Oil Blends Research Articles

Enhanced bioavailability of cannabidiol via solubilization in edible oil blends.

Enhanced bioavailability of cannabidiol via solubilization in edible oil blends.

Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum

Compatibility of Methanol-Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Blends with Chosen Steels and Aluminum

TDAE aromatic oil preference for polymer blends: An analysis of S-SBR, BR, and miscible S-SBR/BR systems

This study assesses the impact of Treated Distillate Aromatic Extract (TDAE) oil, at concentrations of 0–20 parts per hundred rubber (phr), on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of High Vinyl/Low Styrene Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (HVLSS-SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and their blends with weight ratios of 70/30 and 50/50. Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy, and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy, we found that TDAE modifies Tg and fractional free volume (Fv) differently across materials. In HVLSS-SBR, TDAE reduced Tg by approximately 10 °C and increased Fv by 0.8 %. In BR, TDAE raised Tg by 5–7 °C without altering Fv. The 70/30 blend showed no Tg change but a 0.6 % Fv increase. For the 50/50 blend, one Havriliak-Negami equation indicated a Tg rise of 2–3 °C and a 0.4 % Fv increase. A two-equation analysis revealed a 6 °C Tg increase and 0.9 % Fv boost in the BR-rich phase, versus a 2 °C rise and 0.3 % Fv uptick in the HVLSS-SBR-rich phase. The sequence of compatibility, influenced by TDAE, is crystalline BR > amorphous BR > HVLSS-SBR >70/30 blend >50/50 blend. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior of TDAE oil in rubber blends and can serve as a basis for further research in this field.

Integrated metabolomics and microbiome analysis reveal blended oil diet improves meat quality of broiler chickens by modulating flavor and gut microbiota

This study was to evaluate the effects of different dietary oils in chicken diets on meat quality, lipid metabolites, the composition of volatile compounds, and gut microbiota. Nine hundred female 817 crossbred broilers at one day old with an average body weight of 43.56 ± 0.03 g were randomly divided into five treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The control group received soybean oil (SO); other groups received diets supplemented with rice bran oil (RO), lard (LO), poultry fat (PO), and blended oil (BO), respectively. All diets were formulated as isoenergic and isonitrogenous. Compared with SO, RO decreased ADG and 42 d BW (P < 0.05). Compared with the RO, BO increased ADG and 42 d BW and decreased FCR (P < 0.05). Compared with SO, BO increased 24 h a* value and reduced the malondialdehyde (P < 0.05), and further improved drip loss of breast muscle. The proportions of C18:0 and saturated fatty acid were the highest in LO, and the proportions of C16:1, C18:1, and monounsaturated fatty acids were the highest in BO. The content of C18:2, C18:3, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were the highest in SO. The contents of glyceryl triglycerides and total esters in BO were significantly higher than those in the SO and LO group (P < 0.05). There was a substantial increment in the relative abundance of PPARα, ACOX1 and CPT1A transcripts in breast of chickens fed BO (P < 0.05). Further, dietary BO increased the relative cecal abundance of Firmicutes phylum, Ruminococcus_torques and Christensenellaceae_R-7 genera, and decreased that of Campylobacterota, Proteobacteria, and Phascolarctobacterium (P < 0.05). Genera g_Lactobacillus and Christensenellaceae_R-7 may mainly be involved in the formation of volatile flavor compounds in breast muscle. In conclusion, dietary BO improved the flavor of chickens by increasing the concentration of triglycerides and volatile flavor compounds, improving gut microbiota structure, and suppressing lipid oxidation. The potential positive effects of BO may be associated with the regulation of lipid metabolism.

Impact of hydrogen-assisted combustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel

This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil and waste cooking oil in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) compression ignition engine. Hydrogen was allowed into the engine in dual fuel mode to enhance the engine performance. The presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and hydrogen induction increased the peak pressure and heat release rate significantly for all the engine loads. At a peak load of 4.88 kW, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.77% was recorded for the D70R20W10 (diesel 70%, rapeseed oil 20%, waste cooking oil 10%) biodiesel blend. Furthermore, hydrogen induction enhanced the BTE by around 3%. The biodiesel blending substantially lowered the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity. Additionally, hydrogen supplementation facilitated 5–10% carbon monoxide reduction over biodiesel blends by enabling more complete oxidation. However, higher temperatures generated due to complete combustion resulted in more NOx formation. Thus, the authors propose that biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel with hydrogen induction improve engine performance and reduce regulated emissions.

Production of biodiesel from non-edible waste palm oil and sterculia foetida using microwave irradiation

Abstract The environmental damage stemming from traditional diesel begins during crude oil extraction and persists throughout its usage. The burning of fossil fuels has further deteriorate the environmental effect and added to global warming by emitting harmful substances. Moreover, the reduction of finite fossil fuel reserves due to widespread extraction has made the adoption of renewable resources essential. Given these considerations, biodiesel emerges as a highly promising alternative to conventional diesel due to its environmentally beneficial nature, renewable source, and economic feasibility. In this study, biodiesel was prepared by a microwave reactor in the presence of potassium methoxide using blended waste palm oil and sterculia foetida. The effects of raw materials characteristics on transesterification products were studied. The studied process parameters were methanol/oil ratio, microwave temperature, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and stirring speed. The optimal yield with 98.5% FAME content was obtained at a methanol/oil ratio of 60 vol. %, microwave temperature of 120 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.3 wt.%, and 3 min reaction time, and stirring speed of 500 rpm. The potassium methoxide was used to catalyse the transesterification process. The physicochemical properties and the fatty acid methyl ester composition were discussed thoroughly. The flash point of biodiesel, at 157.5°C, exceeds that of diesel fuel by more than two times. The cetane index is 59.5 which is higher than diesel (49.6). The biodiesel’s fuel properties conformed to the requirements of both ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. High biodiesel conversion and low sulphur content show that waste palm oil and sterculia foetida are sustainable and economical feedstocks that produce clean fuel to aid the feasibility of the energy transition of the global energy sector. In addition, the selection of synthesis approaches can be further explored for potential catalysts to ensure eco-green biodiesel’s sustainability with minimised.

The effect of waste tire oil and pertamina dex oil blends on compression ignition engine performance

Abstract The improper disposal of waste tires is widely recognized as a significant environmental hazard, posing risks to both human health and safety. To address this issue, an effective approach is the transformation of waste tire into an essential product, namely Waste Tire Oil (WTO). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of blending WTO and Pertamina Dex oil on the performance of compression ignition (CI) engines. The Yanmar TF 65 R diesel engine, featuring a single cylinder, 6.5 HP of power, and a net output of 2200 rpm, was used for the experiment. The analysis was performed on various compositions of WTO and Pertamina Dex oil blends. Specifically, WTO-10 which indicated the addition of 10% volume percentage of WTO to Pertamina Dex oil, WTO-20, and WTO-30, were examined. WTO-10 indicates that a 10% volume percentage of waste tire oil was added to Pertamina Dex oil. Subsequently, the power, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency of the CI engine were analyzed. The results showed that the output power significantly increased with high rotation speed. It was also discovered that adding WTO to Pertamina Dex oil did not significantly reduce CI engine power at the same running speed. Furthermore, engine speeds ranging from 1500 to 1900 rpm at a lower rate indicated a decrease in specific fuel consumption as engine speed increased. In contrast, the range 2100 rpm to 2500 rpm showed an increase in specific fuel consumption, indicating a decrease in thermal efficiency by approximately 5.6%. Based on the results of this research was suggested that WTO potensial added to pertamina dex oil as a fuel for diesel engine withoud any modification.

Study on the in Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Peony Seed Blended Oil on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

In recent years, China has been suffering from an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which are gradually showing a "younger" trend. As health problems become more prominent, choosing good cooking oil has become crucial. People are beginning to realize the significance of a balanced diet and healthy eating habits in maintaining good health. Peony seed oil is rich in nutrients, and its content of unsaturated fatty acids can reach over 85%, with the highest content of α-linolenic acid, which effectively lowers blood sugar. Suppose soybean oil and rapeseed oil are combined and added. In that case, the original efficacy of peony seed oil can be complemented and enhanced, its mechanism of action network can be sound, and its nutritional composition can be enriched. We can obtain an optimal ratio for mixing the above several oils by studying their effects and roles. This paper explored the inhibitory effects of peony seed oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil on α-amylase activity and α-glucosidase activity, and their optimal ratios were determined by a one-way test and response surface method. The results showed that the optimal ratio was peony seed oil: soybean oil: rapeseed oil = 60:27:13. The results provide specific technology and reference for the development and utilization of peony and provide a particular theoretical basis for the development of hypoglycemic drugs or health food.

Study on the in Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Peony Seed Blended Oil on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

In recent years, China has been suffering from an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which are gradually showing a "younger" trend. As health problems become more prominent, choosing good cooking oil has become crucial. People are beginning to realize the significance of a balanced diet and healthy eating habits in maintaining good health. Peony seed oil is rich in nutrients, and its content of unsaturated fatty acids can reach over 85%, with the highest content of α-linolenic acid, which effectively lowers blood sugar. Suppose soybean oil and rapeseed oil are combined and added. In that case, the original efficacy of peony seed oil can be complemented and enhanced, its mechanism of action network can be sound, and its nutritional composition can be enriched. We can obtain an optimal ratio for mixing the above several oils by studying their effects and roles. This paper explored the inhibitory effects of peony seed oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil on α-amylase activity and α-glucosidase activity, and their optimal ratios were determined by a one-way test and response surface method. The results showed that the optimal ratio was peony seed oil: soybean oil: rapeseed oil = 60:27:13. The results provide specific technology and reference for the development and utilization of peony and provide a particular theoretical basis for the development of hypoglycemic drugs or health food.

A method for predicting tank bottom sludge formation during crude oil storage

The laboratory method for predicting the amount and composition of sludge accumulated during crude oil storage on the bottom of a high capacity storage tank has been developed and tested. The laboratory model of the storage tank on a scale of 1:20 was designed with the assumption of a 20-fold acceleration of the process of sedimentation of wax particles and, thus, the formation of a bottom sludge. The results of the model and industrial scale (in the high capacity tank) storage of a Russian export blend crude oil were compared and excellent agreement was found. The developed method was used to evaluate an Iran Light crude oil and a blend of crude oils, Azeri Light, and CPC. The diametrically different behaviour of the compared crude oils during their model storage was ascribed to the different paraffinic particles size distributions and rheologic properties. The correlation between the composition of the crude oil and its tendency to form a sludge at the bottom of the storage tank was not found.

The Combination of Gardenia jasminoides, Boswellia serrata, Commiphora myrrha, Foeniculum vulgarae, and Daucus carota Essential Oil Blend Improved the Inflammatory and Clinical Status in Respiratory Tract Infection of COVID-19 Patients: A Multicentre, Randomized, Open-label, Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Essential oils (EO) are complex volatile, naturally synthesized compounds from aromatic plants. It considers as healthy, effective, and safe since they were coming from nature. Gardenia jasminoides, Boswellia serrata, Commiphora myrrha, Foeniculum vulgarae, and Daucus carota are known to have antimicrobials, antioxidants, antiinflammation properties against respiratory tract infection. However, despite its natural content, a safety profile needs to be observed. Therefore, in this study, EO blend (EOB) made from the combination of these 5 plants was assessed for its efficacy and safety for respiratory tract infection in human.METHODS: A multicentre, randomized, open-label, phase II controlled trial involving 80 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 was conducted. One group of subjects only received standard of care (SoC), while the other group receive SoC and EOB orally for 10 days.RESULTS: There were significant decrease in interleukin (IL)-6 level (p=0.016) and interferon (IFN)-γ level (p=0.012), as well as better respiratory rate (p=0.024) for the group receiving SoC and EOB compared to the group receiving SoC only. However, there was no significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and the corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation value in both groups. All subjects with adverse effects were improved and recovered, and there were no serious adverse events found.CONCLUSION: The combination of G. jasminoides, B. serrata, C. myrrha, F. vulgarae, and D. carota EOB could improve the inflammatory and clinical status and safe to be used as adjuvant therapy for treating COVID-19 in adults.KEYWORDS: essential oils, COVID-19, inflammation, safety

Quantitative Analysis of Blended Oils Based on Intensity Ratios of Marker Ions in MALDI-MS Spectra.

Determination of quantitative compositions of blended oils is an essential but challenging step for the quality control and safety assurance of blended oils. We herein report a method for the quantitative analysis of blended oils based on the intensity ratio of triacylglycerol marker ions, which could be obtained from the highly reproducible spectra acquired by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to directly analyze blended oils in their oily states. We demonstrated that this method could provide good quantitative results to binary, ternary, and quaternary blended oils, with simultaneous quantitation of multiple compositions, and was applicable for quantitative analysis of commercial blended oil products. Moreover, the intensity ratio-based method could be used to rapidly measure the proportions of oil compositions in blended oils, only based on the spectra of the blended oils and related pure oils, making the method as a high-throughput approach to meet the sharply growing analytical demands of blended oils.

Optimasi Pencampuran Minyak Nabati Bebas Lemak Trans untuk Cokelat Isian Menggunakan Software Design Expert 13

Restriction of trans fatty acids (TFA) in the diets due to their negative impacts on health has led to the development of various TFA-free products. Blending is one of the common methods used to obtain TFA-free fats. This study aimed to obtain optimum formula of TFA-free oil, designed by using Design Expert 13 mixture with a simplex-lattice design for chocolate filling application. There were four types of oils, namely palm oil (PO), palm olein (PL), palm kernel oil (PKO), and chemically interesterified palm oil (CIE). Analysis was performed on chemical and physical properties of the oil blends as well as the physical properties of chocolate filling made from the oil blends. Commercial partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) was used as a comparison. The results showed that two out of six oil blends were recommended by the software, and both conformed to the specifications of commercial PHO, namely E (blend of 48% CIE and 52% PL) and F (blend of 33% CIE, 21% PKO, 17% PL, and 29% PO). The induction period (IP) and crystallization rate of sample E and F are lower than PHO. All chocolate fillings showed good emulsion stability (oil released &lt;0.1%). The texture of chocolate fillings F and E were softer than PHO. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis graphs showed that all samples were located in different cluster, but sample F was closer to PHO compared to E. In conclusion, although the optimum blends obtained through the use of Design Expert had similar solid fat content to PHO, the chemical and physical characteristics of the oil blend and chocolate filling were significantly different from PHO. Therefore, there is a further need to evaluate the use of E or F blends to replace PHO.

Engine Behavior Analysis on a Conventional Diesel Engine Powered with Blends of Lemon Grass Oil Biodiesel–Diesel Blends

&lt;div&gt;Fossil fuel usage causes environmental pollution, and fuel depletion, further affecting a country’s economy. Biofuels and diesel-blended fuels are practical alternatives to sustain fossil fuels. This experimental study analyses lemongrass oil’s performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics after blending with diesel. Lemongrass oil is mixed with diesel at 10 (B10), 15 (B15), and 25% (B25) and evaluated using a 5.20 kW direct injection diesel engine. B10 brake thermal efficiency is 36.47%, which is higher than other blends. The B10 displays an 8.73% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption compared to diesel. An increase in exhaust gas temperature for B10 than diesel is 4.5%. It indicates that higher lemongrass oil blends decrease exhaust gas temperature. The decrease in average carbon monoxide emissions in B10 to diesel is 22.19%. The decrease in hydrocarbon emissions for B10 to diesel is 7.14%. Biodiesel with lemongrass oil increases nitrogen oxide (NOx) because of increased temperature and poor combustion. Apart from NOx emissions, all other parameters of lemongrass oil blends are suitable for practical diesel applications. The significant findings benefit the biodiesel community toward the efficient combustion of biodiesel blends.&lt;/div&gt;

Numerical study of Marangoni convective hybrid-nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface

Numerical study of Marangoni convective hybrid-nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface

Effects of inclusion of the blend of essential oils, organic acids, curcumin, tannins, vitamin E, and zinc in the maternal diet, and of incubation temperature on early and late development of quail

Effects of inclusion of the blend of essential oils, organic acids, curcumin, tannins, vitamin E, and zinc in the maternal diet, and of incubation temperature on early and late development of quail

Performance of Motorcycle Fueled with Pertalite‒LDPE Pyrolytic Oil Blendings

Plastic use has expanded substantially, and its waste is primarily disposed of in landfills, which further harm ecosystems owing to inadequate waste management. Pyrolysis, which converts plastic waste into liquid fuel, is one of the potential chemical recycling alternatives for plastic. The purpose of this study is to determine the viability of using pyrolytic oil from an LDPE grocery bag as an alternative fuel for a four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle engine. The LDPE grocery bag was pyrolyzed at 500 oC at a heating rate of 3 oC/min, and the condensed pyrolytic vapor's characteristics were determined. Torque, power, and fuel consumption were investigated using a four-stroke spark ignition motorbike powered by pertalite‒LDPE pyrolytic oil blends. The results reveal that the properties of LDPE pyrolytic oil and pertalite were considerably different; hence, when the blending fuel was applied to the motorcycle, the engine torque and power decreased at low engine speed (2000‒3500 rpm), about equal at medium speed (3500‒5500 rpm), and increased at high engine speed (5500‒8500 rpm). Furthermore, the greater blending fuel greatly reduced fuel usage due to the high viscosity of the LDPE pyrolytic oil.

Effects of Different Essential Oil Blends and Fumaric Acid on In Vitro Fermentation, Greenhouse Gases, Nutrient Degradability, and Total and Molar Proportions of Volatile Fatty Acid Production in a Total Mixed Ration for Dairy Cattle

The present study evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid and essential oil blends (EOBs) containing anise, cedarwood, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, ginger, lavender, lemongrass, nutmeg, oregano, and peppermint at different proportions on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fiber fraction disappearance, the efficiency of microbial production, and the total volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Ten treatments without (control treatment) or with different EOB/fumaric combinations were used in the study with eight replicates. The EOB inclusion level was 200 μL/g of feed (total mixed ration, (TMR)) while fumaric acid was administered at 3% of the TMR (DM basis). The highest DMD, in vitro true degradable DM, partitioning factor (PF24), and in vitro apparent degradable DM were recorded for the fumaric only treatment and the control. Neutral detergent fiber disappearance was reduced with the inclusion of EOB/fumaric combinations. The production of microbial mass and undegraded DM were higher (p &lt; 0.001) for all EOBs and EOB and fumaric treatments. The inclusion of EOB and fumaric combinations reduced (p &lt; 0.001) the total gas production, methane, and ammonia, with a higher PF24 value noted for EOB3 treatment. The inclusion of individual EOB1 containing garlic, lemongrass, cumin, lavender, and nutmeg in a ratio of 4:2:2:1:1 or combined with fumaric acid yielded the highest propionate concentration across all treatments. We concluded that EOBs decreased methane production and nutrient degradability with better results with the individual EOB1 or EOB1/fumaric combination, which showed a potential enhancement in energy production.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Heating Oil and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Combustion in an Evaporative Combustion Chamber

This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the impact of steam injection on the combustion dynamics. Conducting a series of tests, the investigation involved the meticulous manipulation of stoichiometric ratios while introducing ambient air through gravity fuel flow. Subsequent iterations of these tests incorporated the introduction of steam into the ambient air stream. The examination encompassed the combustion of both heating oil and the TPO blend within the combustion chamber. The evaluation criteria comprised an in-depth analysis of flame characteristics, temperature distribution within the combustion chamber, and the quantification of emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H2O). Throughout the experimentation phase, commercially available diesel fuel served as the primary fuel source. To facilitate the tests, the combustion chamber under scrutiny was seamlessly integrated into an AVL engine test bench system. Essential parameters, including fuel consumption, were meticulously gauged using an AVL 735 fuel flow meter, while fuel temperature was monitored using the AVL 745 fuel temperature conditioning system. The intake air, a crucial element in the combustion process, was quantified with precision using an AVL Flowsonix sensor. Emission measurements were conducted meticulously using state-of-the-art equipment, with gaseous emissions analyzed using an AVL FTIR AMA i60 exhaust gas analyzer. Simultaneously, soot emissions were quantified through employment of an AVL Micro Soot sensor. This comprehensive approach not only delves into the fundamental aspects of combustion but also extends its reach to the exploration of innovative techniques, such as steam injection, to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The integration of advanced measurement tools ensures a robust and thorough analysis of the combustion process and its environmental implications.

Comparative assessment of encapsulated essential oils through the innovative electrohydrodynamic processing and the conventional spray drying, and freeze-drying techniques

This study evaluates the encapsulation of an essential oils blend (EOB) using electrohydrodynamic processing (EHDP), spray drying, and freeze-drying techniques. EOB, comprising oregano, rosemary, hypericum, and chamomile oils, was encapsulated in a whey protein isolate-pullulan (WPI-PL) matrix. Spray drying achieved the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE > 90%) and optimal release profiles, while electrospun structures showed gradual release and better preservation. Freeze-drying exhibited the highest encapsulation yield (EY = 83.16%) but lower efficiency (∼66%). The electrospun nanostructures (EHDP) had a diameter of 543.00 ± 15.86 nm, whereas spray-dried microparticles measured 4.91 ± 3.356 μm. All encapsulated structures followed a Fickian diffusion mechanism (n ≤ 0.45). This research highlights the potential of natural bioactive compounds in food applications, contributing to sustainable, synthetic-free nutrition by enhancing stability and bioactivity of essential oils through encapsulation, reducing reliance on synthetic additives, and promoting a more natural approach to modern nutrition.