Oil Baths Research Articles

Frequent oil baths and skin barrier during infancy in the PreventADALL study.

In the general population randomized controlled trial PreventADALL, frequent emollient bath additives from 2 weeks of age did not prevent atopic dermatitis, while the effect on skin barrier function throughout infancy is not established. The primary aim of this exploratory substudy was to assess the effect of mineral-based oil baths on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and dry skin through infancy, and secondarily to explore if filaggrin (FLG) mutations modified the effect. Overall, 2153 infants were included and randomized to either the 'Skin intervention' (SI) group (n = 995) (oil bath 4 times weekly from 2 weeks through 8 months) or 'No skin intervention' (NSI) group (n = 1158), with TEWL measurements at 3, 6 and/or 12 months of age. Information on FLG mutation status was available for 1683 of these infants. Effects of the skin intervention on TEWL and dry skin through infancy were assessed by mixed-effects regression modelling. Background characteristics and protocol adherence were collected from electronic questionnaires, birth records and weekly diaries. The TEWL (95% confidence interval) was on average 0.42 g m-2 h-1 (0.13-0.70, P = 0.004) higher in the SI group compared with the NSI group through the first year of life, with significantly higher levels at 3 months [8.6 (8.3-9.0) vs. 7.6 (7.3-7.9)], but similar at 6 and 12 months. Dry skin was observed significantly more often in the NSI group compared with the SI group at 3 months (59% vs. 51%) and at 6 months of age (63% vs. 53%), while at 12 months of age, the difference was no longer significant. At 3 months, the TEWL of FLG mutation carriers was similar to the TEWL in the SI group. No interaction between SI and FLG mutation was found in the first year of life. Infants given frequent oil baths from 2 weeks of age had reduced skin barrier function through infancy compared with controls, largely attributed to higher TEWL at 3 months of age, while the skin at 3 and 6 months appeared less dry in infants subjected to the skin intervention.

Patient perspectives of wound care management in hidradenitis suppurativa.

Wound care management and costs in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are unmet needs. This study explored patient perspectives of at-home management of acute flares of HS and chronic daily wounds, their satisfaction with current wound care methods, and the financial burden of wound care supplies. An anonymous, multiple choice, cross-sectional questionnaire was distributed among online HS-related forums between August and October 2022. Participants 18years or older with a diagnosis of HS who live in the United States were included. In total, 302 participants completed the questionnaire: 168 White (55.6%), 76 Black (25.2%), 33 Hispanic (10.9%), 7 Asian (2.3%), 12 multiracial (4.0%), and 6 other (2.0%). Dressings commonly reported included gauze, panty liners or menstrual pads, tissues or toilet paper, antiseptic dressing, abdominal pads, and adhesive bandages. Commonly reported topical remedies for acute flares of HS included warm compresses, Epsom salt baths, Vicks VapoRub, tea tree oil, witch hazel, and bleach baths. One-third of participants (n = 102) reported dissatisfaction with current wound care methods, and 48.8% (n = 103) believed that their dermatologist does not meet their wound care needs. Nearly half (n = 135) reported being unable to afford the type and quantity of dressings and wound care supplies they would ideally want. Black participants were more likely than White participants to report being unable to afford their dressings and find the cost as very burdensome. Overall, dermatologists must improve patient education of wound care methods in HS and address the financial burden of wound care supplies by exploring insurance-funded options.

Analysis of the machinability of different types of sintered carbides with WEDM in both water and oil baths

Analysis of the machinability of different types of sintered carbides with WEDM in both water and oil baths

Fine Surface Structures Influencing on Liquid Quenching*

Abstract Instead of quenching medium, quenching equipment and quenching parameters, an adapted surface structure of the heat treated component shall be investigated as influencing factor on rewetting during liquid quenching. Steel cylinders and aluminium cylinders have been quenched in water baths and oil baths. Fine surface structures by machining with turning tools with small flange radii have caused a significant relative surface increase compared to flat samples and thereby a significant decrease in rewetting duration of the whole sample (from rewetting start to finish). This is beneficial regarding quenching homogeneity. Local surface structures applied by ultrashort laser pulses have also influenced on rewetting, if resulting fins are arranged in axial cylinder direction and possess a sufficient axial length.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНДУКЦИОННОГО НАГРЕВА ДЛЯ РЕМОНТА ЭЛЕКТРОДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ

The quality of the production process depends on the reliability of technological and electrical equipment. The technological process of repairing electric motors includes the assembly of the electric motor and its installation. To date, the dominant position for performing this operation is occupied by the methods of “sledgehammers” or “oil baths”. The assembly of the electric motor can be carried out after heating of its individual parts. Both of these assembly methods are quite time-consuming, time-consuming and require significant physical strength from the maintenance staff. One of the main tasks is to heat the motor housing to the required temperature, which ensures the free installation of the stator and rotor. The possibility of using induction heating at the final stage of repair of an electric motor is considered. Induction heating is the heating of conductive bodies in an electromagnetic field due to the induction of eddy currents in them. In this case, electrical energy is converted into thermal energy due to its triple conversion. The intensity and nature of the heating are influenced by the current frequency, the strength of the electric and magnetic fields. By changing the indicated values, it is possible to obtain the necessary character of heating, its intensity and uniformity. For the study, the line equipment and the assembly process of 14 sizes of electric motor housings of the DATA and AIML series were considered. Calculation of heating temperatures for connection with interference fit of the DATA 63 electric motor housing with a stator and a rotor with a bearing was made. The calculation results of the heating temperature in two ways showed that using the induction method, the elements of the electric motor heat up 15% faster than during the operation of the heater. When creating the installation, the following requirements must be taken into account: high electrical and thermal efficiency, ease of maintenance, ease of controlling the heating process, and the possibility of its full automation. The use of induction heating allows one to automate the heating process and assembly of the electric motor, and makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the process without reducing operating time, increasing the stability and quality of the entire process.

Theoretical studies on the calculation of the noise of impact equipment in blacksmith shops

Most types of forging equipment relate to impact machines, during the operation of which impulse noise occurs, the levels of which at workplaces, in most cases, exceed the maximum permissible values and relate to those factors, the significance of which in some cases is greater than dustiness, high temperature, manipulation of heated workpieces. Therefore, the problem of reducing vibration and noise in the forge shops is extremely relevant and has great scientific and socio-economic significance. To solve the problem of noise reduction in forge shops, various options for reducing the noise activity of equipment have been developed/ It is possible to most effectively reduce noise by changing the material and shapes of the beds, noise-attenuating casings, oil baths for gears.

Methods for reducing vibrations generated by shock equipment

Noise is one of the most unfavorable environmental factors in production facilities, for which it is most difficult to achieve compliance with sanitary standards. Prolonged exposure to intense vibrations and noise leads to noise and vibration diseases. The effect of noise on the human body is not limited to exposure to the organ of hearing. Irritation by noise is transmitted to the central and autonomic nervous systems, through them acts on the internal organs, leading to significant changes in the functional state of the organism. With pulsed and irregular noise, the degree of impact of noise on the body of workers increases. Most types of forging equipment relate to impact machines, during the operation of which impulse noise occurs, the levels of which at workplaces, in most cases, exceed the maximum permissible values and relate to those factors, the significance of which in some cases is greater than dustiness, high temperature, manipulation of heated workpieces. Therefore, the problem of reducing vibration and noise in the forge shops is extremely relevant and has great scientific and socio-economic significance. To solve the problem of noise reduction in forge shops, various options for reducing the noise activity of equipment have been developed/ It is possible to most effectively reduce noise by changing the material and shapes of the beds, noise-attenuating casings, oil baths for gears.

Soundproofing presses by placing its nodes in a soundproof casing, including drive components

Noise is one of the most unfavorable environmental factors in production facilities, for which it is most difficult to achieve compliance with sanitary standards. Prolonged exposure to intense vibrations and noise leads to noise and vibration diseases. The effect of noise on the human body is not limited to exposure to the organ of hearing. Irritation by noise is transmitted to the central and autonomic nervous systems, through them acts on the internal organs, leading to significant changes in the functional state of the organism. With pulsed and irregular noise, the degree of impact of noise on the body of workers increases. Most types of forging equipment relate to impact machines, during the operation of which impulse noise occurs, the levels of which at workplaces, in most cases, exceed the maximum permissible values and relate to those factors, the significance of which in some cases is greater than dustiness, high temperature, manipulation of heated workpieces. Therefore, the problem of reducing vibration and noise in the forge shops is extremely relevant and has great scientific and socio-economic significance. To solve the problem of noise reduction in forge shops, various options for reducing the noise activity of equipment have been developed/ It is possible to most effectively reduce noise by changing the material and shapes of the beds, noise-attenuating casings, oil baths for gears.

Antiparasitic activity, histopathology and physiology of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) exposed to the essential oil of Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae)

In vivo and in vitro antiparasitic activity of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides and blood and histological alterations were assessed in Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui). Essential oil concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320mg/L were assayed in vitro against monogenoideans Anacanthorus spathulatus, Notozothecium janauachensis and Mymarothecium boegeri from fish gills. Lippia sidoides essential oil concentrations of 320 and 160mg/L were 100% effective against monogenoideans in 10min and 1h of exposure, respectively. However, the effectiveness of 100% concentrations of 80mg/L and 40mg/L occurred in 3 and 6h, respectively. In the in vivo tests, juvenile fish were submitted to 60min of baths with 10mg/L and 15min of baths with 20mg/L of the essential oil of L. sidoides. These therapeutic baths were not efficient against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and monogenoideans present in the gills of C. macropomum. In addition, 10 and 20mg/L of the essential oil of L. sidoides caused an anesthetic effect on the fish and did not influence total glucose and protein plasma levels; however, it decreased the number of total erythrocytes in fish exposed to the higher concentration of this essential oil. Severe alterations and irreversible damage were observed in the fish gills just after L. sidoides essential oil baths and after 24h of recovery. The most recurrent lesions found were hyperplasia and fusion of the lamellar epithelium, vasodilation, detachment of the gill epithelium and lamellar aneurism, epithelial breakdown with hemorrhage, congestion, edema and necrosis, proliferation of the mucous cells and chloride cells and lamellar hypertrophy. Therefore, since the essential oil of L. sidoides has in vitro antiparasitic activity and low concentrations of it have shown toxic effects, the bioactive potential of its main chemical components should be investigated, as well as more efficient forms of its administration in therapeutic baths in order to eliminate fish parasites.

Experimental Study on Waste Heat Energy Harvesting using Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT‐5H) Pyroelectric Ceramics

AbstractThermal energy harvesting using the pyroelectric effect is becoming a prominent area of research. In the present study, an experimental investigation was performed using PbZrxTi1‐xO3 (PZT‐5H) ceramics, and hot/cold oil baths were used to create a continuous temporal temperature profile. The hot and cold bath temperatures were 120 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The maximum generated voltage was 11.56 V across load capacitance of 10 μF (without load resistance) in 180 s time. The maximum power obtained was 5.81 μW for a 4.7 μF load capacitance and 5 MΩ load resistance.

Can early skin care normalise dry skin and possibly prevent atopic eczema? A pilot study in young infants

BackgroundAtopic eczema (AE) affects approximately 20% of children in Northern countries. Onset during early infancy is common and is characterised by altered skin barrier, increased water loss and defective lipid layer. Restoration of skin barrier by emollients and/or oil baths is an important part of AE treatment, but its role in preventing xerosis and AE is unknown.The present pilot study aimed to assess if xerosis, and possibly AE, could be reduced at six months of age by early introduction of frequent oil baths/facial fat cream in infants with dry skin. MethodsA controlled intervention pilot study included 56 six-week-old infants with xerosis, but not AE. Skin quality score ranging from 0 (normal skin) to 4 (probable AE), was assessed at inclusion, three and six months of age, with skin quality at six months as main outcome. One well baby clinic was recruited for intervention, frequent skin care (oil bath (0.5dl) and facial fat cream, five well baby clinics recruited for observation only. ResultsThe intervention group (n=24) had more often normal skin (75%) at six months than the observation group (37.5%) (p<0.001), and less often probable AE (4.0 vs. 19.0%, respectively, ns). Oil baths were performed regularly, 2–4 up to 5–7 times/week in the intervention group, vs. fewer oil baths with sparse volume of oil in the observation group. No adverse reactions were reported. ConclusionRegular oil baths in infants seem to reduce xerosis and may possibly reduce atopic eczema.

PredictingBacillus coagulansSpores Inactivation in Tomato Pulp under Nonisothermal Heat Treatments

The knowledge and understanding of Bacillus coagulans inactivation during a thermal treatment in tomato pulp, as well as the influence of temperature variation during thermal processes are essential for design, calculation, and optimization of the process. The aims of this work were to predict B. coagulans spores inactivation in tomato pulp under varying time-temperature profiles with Gompertz-inspired inactivation model and to validate the model's predictions by comparing the predicted values with experimental data. B. coagulans spores in pH 4.3 tomato pulp at 4 °Brix were sealed in capillary glass tubes and heated in thermostatically controlled circulating oil baths. Seven different nonisothermal profiles in the range from 95 to 105 °C were studied. Predicted inactivation kinetics showed similar behavior to experimentally observed inactivation curves when the samples were exposed to temperatures in the upper range of this study (99 to 105 °C). Profiles that resulted in less accurate predictions were those where the range of temperatures analyzed were comparatively lower (inactivation profiles starting at 95 °C). The link between fail prediction and both lower starting temperature and magnitude of the temperature shift suggests some chemical or biological mechanism at work. Statistical analysis showed that overall model predictions were acceptable, with bias factors from 0.781 to 1.012, and accuracy factors from 1.049 to 1.351, and confirm that the models used were adequate to estimate B. coagulans spores inactivation under fluctuating temperature conditions in the range from 95 to 105 °C. How can we estimate Bacillus coagulans inactivation during sudden temperature shifts in heat processing? This article provides a validated model that can be used to predict B. coagulans under changing temperature conditions. B. coagulans is a spore-forming bacillus that spoils acidified food products. The mathematical model developed here can be used to predict the spoilage risk following thermal process deviations for tomato products.

Pyroelectric energy conversion using PLZT ceramics and the ferroelectric–ergodic relaxor phase transition

This paper is concerned with direct conversion of waste heat into electricity by executing the Olsen cycle on lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics undergoing a relaxor–ferroelectric phase transition. The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes. First, the temperature-dependent dielectric properties were measured for x/65/35 PLZT. The polarization transition temperature of x/65/35 PLZT was found to decrease from 240 to 10 °C as x increased from 5 to 10 mol%. This suggests that the different compositions should be operated over different temperature ranges for maximum thermal to electrical energy conversion. The energy and power densities generated by the Olsen cycle using x/65/35 PLZT samples were measured by successively dipping the samples in isothermal dielectric oil baths. Large energy and power densities were obtained when the samples underwent the ergodic relaxor–ferroelectric phase transition. A maximum energy density of 1014 J l−1 per cycle was obtained with a 190 μm thick 7/65/35 PLZT sample cycled at 0.026 Hz between 30 and 200 °C and between 0.2 and 7.0 MV m−1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest pyroelectric energy density ever demonstrated experimentally with ceramics, single crystals, or polymers. A maximum power density of 48 W l−1 was achieved using a 200 μm thick 6/65/35 PLZT sample for temperatures between 40 and 210 °C and electric fields between 0 and 8.5 MV m−1 at a frequency of 0.060 Hz. The maximum applied electric field and temperature swings of these materials were physically limited by dielectric breakdown and thermomechanical stress.

Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using heat conduction

Waste heat can be directly converted into electrical energy by performing the Olsen cycle on pyroelectric materials. The Olsen cycle consists of two isothermal and two isoelectric field processes in the displacement versus electric field diagram. This paper reports, for the first time, a procedure to implement the Olsen cycle by alternatively placing a pyroelectric material in thermal contact with a cold and a hot source. Poly(vinylidene fluoride–trifluroethylene) [P(VDF–TrFE)] copolymer thin films with 60/40 VDF/TrFE mole fraction were used. A maximum energy density of 155 J/L per cycle was achieved at 0.066 Hz between 25 and 110 °C and electric fields cycled between 200 and 350 kV/cm. This energy density was larger than that achieved by our previous prototypical device using oscillatory laminar convective heat transfer. However, it was lower than the energy density obtained in previous “dipping experiments” consisting of alternatively dipping the samples in cold and hot silicone oil baths. This was attributed to (1) the lower operating temperatures due to the slow thermal response achieved using heat conduction and (2) the smaller electric field spans imposed which was limited by the smaller dielectric strength of air. However, the proposed procedure can readily be implemented into devices.

Microstructural Evolution of AISI D2 Tool Steel during Aging

The effects of low temperature isothermal treatments on a quenched AISI D2 tool steel was studied using Barkhausen Noise, X-ray diffraction, dilatometry and optical and electronic microscopy. The specimens were austenitized at 1040°C and quenched in oil. The isothermal treatments involved immersion in hot oil baths at 80° or 130°C for 0.1, 0.6, 1, 3, 10 and 30 hours, except for the dilatometry, in which the specimens were submitted to a single thermal cycle for 30 hours. These thermal treatments are industrially known as “stress relief treatments”, and are used to prevent cracks and catastrophic failures during cryogenic treatments. The comparison of global and local (microscopy) measurements allows the discussion of the phenomena involved in the aging process.

The pyroelectric energy harvesting capabilities of PMN–PT near the morphotropic phaseboundary

This paper reports on direct thermal to electrical energy conversion by performing the Olsen cycleon pyroelectric materials. The energy harvesting capability of commercially available [001] oriented68PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–32PbTiO3 (PMN–32PT) single crystal capacitors was measured experimentally. An energy density of 100 mJ cm−3/cycle, correspondingto 4.92 mW cm−3, was obtained by successively dipping the material in oil baths at temperatures 80 and170 °C and cycling the electric field between 2 and 9 kV cm−1. Similarly, an energydensity of 55 mJ cm−3/cycle wasobtained between 80 and 140 °C. An estimated 40% of this energy resulted from the strain polarization due to therhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition. The strain from this transition disappearedwhen the maximum operating temperature exceeded the Curie temperature of about150 °C. Theoptimal low electric field used in the Olsen cycle maximizing the energy harvested was found to be around2 kV cm−1. In addition, the material suffered from (i) dielectric breakdown for electric fields larger than 9 kV cm−1 and (ii) cracking from thermal stress for operating temperature differences in excess of90 °C. A physical model predicting the total amount of energy harvested was also derived,accounting for thermal expansion as well as temperature dependent dielectricconstant and spontaneous polarization. The model predictions fell within20% of the experimental results in the temperature range between 80 and170 °C and electric fieldsranging from 2 to 9 kV cm−1.

Pyroelectric energy harvesting using Olsen cycles in purified and porous poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin films

This paper is concerned with the direct conversion of heat into electricity using pyroelectricmaterials. The Olsen (or Ericsson) cycle was experimentally performed on three different typesof 60/40 poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer samples,namely commercial, purified, and porous films. This cycle consists of two isoelectric fieldand two isothermal processes. The commercial and purified films were about50 µm thick and produced a maximum energy density of521 J l − 1 and426 J l − 1 per cycle,respectively. This was achieved by successively dipping the films in cold and hot silicone oil baths at 25and 110 °C under low and high applied electric fields of about 200 and500 kV cm − 1, respectively.The 11 µm thick porous films achieved a maximum energy density of188 J l − 1 per cycle between 25and 100 °C and electric fieldbetween 200 and 400 kV cm − 1. The performance of the purified and porous films suffered from their lower electrical resistivityand electric breakdown compared with commercial thin films. However, the energy densities ofall 60/40 P(VDF-TrFE) films considered matched or exceeded those reported recently for0.9Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.10PbTiO3 (0.9PMN–0.1PT)(186 J l − 1)and Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.955Ti0.045O3 (243 J l − 1) bulk ceramics. Furthermore, the results are discussed in light of recently proposed figuresof merit for energy harvesting applications.

Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in Orange Juice by High Electric Field Alternating Current

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores inoculated in orange juice were inactivated by applying a high electric field alternating current (HEF-AC) to food for a short duration. This new method is effective for inactivating all microorganisms in liquid foods. HEF-AC was compared with a conventional heating method using two oil baths and a tubular heat exchanger for the inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores in orange juice. Using an HEF-AC pilot plant system at a flow rate of 100L/h, A. acidoterrestris spores in orange juice were exposed to an electric field of 2.5 - 2.7 kV/cm at 20 kHz for 13.8 ms in an electrode unit, as the temperature of orange juice was increased from 35°C to above 110°C upon leaving the electrode. Holding times between the electrode and cooling unit varied from 0.3 - 0.9 s. Increasing the holding time of HEF-AC enhanced microbial inactivation, while changing the holding time after the electrode unit was replaced with a tubular heat exchanger had no effect. Comparative studies revealed that the HEF-AC inactivated A. acidoterrestris spores 30 times faster than conventional heating using two oil baths during the holding time.

On the Energy Efficiency of Microwave‐Assisted Organic Reactions

The energy consumed for four different organic transformations carried out under microwave and conventional heating under otherwise identical reaction conditions was measured with the aid of a Wattmeter. In the case of open-vessel reflux processing, microwave dielectric heating required significantly more energy than conventional techniques using oil baths or heating mantles. This is a consequence of the comparably low energy efficiency of the magnetron in converting electrical to microwave energy. Significant savings in energy were experienced by taking advantage of sealed-vessel microwave processing at high temperatures. When comparing a conventionally heated reflux experiment with a microwave-heated experiment using a superheated solvent in a sealed vessel, reaction times were reduced significantly from hours to minutes. The energy savings in these instances are, however, largely connected to the reduced reaction time and are not an inherent feature of microwave heating.

Formation of spheres and siliceous plugs in synthesizing MCF materials

The unique pore structure combined with its high pore volume and large pore size make MCF material attractive as a catalyst support related to reactions with large molecules or as a capsule for storing and controlled release of organic guest substances. By varying the amount of TEOS, or the stirring temperature or the aging conditions in the synthesis, spheres are formed among the products. Siliceous plugs inside the MCF structures can also be produced in case of aging the synthesis mixtures at relatively low temperatures in flasks in oil baths instead of using the autoclave procedure. If the aging temperature is relatively high (such as 80°C), normal MCF material is also obtainable with this simplified procedure. These observations provide a further possibility to tune the morphology and the textural properties of the MCF materials.