WFWOC15% systems had reduced viscosity and weakened viscoelastic properties compared to systems with a lower OC content, which is not a favorable feature from the technological point of view. However, these systems were the most stable, which is an advantageous feature. However, for baking purposes, research should be carried out on the rheological properties of dough made from these mixtures.

Converting coconut meal into biothermoplastics for industrial applications

AbstractWe present a simple approach to convert coconut (copra) oil cake into biothermoplastics with properties that are suitable for replacing synthetic polymer‐based plastics in current use. About 1.9 million tons of copra meal are generated ever year as coproducts and are available at $0.50–$0.60 per kilogram, making it a renewable, sustainable and low‐cost raw material. Despite containing proteins, carbohydrates and oil, there are limited non‐food applications of oil meals since most oil meals are typically non‐thermoplastic and hence difficult to be processed into bioproducts. In this study, we report the processing of copra meal into biothermoplastics in the presence of various plasticizers, heat and pressure. Compression molded films and bioproducts were developed from copra meal by heating at 130°C in the presence of glycerol, coconut oil or cashew shell oil as plasticizer. The films obtained had tensile strength of up to 4.4 MPa and were inherently stable in water. A one‐step crosslinking with citric acid was done to further improve the strength and stability of the films. With large availability at low cost, copra meal provides an opportunity to develop low‐cost, biodegradable, edible and innovative bioproducts that have the potential to replace the synthetic polymer‐based plastics in current use, particularly single‐use plastics.

Influence of Temperature on the Development of Black Soldier Fly <i>Hermetia illucens</i>

Black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L (Stratiomyidae: Diptera) was raised on a diet of rice bran and groundnut oil cakes at different temperatures (20± 2, 24± 2, and 27± 2°C) with a relative humidity of 75.5%; lifecycle was found to be the shortest at 27± 2°C, and adult longevity increased by two days. Also, there was a higher survival rate for larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults, and the fecundity and hatchability increased at this temperature.

The use of linseed oil cake in the diets of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton), after solid-state fermentation with a fish gut bacterium, Bacillus pumilus (KF640221): an appraisal on growth, digestibility, body composition, and hematobiochemical profile

IntroductionLinseed or flaxseed (Linum usitassimum L.) contains a prospective source of protein and energy to be utilized in animal feed. This study aimed at re-cycling and value-addition of Linseed Oil Cake (LOC) for formulation of non-conventional carp diets. MethodsThe LOC was bio-processed through solid state fermentation (SSF) with a fish gut bacterium, Bacillus pumilus (KF640221). Nine experimental sets of diets were formulated using raw (R1-R4) and SSF-processed (F1-F4) LOC at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels substituting fishmeal as well as other ingredients in a reference diet, and rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings (2.08±0.03 g) were fed for 70 days feeding trial. Growth, carcass composition, activities of digestive enzymes, digestibility and haemato-biochemical parameters were studied following standard methodologies.ResultsSSF significantly (P< 0.05) improved crude protein along with amino acids, whereas crude fibre and antinutritional factors were reduced considerably. Experimental diets were isocaloric (4.8 kcal) and isonitrogenous (36%). Diets with bio-processed LOC had significantly better performance than the raw LOC. Fish fed diet F3 with 30% fermented LOC resulted in the highest weight gain (6.25 ± 0.09 g), specific growth rate (% day -1) and carcass protein deposition (16.77±0.34%). Activities of the digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase and protease) were also significantly (P<0.05) higher in fish receiving diets containing fermented LOC. Analyses of blood parameters revealed that haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma lipid, total plasma protein, albumin and globulin contents were increased, while plasma glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels were decreased in fish fed bio-processed LOC supplemented diets.ConclusionThe present study might propose substitution of fish meal along with other conventional ingredients by incorporation of 30% SSF-processed LOC in the diets of rohu with no negative effect to the growth performance, carcass composition and feed utilization.

The effect of hydrolyzed protein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris on the shelf life and quality of oil cake during the storage period

The effect of hydrolyzed protein obtained from Chlorella vulgaris on the shelf life and quality of oil cake during the storage period

Cardoon seed oil cake proteins as substrate for microbial transglutaminase: Their application as matrix for bio-based packaging to extend the shelf-life of peanuts

In this study, microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), an enzyme that can alter the biological properties of various proteins by creating isopeptide bonds between glutamine and lysine residues, was tested for the first time on proteins from cardoon oil cakes (CPs). mTGase crosslinked CPs were used as matrix for preparing bio-based materials further evaluated for their technological characteristics, such as mechanical and hydrophilicity behavior, gas barrier and thermal properties, color and opacity. All the performed analyses demonstrated that the microbial enzyme affected the film features by making them more resistant (Young's modulus and tensile strength were 52 MPa and 1.7 MPa for the film manufactured in the absence of enzyme and 98 MPa and 3.3 MPa for the crosslinked film, respectively), less hydrophilic and permeable to gases likely due to the formation of a more compact structure due to isopeptide bonds formed by mTGase as demonstrated by scanning electron microscope analyses. For example, the water vapor permeability of neat films was 8.37 g mm m−2 d−1 kPa−1, whereas that performed by mTGase-crosslinked material was equal to 5.16 g mm m−2 d−1 kPa-1. Bio-disintegration test proved that the materials were able to be decomposed under soil-like conditions. Thermal analyses also showed that the crosslinked materials had a matrix more stable over different temperatures, as a function of enzyme concentrations. Finally, the prepared bioplastics were used as sachets to protect peanuts chosen as an example of a high-oil content snack. The findings revealed that during a 30-day period, peroxidase levels and water content of peanuts packed in sachets manufactured from mTGase-crosslinked CP were lower than those packed in neat film and unpacked, and similar to those packed in LDPE, indicating that the novel bioplastics may be employed as biodegradable materials to prolong the shelf-life of such food goods.

Evaluation of by-products from agricultural, livestock and fishing industries as nutrient source for the production of proteolytic enzymes

This study presents an approach that utilizes low-value agro-industrial by-products as culture media for producing high-value proteolytic enzymes. The objective was to assess the impact of six agro-industrial by-products as culture media on the production of proteolytic enzymes. Bacillus subtilis strains, confirmed through comprehensive biochemical, morphological, and molecular analyses, were isolated and identified. Enzymatic activity was evaluated using azocasein and casein substrates, and the molecular sizes of the purified extract components were determined. The results demonstrated that the isolated bacteria exhibited higher metabolic and enzymatic activity when cultured in media containing 1 % soybean oil cake or feather meal. Furthermore, higher concentrations of the culture media were found to hinder the production of protease. Optimal protease synthesis on soybean oil cake and feather meal media was achieved after 4 days, using both the azocasein and casein methods. Semi-purification of the enzymatic extract obtained from Bacillus subtilis in feather meal and soybean oil cake resulted in a significant increase in azocaseinolytic and caseinolytic activities. Gel electrophoresis analysis revealed multiple bands in the fractions with the highest enzymatic activity in soybean oil cake, indicating the presence of various enzymes with varying molecular sizes. These findings highlight the potential of utilizing low-value agro-industrial by-products as efficient culture media for the sustainable and economically viable production of proteolytic enzymes with promising applications in various industries.

Comparative study on physico-chemical parameters of water, zooplankton and macrophytes diversity under the exposure of farm-made prebiotics in a semi- intensive aqua-farming system

The present study intended to investigate the variation of the physico-chemical status, zooplankton and macrophytes diversity of three semi-intensive ponds (each having 0.40 acre of water area) under Khano village of Galsi-II Block of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal, India. One was marked with control (C: fed only with locally available fish feed) and two others ponds (P1 and P2: fed with farm-made prebiotics plus locally available fish feed) were considered as treatment. The ‘farm-made prebiotics’ (made of fish-meal, ground-nut oil cake, bar-yeast, jaggery: fermented) was applied directly into the pond water fortnightly at the rate of 15 kg per acre fortnightly up to three months. The ponds were reared with Catla (Catla catla): Rahu (Labeo rohita): mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) at the ratio of 3:4:3. The water samples were drawn on day15, day30, day45, day60, day75 and day 90 at six corners of each pond. The average value was considered while computing the results of physico-chemical parameters, viz., transparency, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon dioxide (CO2), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), phosphate (PO43-), chloride (Cl-), ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+ ). The variations in the diversity of zooplankton and macrophytes in the study area were also measured. A marked difference in the case of physico-chemical parameters as well as the zooplankton and macrophytes diversity were observed under prebiotic exposure which may finally help in better growth of the fish species under prebiotic exposure. Finally, the fish farmers will be highly benefited from the application of such farm-made prebiotics.

Survival and Growth Parameters of Jayanti Rohu (Labeo rohita) Postlarvae

A six months trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary effect of Safed Musli root powder on Jayanti Rohu post larvae. The substantial losses of fish during the post-larval phase have been one of the bottlenecks in the Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). The Safed Musli different dietary levels like 0 g/kg in control diet (C), 0.25 g/kg in treatment Cb1 diet, 0.50 g/kg in treatment Cb2 diet, and 0.75 g/kg in treatment Cb3 diet. The Jayanti rohu brood stocks were fed with test diets @ 3% of body weight during experimental period. After six months feeding, Jayanti rohu brooders were performed breeding in different-different spawning pools. Then eight days old post larvae of Jayanti rohu were transferred into the 12 nursery ponds and 12 aquariums at the rate of 10 million spawn per hectare. Jayanti rohu spawn for feeding mixture of finely powdered groundnut oil cake and rice polish, in equal proportion by weight was supplied in both system nursery and aquarium. Starting on the day of stocking, feed can be broadcast all over the pond and, aquariums. The length weight was measured at initial and final time of experiment. The survival rate was measured at the final time of experiment. The maximum weight (3.63b±0.005) and length (6.49d±0.034) was found in treatment Cb2 in nursery pond system in compare to aquarium tanks. The maximum survival rate also found in treatment Cb2 (41.11d±0.12) in nursery ponds. Both systems showed significant relationships between treatment and control groups (p<0.05).

Comparative Effect of Varied Dietary Plant Protein Sources on Growth Performance of Rohu (<i>Labeo rohita Hamilton</i>)

Rohu fingerlings (average weight 5.24 ± 0.46 g) were reared for 8 weeks on four totally plant protein based test diets of which control diet (T-I) consisted of soybean meal, groundnut cake and rice bran. In other three diets, mustard cake (roasted) was incorporated at 3 different proportions replacing soybean meal and groundnut oil cake. The fishes were maintained in triplicate treatment groups having 10 fishes in each in a flow-through system fitted with fiber glass tanks (60 I capacity) with a flow rate of 1.5 1/h. Stored ground water was used for fish rearing. The diets were isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. The growth performance was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in T-I; there was no difference in growth between T-2 and T-3 groups, and growth performance was significantly lower in T-4 groups. The feed cost (Rs/kg) were 9.15, 8.50, 8.10 and 7.90, respectively for T-1, T-2, T-3 and T-4. It may be concluded that roasted mustard cake can be incorporated up to 35 per cent (w /w) in carp diet.

Effect of a Probiotic Supplement on Growth, Nutrient Utilisation and Carcass Composition in Mrigal Fry

Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets, D-1, D-2, D-3 and D4, were prepared with supplementation of Bioboost Forte (a probiotic supplement manufactured by Lyka Labs Ltd., Bombay) at 0, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg. respectively, for feeding mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) fry (mean initial body weight-0.65 g) in a laboratory trial of 63 days' duration. The feeds were prepared using locally available ingredients - groundnut oil cake, rice polish, roasted soybeanmeal, fishmeal, and vitamin and mineral premix at appropriate levels. The diet D-3 exhibited the best performance in terms of both growth and nutrient utilisation with a significantly higher growth of 13.90 ± 0.87 g/IO fry, lower feed conversion ratio of 2.27 ± 0.21, higher specific growth rate of 1.87 ± 0.09 nd higher protein efficiency ratio of 1.26 ± 0.12. The final carcass composition of fish fed D-3 diet showed higher protein and lipid contents than those fed on the other three diets, and the initial carcass protein and lipid levels. No disease or mortality occured during the experimental period. The results indicated that the probiotic supplement at 0.15% showed significantly higher growth and nutrient utilisation.

Different stocking densities and species combinations effects the growth and production in carp polyculture

A comparative experiment was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of different carp species i.e., Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) with variable stocking densities. Three treatments each with three replicates were maintained and the stocking densities of carps were 40, 80, and 120 fish/decimal in T1, T2, and T3, respectively. The stocking ratio of Rohu, Catla, Mrigal, and Silver Carp was 2:1:2:1. The experimental diet included rice bran (25%), wheat bran (25%), fish meal (25%), and mustard oil cake (25%), with a total protein content of 28%. This dietary supplement was administered twice daily. The fish were supplemented with 5% of their body weight for the first month, 4.5% for the next three months, and 2% for the final two months. The water quality parameters i.e., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and transparency were measured every 14 days interval. In T1, Silver Carp obtained the highest weight (188.86±17.86g) followed by Mrigal (106.78±14.23g), Catla (74.0±3.80g), and Rohu (67.72±6.03g). In T1, Silver Carp also attained the highest length at 26.33±0.63 cm, followed by Catla at 14.40±2.10 cm, Mrigal at 14.09±0.89 cm, and Rohu at 14.07±0.59 cm, respectively. Nevertheless, both weight gain and length gain were lowest for all species in T3. The highest SGR% was found in T1 for Silver Carp (3.22±0.06), whereas the lowest SGR% was found in T3 for Catla (1.69±0.06). In addition, T2 yielded the highest production (3090.91±119.57 kg/ha), followed by T3 (2949.80±137.67 kg/ha) and T1 (2946.21± 129.00 kg/ha). The experimental findings suggest that, the stocking density of 80 fingerlings/decimal (T2) yielded the highest production in carp polyculture.

Effects of substituting plant-based protein sources for fish meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional adequacy and suitability of rice polish and mustard oil cake as protein sources in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). To assess the growth performance and feed utilization of Nile Tilapia, three diets containing rice polish (0, 8, and 16%) and mustard oil cake (8, 16, and 24%) were formulated and fed to the fish over a period of 60 days. According to the findings, the growth performance tended to decline as the levels of rice polish and mustard oil cake increased. The control diet (30% Fish meal) resulted in the highest weight gain (373.79±49.78%), whereas the diet (20% Fish meal) resulted in the least weight gain (341.24±27.23%). The specific growth rate (SGR) followed the same pattern, and there were no statistically significant differences in SGR between diets (p>0.05). At the end of this trial, the feed intake (FI) of the various diets ranged between 32.37 g and 37.78 g per fish. Although feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly different among diets (p>0.05), feed intake decreased as the incorporation of rice polish increased.

Valorization of Oil Cakes as a Soil Amendment for Wheat Cultivation Through Laccase-Producing Bacteria Bacillus pumilus

Valorization of Oil Cakes as a Soil Amendment for Wheat Cultivation Through Laccase-Producing Bacteria Bacillus pumilus

Utilisation of Sun Dried Azolla Caroliniana in Substituting Groundnut Oil Cake in the Conventional Carp Feed

Sun- dried and powdered Azolla caroliniana substituting 20, 40, 60 and 63.6% of the protein supplement (groundnut oil cake) of the conventional diet (at 10, 29.2, 60 and 63.6% incorporation in diet, respectively) of Indian major carp was fed to Labeo rohita fingerlings for a period of 90 days. Substitution of groundnut oil cake up to 40% in the protein supplement resulted in 115.48±4.20% and 24.85±4.22% increment in the fish body weight and length, as against compared to 100.40±4.53% and 23.38±1.05% in the control, respectively. There was no significant (P < 0.05) variation in the muscle protein and moisture contents. Feeding on a diet with increased substitution of groundnut oil cake by Azolla (60% or more in protein supplement) resulted in lower body weight and length increment as well as lower muscle protein content, with no significant difference in moisture content as compared to the control diet.

Optimization of microreactor-intensified transesterification reaction of sesame cake oil (sesame waste) for biodiesel production using magnetically immobilized lipase nano-biocatalyst

Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification to produce biodiesel is a time-consuming reaction. This study aimed to use a recoverable nanomagnetic immobilized enzyme and microreactor-intensified process to design a significantly rapid transesterification reaction. Immobilization of Candida Rugosa lipase (CRL) on GO-Fe3O4@TiO2 nanocomposite was optimized using response surface methodology-box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD). Results showed the highest immobilization efficiency of 92.73% at the optimum condition of CRL concentration of 2.59 mg/mL, time of 4.96 h, and temperature of 37.61 °C. Newly synthesized GO-Fe3O4@TiO2@CRL nano-biocatalyst (NBC) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, VSM, FE-SEM, EDX and elemental mapping. Immobilized CRL showed improved stability under different parameters, including pH, thermal, and methanol medium compared to free CRL. Freshly synthesized NBC was used in a microreactor to intensify the transesterification reaction of sesame cake oil to produce biodiesel. The RSM-BBD optimization of the transesterification reaction showed a maximum conversion rate of 97.03%, achieved at the NBC amount of 4.47 wt%, residence time of 13.29 min, and Me/oil molar ratio of 4.28. The generated biodiesel has all characteristics well within the ASTM D6751, demonstrating its good quality. The results of this study showed that using a microreactor could sufficiently intensify the transesterification reaction and reduce the reaction time using GO-Fe3O4@TiO2@CRL NBC.

Enhanced recovery of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Jatropha curcas L. is a popular and potential tree borne oilseed exploited for biofuel, however, extraction ofoil from whole seedsincurs oil loss due to adsorption of considerable amount of oil to the oil cake. To minimize the oil loss, seeds were decoated using a seed decoater which separates the whole seedsinto shell and kernel. Seeds with 15 per cent of the shell removed and with 40 per cent of the shell removed were compared with whole seeds for oil extraction. The oil present in the oil cake was estimated and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The average oil recovery from the whole seed was about 23.16 per cent. Removal of 15 per cent shell increased the oil recovery to 24.6 per cent and further removal of 40 per cent shell resulted in 25.41 per cent oil recovery. The oil present in the oil cake was reduced from 10.08 to 8.93 and 7.61 per cent in the 15 per cent shell removed and 40 per cent shell removed seeds, respectively. However, the physico-chemical properties of oil from oilcake did not vary significantly. From a commercial point of view, this study helped to enhance oil recovery and displayed the significance of seed processing technique.

Optimization of subtilisin production from Bacillus subtilis strain ZK3 and biological and molecular characterization of synthesized subtilisin capped nanoparticles

The increase and dissemination of multi-drug resistant bacteria have presented a major healthcare challenge, making bacterial infections a significant concern. The present research contributes towards the production of bioactive subtilisin from a marine soil isolate Bacillus subtilis strain ZK3. Custard apple seed powder (raw carbon) and mustard oil cake (raw nitrogen) sources showed a pronounced effect on subtilisin production. A 7.67-fold enhancement in the production was evidenced after optimization with central composite design-response surface methodology. Subtilisin capped silver (AgNP) and zinc oxide (ZnONP) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy. Subtilisin and its respective nanoparticles revealed significant biological properties such as, antibacterial activity against all tested pathogenic strains with potential against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Prospective antioxidant behavior of subtilisin, AgNP and ZnONP was evidenced through radical scavenging assays with ABTS and DPPH. Subtilisin, AgNP and ZnONP revealed cytotoxic effect against cancerous breast cell lines MCF-7 with IC50of 83.48, 3.62 and 7.57 µg/mL respectively. Characterizations of nanoparticles were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and atomic force microscopy analysis to elucidate the structure, surface and thermostability properties. The study proposes the potential therapeutic applications of subtilisin and its nanoparticles, a way forward for further exploration in the field of healthcare.