Addition Of Oil Research Articles

Particle-assisted formation of oil-in-liquid metal emulsions.

Gallium-based liquid metals (LM) have surface tension an order of magnitude higher than water and break up into micro-droplets when mixed with other liquids. In contrast, silicone oil readily mixes into LM foams to create oil-in-LM emulsions with oil inclusions. Previously, the LM was foamed through rapid mixing in air for an extended duration (over 2 hours). This process first results in the internalization of oxide flakes that form at the air-liquid interface. Once a critical fraction of these randomly shaped solid flakes is reached, air bubbles internalize into the LM to create foams that can internalize secondary liquids. Here, we introduce an alternative oil-in-LM emulsion fabrication method that relies on the prior addition of SiO2 micro-particles into the LM before mixing it with the silicone oil. This particle-assisted emulsion formation process provides a higher control over the composition of the LM-particle mixture before oil addition, which we employ to systematically study the impact of particle characteristics and content on the emulsions' composition and properties. We demonstrate that the solid particle size (0.8 µm to 5 µm) and volume fraction (1% to 10%) have a negligible impact on the internalization of the oil inclusions. The inclusions are mostly spherical with diameters of 20 to 100 µm diameter and are internalized by forming new, rather than filling old, geometrical features. We also study the impact of the particle characteristics on the two key properties related to the functional application of the LM emulsions in the thermal management of microelectronics. In particular, we measure the impact of particles and silicone oil on the emulsion's thermal conductivity and its ability to prevent deleterious gallium-induced corrosion and embrittlement of contacting metal substrates.&#xD.

Oil-soluble sulfur-containing organic molybdenum (SOM) as lubricant additives: a review

Abstract In situ formation of lamellar MoS2 nanomaterials between the tribocontacts during frictions through adding oil-soluble sulfur-containing organic molybdenum (SOM) additives into lubricating oils is an alternative route of dispersing pre-formed MoS2 into lubricants directly, which is difficult to disperse homogeneously in oils. In this technology, the synthesis of SOM with appropriate S and Mo contents and successful generation of enough MoS2 during friction by adjusted working conditions are two crucial factors determining the efficiency of SOM on the friction-reduction and anti-wear behaviors of the SOM-containing oils. Given the fact that SOM additives have been used intensively in both laboratory researches and engineering applications, this review discusses in detail the molecular structures, tribological behaviors, compatibility and synergistic effects with the other additives, and some application bottlenecks of the reported SOM compounds that may constrain their wide applications as lubricant additives. Moreover, some routes for overcoming these application bottlenecks are suggested. This review also concludes the basic mechanisms for the lubrication capabilities of the SOM and provides some suggestions for utilizing SOM additives in advanced lubrication systems. Finally, the future development of SOM as oil additives is proposed and summarized.

D-shaped optical fiber-based refractometer for olive oil adulteration detection

Extra virgin olive oil is a product in great demand, due to its popularity as the healthiest cooking oil. Thanks to its popularity and high price, extra virgin olive oil is also a common target of adulterators who add other vegetable oils in order to increase the volume of the final product. This practice is specially harmful to consumers who choose olive oil due to dietary restrictions, in addition to directly affecting producers, due to unfair competition. Based on this scenario, this work presents a D-shaped optical fiber-based refractive index sensor to detect adulteration of olive oil caused by the addition of canola, corn, cotton, soybean and sunflower oils. The device fabrication and characterization processes are presented, detailing the instrumentation used and the methodology adopted during the measurements. The sensor sensitivity, measured against the added percentage of contaminants, was determined as 0.037 dB/%. The results show that the sensor is capable of detecting adulterations from additions of any combination of the five adulterants greater than 9% of the total volume.

The conjoint effect of lab-grown nano-graphene dispersant and omega-9 fatty acid surfactant on performance of CI engine

This article aims to assess the performance characteristics of lab-grown graphene nanoparticles via electrolytic exfoliation as nano additives in engine oil. Physical characterization confirmed the morphology and purity of the prepared graphene nanoparticles. Nanolubricants were prepared at 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% volume fraction of the nanoparticles with the addition of oleic acid as surfactant. Measurements of density and viscosity for the nanolubricants were recorded at varying concentrations and temperatures. The performance parameters of a 4-stroke single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine were computed using the formulated nanolubricants. The emission of toxic gases into the environment post-engine performance evaluation was also analyzed for different formulations of nanolubricant samples. Results showed that the relative viscosity variation with concentration for the experimental data was in well agreement with other available predictive models. The nanolubricant with 0.1% concentration yielded a reduction of 13.96 ± 0.39% in total fuel consumption (TFC), a reduction of 5.55 ± 0.17% in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and an augmentation of 3.96 ± 0.13% in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) in comparison to plain engine oil and other prepared formulations. Also, a marginal reduction in emission of exhaust toxic gases i.e., (2.13 ± 0.1%) ppm in NOx and a significant maximum reduction of 7.46 ± 0.2% in smoke opacity has been obtained with 0.1% nanolubricant sample as compared to other test samples. The results from the present study may be useful for developing sustainable nanolubricants for environmental viability and energy savings.

Enhancing Tensile Modulus of Polyurethane-Based Shape Memory Polymers for Wound Closure Applications through the Addition of Palm Oil.

Thermo-responsive, biocompatible polyurethane (PU) with shape memory properties is highly desirable for biomedical applications. An innovative approach to producing wound closure strips using shape memory polymers (SMPs) is of significant interest. In this work, PU composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) was synthesized using two-step polymerization. Palm oil (PO) was added to PU for enhancing the Young's modulus of the PU beyond the set criterion of 130 MPa. It was found that PU had the ability to crystallize at room temperature and the segments of individual PCL and BDO polyurethanes crystallized separately. The crystalline domains and hard segment of PU greatly affected the tensile properties. The reduction of crystalline domains by the addition of PO and deformation at the higher melting temperature of the crystalline PCL polyurethane phase improved the shape fixity and shape recovery ratios. The new irreversible phase, raised from the permanent deformation upon stretching at the between melting temperature of the crystalline PCL and BDO polyurethanes of 70 °C, resulted in a decrease in shape fixity ratio after the first thermomechanical stretching-recovering cycles. The demonstration of PU as a wound closure strip showed its efficiency and potential until the surgical wound healed.

Feasibility of fractional distillation of Eucalyptus hybrida essential oil for the separation of valuable compounds

Raw essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus hybrida extracted from the leaves of trees found in Uttarakhand state and nearby areas consists of a mixture of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and several different volatile compounds of which 1,8-cineole i.e., eucalyptol, a monoterpenoid cyclic ether is a major component. The eucalyptol rich EO also holds antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, broncholytic and mucolytic potential. In this work experimental tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of batch fractionation or fractional distillation (FD) technique in performing value addition of eucalyptus essential oil. The proximity of boiling points of eucalyptol, limonene and p-cymene act as a barrier in separating these compounds. A two-stage FD procedure was devised, which recovers relatively light terpene fractions in first stage and provides eucalyptol rich fractions in second stage. The GC-MS analysis of the fractionated samples revealed good separation results with three stage-B fractions (B8, B9 and B10) containing >90% purity of eucalyptol, while two stage-A fractions (A1 and A2) containing >90% purity of pinene mixture (α-pinene and β-pinene). FD thus proved to be an effective method for adding value to the eucalyptus EO.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Olive Oil and Its Components. Prospects of Application in the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases. Despite the significant progress made in the instrumental diagnosis of this group of diseases, their treatment in most cases remains formalized, based on fairly strict schemes. In this context, an urgent area of modern research is to study the effectiveness of the use of diet therapy and certain foods in order to modulate the activity of the inflammatory process, which allows avoiding adverse reactions of immunosuppressive, including immunobiological, therapy. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has proven its effectiveness in the treatment of chronic non-infectious diseases. Recent studies have also established its benefits in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent studies have also established its benefits in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. This article will present the results of modern research on the effect of the use of olive oil and its components on the course of inflammatory processes in the intestine. A number of studies conducted in vitro and in animal models have revealed the mechanisms by which olive oil and its components have a positive effect on the course of inflammation in the intestinal wall through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antitumor effects. Few clinical studies conducted on patients with inflammatory bowel diseases have shown the possibility of using diet therapy with the addition of olive oil in this group of patients as an additional treatment.

USAGE OF TECHNICAL MEANS FOR ANNULAR GAS EXTRACTION TO INCREASE OIL WELL PRODUCTION

In recent years, the technology of annular gas extraction from wells has become increasingly widespread in the fields in order to improve the working conditions of the submersible pump due to increasing its filling and supply coefficients, as well as increasing depression on the formation. Some types of compressor designs have been developed and put into production, allowing the annular gas extraction from wells and forced injection into the pressure line of the well. One of the most well-known types of compressors is a piston pair driven by a piston from a rocking machine balancer. They were used at oil production facilities in the Orenburg, Ulyanovsk Regions, the Republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Udmurtia and other regions of the Russian Federation.In the fields of Sheshmaoil LLC, a complex for pumping gas from the annulus of a well and pumping it into the COGS product collection system has found mass usage, allowing gas to be taken from a group of wells and reducing pressure in the annulus to values close to 0.1 MPa. Hydraulic piston compressors, in which gas compression occurs using a high-pressure pump that drives the piston group of the compressor, have been tested.One of the main disadvantages of the developed types of compressors is the insufficient volume and pressure of the compressed gas. The article provides an analysis of the technological parameters of the compressors. As a result of research possible solutions to the problem are worked out.To achieve the largest pumping volumes of separated annular gas, the maximum permissible diameter of the compressor cylinder should not exceed 0.07 m in order to prevent significant resistance exerted by the piston rod on the balancer of the pumping machine.The most suitable region for the effective use of suspended compressors is the Ural-Volga Region at fairly depleted oil fields with at least 60–65 % water cut, oil well flow rate of no more than 10–15 tons/day and a gas factor of no more than 15–20 m3/t . At the fields of Western Siberia, suspended compressors cannot be used due to high flow rates and gas factors. Exceptions may be wells with a water cut of at least 80 % and flow rates of no more than 20–25 tons/day.The KOGS compressor unit, developed and widely implemented at Sheshmaoil Management Company LLC, showed positive results, consisting of an increase in flow rate and additional oil production. For further use of the unit in fields, especially for high-viscosity oil production, as well as operation in winter conditions, it is necessary to increase the maximum gas injection pressure.

Clove oil additives in vegetable oil: an assessment of fuel properties

Vegetable oil, obtained from plants such as coconut or Jatropha curcas, serves as a valuable renewable energy source. Nonetheless, it presents certain limitations in comparison to diesel fuels, namely, low volatility and high viscosity. One straightforward approach to overcome these limitations is the addition of high-volatility oil and low-viscosity oil. In this study, we incorporated 10% clove oil into coconut oil and Jatropha curcas oil. Fuel properties, including density, viscosity, flash point, and heating value, were measured in accordance with international standards. Additionally, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) testing was performed to detect decomposition during the heating process. The findings indicated that the addition of clove oil increases density (from 0.922 g/ml to 0.934 g/ml), while other properties decrease, such as viscosity (from 30.12 cst to 27.7 cst), flash point (from 286°C to 182°C), and heating value (from 37.1 MJ/kg to 35.8 MJ/kg). TGA demonstrated that the inclusion of clove oil resulted in increased decomposition within the temperature range of 200°C–400°C, suggesting that clove oil falls into the category of medium-volatile oils. Although the addition of clove oil were able to modify the fuel properties of vegetable oil, it did not align with the characteristics of conventional diesel fuel and necessitates further modification for practical implementation

Effect of red palm oil and extra virgin coconut oil on physicochemical and gelation properties of threadfin bream surimi

Appropriate addition of vegetable oil can improve the flavour, increase the nutritional composition, and modify the quality of surimi seafood products. In the present work, the effects of different levels (0 to 2%) of red palm oil (RPO) and extra virgin coconut oil (EVCO) on the properties of threadfin bream surimi were studied. Significant changes were observed in the contents of moisture and fat when the oils were incorporated (p < 0.05), while no differences in the contents of ash and protein were observed (p > 0.05). The incorporation of RPO significantly decreased whiteness as the oil level increased, and ranged from 54.44 to 57.59 from 65.20 in Control (p < 0.05). No significant change in whiteness among samples with EVCO was observed (p > 0.05), regardless of the levels. The pH and cooking yield of the samples increased, whereas water-holding capacity (WHC) decreased (p < 0.05). As the oil levels increased, the gel strength continuously decreased (p < 0.05), in which the highest decrease of 41% was observed in sample containing 2% RPO, compared to Control. Based on texture profile analysis (TPA), hardness displayed a significant increase with increasing oil levels, and ranged from 14 to 28 N (p < 0.05). Chewiness, springiness, and cohesiveness increased as incorporated oils increased (p < 0.05). Microstructure study revealed that the oil droplets were uniformly distributed on the gel surface. Higher storage modulus (G') of the samples was observed when the oils were incorporated, compared to Control. Nevertheless, there was no marked difference in the modulus among samples incorporated with the oils at the same level. The present work demonstrated that RPO and EVCO incorporation directly affected threadfin bream surimi's physicochemical and gelation properties.

Effect of Nigella sativa L. essential oil on oxidative stability and microbial growth of local white Feta cheese

Controlling the development of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms is critical for food manufacturers to preserve their products. Cheese provides favourable conditions for microbial growth and oxidative degradation due to the presence of water, fat, protein, and minerals. The present work thus aimed to determine the influence of Nigella sativa L. essential oil on microbial growth and oxidative stability of cheese made from fresh milk. The analysis of the chemical composition of N. sativa essential oil was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds detected were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (27.96%), cis-vaccenic acid (20.69%), 6-epi-shyobunol (7.08%), benzene, 1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)- (6.33%), n-hexadecanoic acid (3.86%), o-cymene (2.77%), and cis-4-methoxy thujane (2.71%). The antioxidant activity of N. sativa essential oil was calculated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method with IC50 = 8.08 μg/mL. The microdilution test showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of N. sativa essential oil for all pathogens was 500 μg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 1,000 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, and 2,000 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The physicochemical properties of the cheese showed that the addition of essential oil did not affect the dry matter, but increased the pH, decreased the % acidity, and decreased the peroxide value compared to the control sample (sample without essential oil). In addition, the essential oil reduced the bacterial and fungal counts of the cheese compared to the control sample, and affected the sensory characteristics of the cheese during the 90-day storage period. Results also showed that the addition of 0.5% essential oil of N. sativa not only prevented microbial growth and oxidative degradation, but also improved the taste and overall acceptability of cheese.

Meta-analysis of retrogradation effect on starches of white rice, and comparative study of different cooking oils and cooking methods on in vitro glucose release from white rice

Cooling is a technique employed to reduce the high glucose release from white rice by altering the proportion of rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant (RS) starches. Retrogradation of the gelatinised starches to a crystalline structure increases the RS content that does not spike blood glucose on consumption. The meta-analysis showed that following different retrogradation durations, there were significant mean differences (MD), viz. an increase in RS (MD: 4.17 g/100 g, p < 0.00001) and decrease in RDS (MD: -7.09 g/100 g, p < 0.0001). The addition of cooking oil to rice retards the release of glucose due to the formation of an amylose-lipid complex (ALC), and together with retrogradation, further lowers glucose release. In the present work, palm oil (PO) and coconut oil (CO) were added to steamed rice by three methods: (A) stir-frying raw rice with oil before steaming, (B) adding oil in cooking water during steaming, and (C): stir-frying the steamed rice with oil, following by refrigeration at 4°C for 12 h. For nutritional composition, the moisture, fat, and carbohydrate contents of white rice were affected upon treatments. Besides, oil-treated rice released glucose slower than control in the in vitro digestibility test, showing increased RS and decreased RDS. Moreover, rice with CO added by Method A might serve as a potential prebiotic as it increased the growth of Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus in tandem with the decrease in oligosaccharides over 24 h. Coconut oil was the better cooking oil for reducing glucose release from white rice due to its greater ability to form ALC. The addition of CO via Method C is recommended as the lower moisture content in the rice aided formation of perfectly crystalline starch during retrogradation.

Essential oils loaded biodegradable PBAT/PBS films as young coconut packaging after harvest

The polybutyrate adipate terephthalate/polybutylene succinate (PBAT/PBS) films were produced by the single screw blown-film extrusion method for the young coconut packaging application. The antifungal performance of the film was enhanced by the addition of essential oils, including cinnamon essential (CIN) and citrus essential (CT) oils. The mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties, oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the film with essential oils were evaluated. The results found that 10 wt% of PBAT content in the PBS matrix was suitable for biodegradable film creation. In the film packaging, essential oils at 5 phr might be a plasticizer by increasing the tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness, while the tensile modulus decreased. The oxygen and water vapor transmission rates (OTR, WVTR) trended to increase, especially of the 10CT_10PBAT/PBS film. The essential oils could show antifungal performance by inhibiting the A. Niger growth. In the case of film packaging application, the film with essential oils could enhance the storage time of young coconut to 21 days without yeast growth on the surface, while the quality of coconut water did not change.

Advancing Water Deoiling Efficiency in Petroleum Production: A Comprehensive Case Study of Hybrid Flotation Technology Integration

_ The efficient management of increasing water cuts in oil fields is paramount for sustaining profitability and minimizing environmental impact. This article presents a comprehensive case study conducted by Saudi Aramco, focusing on the integration of hybrid flotation technology into a gravity water/oil separator (WOSEP) to enhance deoiling efficiency and reduce operational costs and carbon emissions. The retrofit involved merging enhanced gravity separation with induced gas flotation (IGF) within the same vessel, resulting in significant improvements in deoiling capacity, outlet oil-in-water content reduction, and operational efficiency. Detailed insights into the design, operation, and performance of hybrid flotation systems are provided, offering valuable guidance for similar initiatives in the petroleum industry. Introduction Petroleum production facilities face escalating challenges with increasing water-production rates during crude-oil extraction, particularly in waterflooding operations for secondary oil recovery. This trend not only escalates operational costs but also intensifies environmental concerns, particularly regarding energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with water-handling processes. In response to these challenges, Saudi Aramco embarked on a pioneering initiative to enhance water-deoiling efficiency by integrating hybrid flotation technology into a conventional gravity WOSEP. This case study presents a comprehensive analysis of the design, implementation, and outcomes of this transformative project, offering valuable insights for the broader petroleum industry. Methodology The upgrade process commenced with an assessment of the existing WOSEP system and its operational challenges. Recognizing the impending capacity constraints and escalating oil-in-water content, Saudi Aramco’s engineering team opted for a holistic approach that combined enhanced gravity separation with IGF within the same vessel. The retrofit involved reconfiguring the internal components of the WOSEP to accommodate the hybrid flotation system, including the installation of advanced plate-pack internals for gravity separation and the integration of IGF cells for additional oil removal. Rigorous testing and optimization procedures were conducted to ensure seamless integration and optimal performance of the hybrid system. Gas/Oil Separation Plant Process Description In a typical gas/oil separation plant, the initial phase involves the extraction of crude oil, associated gas, and produced water from wells via a production manifold. These constituents are then directed to a three-phase separator, also known as a high-pressure production trap (HPPT). In the HPPT, free water droplets are separated from the oil through gravity separation, aided by demulsifier injection at the production header. The separated free water is discharged to a WOSEP, typically a gravity separator, for deoiling.

VALUE OF OIL FIELD INTEGRATED MODEL DEVELOPMENT

Today, there is practically no doubt about the need to use geological and dynamic models for the development of oil fields. Most of the world's companies actively use them and are guided by the results obtained as a result of their construction and calculations on them. At the same time, the value of creating integrated models of oil fields at a late stage of development among specialists in various fields raises many questions and doubts. In the work performed, an integrated model is understood as a combination of three models into a single calculation system: a geological and dynamic model of the field, models of all wells and a model of the surface development network. The latter includes both a production and transportation system and a system for injecting formation stimulation agents. Opinions differ on the need and feasibility of creating integrated models, since there are no statistics on their widespread use and the benefits obtained from this in the form of additional oil production or cost savings.This article shows the results of creating an integrated model of a large N oil field, which has been in operation for more than 60 years and is at a late stage of development. The work was carried out on the domestic software complex, during which the parameters of the initial information and factors affecting the quality of creating an integrated model were determined. When creating an integrated model, information about the real position of pipelines, their dimensional characteristics, as well as the reliability of measurements of wellhead pressures and volumes of pumped fluid are important. As a result of the construction and adaptation, the possibilities of practical application of the integrated model were determined, such as determining the state of pipelines and identifying bottlenecks in them. In the process of work, the database of various services is synchronized. In practice, the narrow section of the oil pipeline identified on the model was replaced, and additional oil production from the section was obtained. Thus, the value of creating an integrated model in the form of the actual result of its application in order to increase oil production is shown.

Micro-scale experimental investigations of CO2-WAG injection and Ostwald ripening analysis in carbonate rocks with different pore structures

Carbonate reservoirs are rich in hydrocarbon resources. However, carbonate reservoirs usually have strong pore structure heterogeneity, and thus it is necessary to understand the effect of heterogeneity on pore-scale fluid distributions during CO2 enhanced oil recover (CO2-EOR) process. We thus conducted water-alternating-gas (CO2-WAG) injection in the three carbonate samples with strong to weak heterogeneity. The 15 sets of images showed that the fractured-vuggy carbonate with the strongest heterogeneity had the highest additional oil recovery. CO2-WAG injection significantly changed the residual oil distribution, and further oil production can be achieved by increasing the number of CO2-WAG cycles. For CO2 geological storage, with the increase of carbonate heterogeneity, CO2 capillary-trapping capacity decreased, CO2 dissolution trapping potentiality decreased, but the stability of CO2 capillary trapping enhanced. These key parameters related to CO2 storage were described through the saturation of trapped gas, the types of trapped gas, and the surface area-volume relationship of CO2 clusters. For example, the higher amount of network gas is detrimental to the stability of CO2 capillary trapping because the network gas is easily displaced when the hydrodynamic force is enhanced. The specific surface area of CO2 cluster determines dissolution dynamics, and a higher specific surface area is beneficial for CO2 dissolution. Another interesting phenomenon - Ostwald ripening, is related to long-term CO2 transport. The CO2 concentration gradient in aquifer generates a vertically upward diffusive flux, causing CO2 remobilization. By calculating the height of the transition zone and the time to reach gravity-capillary pressure equilibrium, we found that as carbonate heterogeneity increased, the height of transition zone (the area where CO2 is trapped by capillary pressure) increased, while equilibrium time shortened. By comparing the results of previous gas-water two-phase flow experiments, we believe that the relationship between CO2 storage characteristics and carbonate heterogeneity summarized in this paper are universally applicable.

Effect of adding natural coconut oil on the antifungal, flexural strength, and hardness properties of heat cure acrylic resin (an in vitro study)

Purpose. This study's objective was to estimate the effect of various quantities of the addition of natural coconut oil according to concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) on the heat cured denture base material's anti-fungal, flexural strength, and hardness properties. Material and method. A total of 120 samples were created and (divided into three groups each groups contain forty samples) built regarding the attitude test: Candida albicans adherence test, flexural strength test, and hardness test. Next, each group was subdivided into three subgroups (control 0%, 1%, 2% and 3%) based on the various quantities of the added natural coconut oil, with (n=10 samples for each subgroup). Each group was assessed at 48 hours. One-way ANOVA and other statistical methods were used to analyze the data, Duncan and Dunnett’s tests for comparison means among all groups with control at p ≤0.05. Results. A One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean values of Candida albicans adherence, with the additive of natural coconut oil groups (1%, 2%) showing the highest antifungal effect compare with (3% additive groups). Adding 1% coconut oil had no significant difference on hardness and flexural strength, while adding 2% and 3% additive of coconut oil groups showed a significantly decrease than control groups at p ≤ (0.05). Conclusion. The antifungal properties of heat-cured acrylic resin are enhanced by the addition of coconut oil. However, when used in high concentrations (greater than 1%), it can result in a decrease in hardness and flexural strength.

Performance and Emission Control Testing in SI Engines by Using Tetra Butyl Alcohol and Camphor Oil Blends

Abstract: This paper proposes predicting the emission characteristics and performance of an 4 stroke petrol engine by using tetra butyl alcohol and camphor oil blends. For experimentation we had used tetra butyl alcohol as an alcohol additive and camphor oil as an oil-based additive. However, the experiments are performed in a 4 stroke 4-cylinder spark ignition engine at 5 different revolutions per minute such as 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800 and 2000 and also with three different loads such as 2, 6 and 10 kg with different range of blends, for alcohol such as 0 to 10 % with an interval of 2% and for camphor oil ranging from 0 to 5 ml. During experimentation I had found some parameters such as brake power, volumetric efficiency etc. Which really tells about behavior of additives and also engine. Results show that testing properties of five blends and also the tetra butyl alcohol, camphor oil with gasoline improves the emissions approximately to the petrol. During this study I had predicted accurately about the performance of spark ignition engine and it’s emission characteristics

Synthesis and application of polyer additive system for reducing the pour point depressant of crude oil in exploitation, transportation

Problems encountered when exploiting and transporting crude oil containing solid paraffins is that it easily crystallizes under normal temperature, causing many challenges such as paraffin wax deposition, reduced flow rate, gel formation, loss of pipe pressure... When the crude oil temperature is below the wax appearance temperature (WAT), paraffin will precipitate and separate from the oil. Many solutions that have been and are being used such as insulation, mechanical, thermal, chemical methods, using wax inhibitors - pour point depressants (PPD) and dispersants... The method of using additives to increase solidification temperature or inhibit wax, improve the rheology of crude oil and reduce paraffin deposition is considered one of the most effective method. In this study, polymers made from a combination of three monomers, behenyl acrylate, stearyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate, were studied to find the most optimal combination for the purpose of manufacturing pour point lowering additives for oils.

Development of technology for intensification of oil production using emulsion based on natural gasoline and solutions of nitrite compounds

This article focuses on the issue of enhancing oil production by eliminating asphalt, resin, and paraffin deposits (ARPD). These deposits pose significant challenges, including equipment clogging, reduced well productivity, and increased maintenance costs. Moreover, paraffin deposits can damage well equipment, cause accidents, and halt hydrocarbon production. The study involved laboratory and field experiments at the Uzen field to evaluate the efficiency of removing and dissolving paraffin using an emulsion composed of gas gasoline and nitrite compound solutions. Previous studies conducted at NGDU Uzenneft were critically analyzed for comparison. The scientific innovation of this research lies in the development of an emulsion based on gas gasoline and nitrite compound solutions to remove ARPD. The composition was designed to exclude highly aggressive components. It utilized a previously developed emulsion base and incorporated ammonium nitrite, slightly acidified with hydrogen chloride (0.1% by mass), to promote an exothermic reaction.The effectiveness of this technology was measured by changes in daily oil production rates, the duration of the treatment's effect, and changes in the well productivity coefficient before and after treatment.Results indicate that the developed technology successfully removed paraffin from the bottomhole zone of oil wells and increased oil production in 5 out of 6 wells at the Uzen field. The positive effect lasted 17-27 days, with oil inflow increasing by 17-174%. This led to a total additional oil production of 1528 tons from the five wells. Keywords: bottomhole formation zone; asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits; nitrite composition; surfactants; enhanced oil recovery.