OHI-S Index Research Articles

Evaluation of the impact of specific oral health parameters on the quality of life in children with rare disorders of phosphorus-calcium metabolism

Relevance. Understanding the impact of oral health problems on the quality of life in children with rare metabolic disorders that affect mineral metabolism is critically important.Materials and methods. An oral health assessment was conducted on 59 children aged 6 to 17 years with rare diseases affecting mineral metabolism, each with a genetically confirmed diagnosis. The children were divided into two study groups: the first group (24 children) comprised those with bone mineralization disorders (hypophosphatemic rickets, hypophosphatasia), while the second group (35 children) included those with disorders of bone and cartilage formation (osteogenesis imperfecta, Marfan syndrome, achondroplasia, etc.). The clinical condition of the children's dental tissues was assessed by evaluating oral hygiene levels and caries intensity in permanent teeth, using the OHI-S and DMFT indices, respectively. The pufa/PUFA index was used to document complications arising from dental caries. To assess the perception of oral health problems, a survey was administered to parents and legal guardians using the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) questionnaire.Results. The average DMFT and OHI-S index values did not show statistically significant differences, with values of 4.26 ± 0.28 and 1.96 ± 0.15 in the first group, and 3.76 ± 0.40 and 1.75 ± 0.10 in the second group, respectively. However, the mean pufa/PUFA index values were significantly higher in children with bone and cartilage formation disorders (p = 0.003), being three times greater than those in the group with bone mineralization disorders, with values of 1.03 ± 0.18 and 0.30 ± 0.11, respectively. This increase was associated with higher correlation coefficients between the DMFT and PUFA indices and the modules for physical discomfort, oral functional status, and emotional well-being, with values of 0.38 and 0.41, and 0.49 and 0.27, compared to 0.07 and 0.02, and 0.29 and -0.21 in the first group. These differences were statistically significant at p < 0.05 and p < 0.005.Conclusion. The study revealed that existing oral health conditions have the greatest impact on the quality of life in children with rare diseases affecting bone and cartilage formation.

The impact of probiotic supplementation on dental and general health metrics in pediatric populations

Relevance. Acute respiratory infections account for over 90% of infectious diseases in children. These children are classified as frequently ill, representing a significant concern in contemporary pediatrics. The presence of odontogenic infections further depletes their immunity and acts as a persistent source of sensitisation for the child's body.Materials and methods. A clinical-laboratory longitudinal prospective study was conducted on 477 children aged 12 and 15 years. The children were categorised into groups based on their risk of developing caries (minimal, moderate, high). Oral health status was assessed using the DMF index, oral hygiene was evaluated using the OHI-S index, and periodontal tissue condition was assessed using the PMA index. The activity of cariogenic flora aggression enzymes was measured by the level of salivary sialidase. The child's health status was evaluated using the infection index and the recurrence index. The schoolchildren were recommended a course of a preparation consisting of a combination of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius M18 (at least 5 x 10^8 CFU) and vitamin D3 (320 IU or 8 µg of vitamin D3) at a dosage of one tablet per day, taken sublingually, for two months twice a year.Results. The study identified moderate correlations between salivary sialidase levels and several indicators, including the gingivitis index, the quantity of dental plaque, and the increase in sialidase activity in saliva. The level of salivary sialidase is regarded as a marker for plaque formation and the extent of periodontal tissue inflammation. Comprehensive oral sanitation, coupled with the strategic use of immunoprophylactic agents, resulted in significant improvements in oral health indicators (OHI-S, PMA, caries reduction) and specific child health metrics (infection index, recurrence index). Additionally, there was a notable reduction in salivary sialidase levels. The method demonstrated the highest efficacy in 12-year-old children who were at high risk of developing caries.Conclusion. The obtained data should be considered when planning individual therapeutic and preventive measures for schoolchildren with varying risks of developing caries and differing overall health statuses. Probiotic-based preparations should be incorporated into these measures.

EFFICACY OF OPTIMIZED REMINERALIZING THERAPY IN POST-COVID-19 PATIENTS: EVALUATION OF RESULTS

Data from Ukrainian researchers confirm that the prevalence of dental caries, even among young people, remains too high, reaching 95-98%. Fortunately, dental caries is reversible in the early stages of the disease, and it is possible to slow down the demineralization of enamel and dentin by inhibiting the formation of biofilm and the action of protective factors of saliva. The most interesting macronutrients that attracted our attention during the study were calcium and phosphorus, which play a key role in the mineralizing function of saliva and are the main structural elements of enamel hydroxyapatites. The results of our study indicate that the enamel mineralization processes are disturbed in patients with COVID-19. To correct the identified disorders and prevent the occurrence and development of carious lesions, we applied an improved algorithm of prophylaxis of dental enamel diseases using remineralizing therapy. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of the optimized method of remineralization by studying the dynamics of dental parameters in patients after 6 and 12 months. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, 84 patients were monitored and divided into two equivalent groups: the main group, which included 42 patients who used our proposed preventive method, and the comparison group, which also consisted of 42 patients who were prescribed conventional preventive measures. Research results and discussion. The results obtained after one year of observation of patients with COVID-19 showed significant effectiveness of our proposed method. The increase in caries intensity in the main group after 6 months was 0.39±0.06, and after 12 months 0.44±0.06, while the corresponding index of the comparison group was higher both after 6 months (0.58±0.07) and after 12 months (0.78±0.05). Decrease in caries intensity allowed to establish a significant improvement in oral health in patients in all subgroups. The most significant values were observed after 12 months (66.67%, 37.18%, 28.21% for each subgroup, respectively). The study of oral hygiene using the OHI-S index showed the following results: after 12 months, the patients of the first and second subgroups had corresponding values of 0.67±0.05 and 0.69±0.06, which, according to the interpretation, referred to good hygiene; the patients of the third subgroup were distinguished by the transition to satisfactory hygiene (1.17±0.09) from the initial data of unsatisfactory hygiene (2.46±0.08). Evaluation of enamel resistance according to the TER test revealed a significant migration of indicators towards high and medium resistance: it should be noted that enamel caries resistance in patients with a history of severe form underwent significant changes and decreased to 6.48±0.24 points (from baseline 8.63±0.38), while in patients diagnosed with mild to moderate severity was 2.52±0.19 points (from baseline 4.15±0.22) and 4.68±0.25 (from baseline 6.29±0.31). Conclusions. The results of the analysis of patients' examination during one year of Tooth Mousse gel application for the prevention of dental caries with the use of individual mouth guards confirm the effectiveness of the conducted measures among patients with COVID-19 of different severity.

CARIES PREVENTION IN CHILDREN WITH INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of the developed complex measures for the prevention of dental caries in children with infectious mononucleosis. Materials and methods. To determine the effectiveness of preventive measures over time, 34 children with infectious mononucleosis (main group) and 32 practically healthy children (comparison group) were observed for 2 years. Prevention in the children of the main group was carried out according to the scheme of developed measures, while in the children of the comparison group, it followed regional protocols for providing dental care. Results. During two years of observation, the intensity of dental caries in children who received the developed preventive complex increased more slowly than in children who received the usual preventive measures. After two years, caries intensity in the children of the main group was 5.23±0.21 teeth, which was 1.13 times less than in the children of the comparison group (5.95±0.27 teeth, p˂0.05). The increase in dental caries intensity in children of the main group during the entire observation period was 1.02±0.12 teeth, which was 1.72 times less than in children who did not receive the developed preventive complex (1.75±0.18 teeth, p˂0.05). After two years, the state of oral hygiene according to the OHI-S index in the children of the main group was assessed as satisfactory (1.63±0.09 points, p˂0.05). However, in children who did not receive the developed therapeutic and preventive measures, the Green-Vermillion index was almost 1.4 times higher than in the main group (2.21±0.07 points, p˂0.05), corresponding to unsatisfactory oral hygiene. Conclusions. Therefore, two years of observation using the developed preventive complex showed that in children with dental caries and infectious mononucleosis who received preventive measures, there was a decrease in dental caries intensity and an improvement in oral hygiene, indicating the high effectiveness of our proposed preventive algorithm.

Periodontal changes induced by fixed orthodontic therapy.

Orthodontic therapy is a complex process involving a series of specialists in the dental field: the oral-maxillo-facial surgeon, the periodontologist, sometimes even the prosthetist, implantologist, or general practitioners. The injuries of the oral mucosa induced by orthodontic therapy include gingival overgrowths, traumatic lesions of the oral mucosa, different degrees of periodontal damage manifested by gingival retraction, alveolar bone resorption. From a total of 327 subjects who came to the Dental Clinic in Craiova 74 subjects were selected, who presented with gingival overgrowth associated with fixed orthodontic therapy. Subjects' age ranged from 14 to 56 years and experienced bleeding and gingival discomfort as well as alterations in physiognomic function. None of the patients included in the study have systemic diseases and are not under medical treatment. The clinical and statistical study took place between May 2022 and December 2023. Each patient was given a personal record containing personal data as well as oral and systemic health status. The examination of the periodontal status aimed at the evaluation of the following indices: assessment of oral hygiene using the OHI-S index and the O'Leary plaque index, assessment of superficial periodontal status using the Löe/Silness gingival inflammation index, periodontometry was performed in order to determine the depth of periodontal pockets, the level of gingival insertion, and the McGaw gingival overgrowth index. OHI-S index comprises two elements: the Debris Index and the Calculus Index. The purpose of our study is to present the incidence of cases of gingival overgrowth induced by fixed orthodontic therapy and to highlight how certain irritating factors can exacerbate the symptoms of gingival overgrowth of orthodontic etiology. The majority of patients were female, aged between 30 and 55 years. Most clinically examined patients have presented with Grade II gingival hyperplasia. Factors that have exacerbated the symptoms of orthodontically induced gingival overgrowth include: incorrectly adapted prosthetic restorations, unpolished massive coronal fillings, root remnants, bacterial plaque, and tartar. Clinical examination of the oral cavity revealed the presence of gingival inflammation (localized or generalized), simple or complicated, treated and untreated odontal lesions, and coronal fillings made of light-curing composite material of significant size, being unfinished and unpolished, sometimes with sharp edges directly injuring the adjacent gingival mucosa, marginally incorrectly adapted prosthetic works. In the case of child and adolescent patients, significant amounts of bacterial plaque and tartar buildup were observed. In most of the cases examined, it was observed that the gingival overgrowth had a firm consistency, pinkish-reddish colour and gingival bleeding was evident during probing. Gingival overgrowth caused by orthodontics induces a number of important periodontal changes. It is worth noting that gingival overgrowth induced by fixed orthodontic therapy, in most of the cases examined, co-exists with favouring factors that amplify its severity. In our study, the favouring factors were bacterial plaque and calculus accumulation, sharp-edged odontal lesions, marginally ill-fitting prosthetic restorations or massive unfinished crown fillings. Therefore, removing the contributing factors can help improve the symptoms but also to reverse the inflammatory phenomena.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN PEMELIHARAAN KESEHATAN GIGI TERHADAP KONDISI INDEKS OHIS PADA SISWA DIKTUBA SPN POLDA KALSEL

Background: Dental and oral health problems in Indonesia are quite high based on the 2018 Riskesdas data. According to Blum's theory, the high number of dental and oral health problems can be caused by four main factors which include behavior, environment, health services and heredity which are based on a lack of knowledge about the importance of maintaining dental and oral health. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship of knowledge about maintaining dental health and oral hygiene conditions in students of the SPN Polda South Kalimantan dictuba. Methods: This research is an analytic observational study with a cross sectional approach. The sampling technique used simple random sampling with a total sample of 35 people. Test analysis using the SPSS application with the somers'd method. Results: The results of the study showed that knowledge of dental and oral health was a good level of knowledge and the OHIS index was included in the good category. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the knowledge of dental health maintenance with the OHIS index on students of the South Kalimantan Regional Police SPN Diktaba.Keywords : Knowledge, Maintenence, OHIS, Police

INDEX ASSESSMENT OF PERIODONTAL TISSUE AND ORAL HYGIENE OF PATIENTS AT THE PREOPERATIVE STAGE OF TREATMENT OF GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS II-III DEGREE

A significant concern in modern dentistry is the increasing prevalence of periodontitis among the Ukrainian population. At present, there is a high frequency of diagnosis for initial-І degree and II-degree periodontitis in our country. However, a comprehensive comparative chronological analysis of index evaluation of periodontal tissues before the beginning of surgical treatment of generalized periodontitis of II and III degree of severity and after its completion has not yet been carried out, which determined the relevance of this study. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap in the literature.
 The aim of the study was to evaluate the state of periodontal tissues of patients at the preoperative stage of generalized periodontitis ІІ-ІІІІ degree treatment using periodontal and hygienic indices.
 Materials and Methods. Analysis of periodontal indices (PMA, PBI, Rtg-index, HEC, and tooth mobility
 score) was performed in 39 patients with GP II degree and 21 patients with GP III degree. Assessment of oral cavity hygiene by the OHI-S index was performed in patients with GP II-III degree and compared with data from 30 practically healthy people without dental diseases. The classification of M.F. Danilevsky (1994) with the additions of I.S. Mashchenko (2002) was used to evaluate the condition of periodontal tissues. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out using the software packages for statistical analysis of data from biomedical research “Microsoft Excel” and “Statistica”.
 Results and Discussion. As a result of the study, it was found that the values of periodontal indices: PMA ranged from 49.90±2.28% in patients with GP II degree to 64.25±3.22% in patients with GP III degree, p<0.01; PBI in patients with GP III degree was 1.2 times lower than in patients with GP II degree (2.39±0.05 points vs. 2.86±0.07 points, p<0.01; tooth mobility in patients with GP II degree was 2.00±0.10 points and was 1.5 times lower than in patients with GP III degree (2. 98±0.13 points), p<0.01; the value of HEC in patients with GP III degree was 1.5 times higher than in patients with GP II degree (3.57±0.10 mm vs. 2.45±0.08 mm, p<0.01); the values of Rtg-index in patients with GP ranged from 2.45±0.08 points in patients with GP II degree to 1.49±0.06 points in patients with GP III degree. According to the OHI-S index, in the control group and in patients with GP II degree, the values of the analyzed parameter were 1.82±0.13 points and 2.26±0.14 points, p<0. 05, while in patients with GP III degree the value of OHI-S index (2.92±0.16 points) corresponded to poor hygiene of oral cavity and exceeded the value in the control group by 1.6 times, p<0.01, and in patients with GP II degree by 1.3 times, p1<0.01.
 Conclusions. Thus, the need for comprehensive treatment of GP II-III degree was emphasized by high index scores of periodontal indices, which in patients with GP III degree were significantly higher compared with similar data in patients with GP II degree, p<0.01. The assessment of the hygienic state of the oral cavity in patients of both the comparison group and patients with advanced forms of GP degree the need to strengthen and improve individual, professional and motivational measures in this cohort of subjects.

Impact of Bisphosphonate Therapy on Oral Health in Patients with Breast and Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases: A Comprehensive Study.

This study investigates the impact of bisphosphonate therapy on the stomatognathic system in 80 patients with cancer of the breast and prostate with bone metastases. Bisphosphonates are integral for managing skeletal complications in these malignancies but are associated with bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), affecting 0.8-18.5% of patients. BRONJ manifests with pain, neuropathy, tissue swelling, mucosal ulceration, tooth mobility, and abscesses, yet its pathogenesis remains elusive, complicating risk prediction. The research employed comprehensive dental and radiological evaluations. Dental status was assessed using DMFT and OHI-S indices, Eichner's classification, and clinical periodontal measurements like the pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and modified Sulcus Bleeding Index (mSBI). A radiological analysis included panoramic X-rays for radiomorphometric measurements and TMJ lateral radiographs. Results indicated a significant decline in oral hygiene in patients with cancer after bisphosphonate therapy, marked by increased DMFT and OHI-S scores. Periodontal health also showed deterioration, with increased PD and CAL readings. The incidence of BRONJ symptoms was noted, although exact figures are not quantified in this abstract. The study also revealed changes in radiomorphometric parameters, suggesting bisphosphonates' impact on bone density and structure. No substantial alterations were observed in TMJ function, indicating a need for extended observation to understand bisphosphonates' long-term effects on the stomatognathic system. These findings highlight the importance of continuous dental monitoring and prophylaxis in patients undergoing bisphosphonate therapy. Implementing meticulous oral care protocols is essential for mitigating BRONJ risk and managing the complex oral health challenges in patients with cancer.

Effectiveness of oral health education on oral hygiene status among adult male inmates in central jail, Kolkata – an interventional study

PurposeOral health is an integral part of general health. Different population groups have been assessed for oral health status in India, but still, many have been neglected; one such group is the prisoners. The prison population is a unique and challenging one with many health problems, including poor oral health, which may be due to lack of knowledge about good oral health practices. This study aims to assess effectiveness of oral health education on oral health knowledge, attitude and practices and oral hygiene status among the male prison inmates of central jail in Kolkata, India.Design/methodology/approachAn interventional study was done among 240 male convicts. The data was elicited using a structured proforma; oral health status was assessed by recording OHI-S index, and the severity of gingivitis was assessed by recording the gingival index. Oral health education was delivered by using audio-visual aid. Oral health knowledge, attitude, practices and oral hygiene and gingival status were reassessed among the inmates before and after dental education at the end of three and six months.FindingsA significant change in oral health knowledge, attitude and practices was seen, which in turn resulted in an appreciable decrease in the mean gingival index score (1.73 ± 0.382 to 1.20 ± 0.321) and OHI-S (3.31 ± 0.815 to 2.57 ± 0.551) in all the inmates after oral health education program over the period of time.Originality/valueThe oral health education with reinforcement proved to be an effective tool to instil good oral hygiene practices in the inmates.

СПЕКТР МИКРОФЛОРЫ ПАРОДОНТАЛЬНОГО КАРМАНА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ПАРОДОНТИТОМ СРЕДНЕЙ СТЕПЕНИ ТЯЖЕСТИ

The purpose of the study. To evaluate the quantitative composition of the microflora of the periodontal pocket in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. Materials and methods. The study group included 39 patients, of which: 41% (16/39) were men, 59% (23/39) were women, with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity at the age of 48.9±2.3 years. To determine the dental status, clinical research methods were used (questioning, examination), determination of the Green-Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), (PMA) modified by Parma, the Mulleman-Cowell bleeding index, the degree of pathological tooth mobility was determined using the Miller scale (Miller) modified by Flesar, the complex periodontal index (CPI), identified furcation defects according to the classification of Lindhe J. (1983).Quantitative assessment of the periodontal pockets microflora was performed. Reagent kits “RIBO-prep” (Next-Bio LLC, Russia), DENTOSKRIN® (NPF Litech LLC, Russia) were used to isolate RNA/DNA from clinical material and subsequent analysis by polymerase chain reaction. Spectrum of identifiable bacteria: Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia.The results of the study and their discussion. Fusobacterium nucleatum was found in 84.6% (33) of patients in periodontal pockets, 30.8% (12) – Treponema denticola, 28.2% (11) – Prevotella intermedia, 17.9% (7) – Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porhyromonas endodontalis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was isolated only in 5.1% (2) of individuals, Tannerella forsythia – in 2.6% (1). Combinations of 4 microorganisms were detected in 20.5% (8), from 3 - in 12.8% (5), from 2 - 15.4% (6). In 12.8% (5) of the examined patients were not isolated from any of the studied periodontal pathogens. When checking correlations between the level of hygiene and the number of pathogenic microorganisms detected, a moderate direct relationship was established between the value of the OHI-S index and the amount of Fusobacterium nucleatum r=0.36 (p<0.05) and Prevotella intermedia r=0.30 (p<0.05), as well as a moderate direct relationship between the value of the PMA index and the amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis r=0.33 (p<0.05), Porphyromonas endodontalis r=0.31 (p<0.05), Prevotella intermedia r=0.30.Conclusion. In patients with chronic periodontitis of moderate severity, a microbial biofilm is formed on the surface of the periodontium, represented by anaerobic bacteria. In periodontal pockets, the amount of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia increases with the deterioration of the hygienic condition of the oral cavty. With the development of inflammation in the gum tissues, periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis are more often detected, having more aggressive invasive and toxic properties in relation to periodontal tissues.

Порівняльна клінічна характеристика застосування цифрових і аналогових відбитків на якість непрямих реставрацій у пацієнтів із дефектами твердих тканин жувальних зубів у різні терміни спостереження

Introduction. Diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth are recognized as one of the most common dental diseases. These are mainly dental caries, congenital defects, fractures, fluorosis or acid erosion. Production of indirect restorations, which require taking impressions of the jaws, is one of the most common methods of restoring the hard tissues of the tooth when they are significantly destroyed. In today’s era of growing interest in digital dentistry, researchers are still undecided as to whether a digital impression provides the same accuracy as a conventional impression for making indirect restorations. Goal. To conduct a comparative characterization of the use of digital and analog impressions on the quality of indirect restorations in patients with defects of the hard tissues of chewing teeth at different follow-up periods. Research material and methods. The research involved 58 patients aged 25-60 years who applied to the Department of Stomatology of the P. L. Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine for the purpose of orthopedic treatment of 79 defects of the hard tissues of the lateral teeth with destruction of 50-60% of their occlusal surface. In the course of orthopedic rehabilitation, patients were made indirect restorations - ceramic inlays using E. MAX Press material (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein, Germany). The research group was further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the method of obtaining the impression. Subgroup A included patients who underwent digital scanning of a one-stage two-phase silicone impression, and subgroup B included patients who underwent impression removal using an intraoral digital impression system (TRIOS®, 3shape). The degree of destruction of the occlusal surface of chewing teeth and the choice of indirect restoration was carried out using the index of destruction of the occlusal surface of chewing teeth for I and II class according to Black (IROPZ). The clinical quality of indirect restorations was evaluated 1 week after the installation of the restoration and at long-term periods (12, 24, 36 months) using visual-instrumental control and according to the recommendations of the revised FDI criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect dental restorations (2023). The presence of inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues was determined using the gingivitis index, the presence of dental plaque was determined using the OHI-S index (Green-Vermillion, 1964), the gingival sulcus bleeding index (SVI) was determined according to the Miihlemann and Son method before indirect restorations, during 1 week, 12 month and 24 month visits after cementation. Conclusion. Dental restorations made using digital impressions showed similar marginal discrepancy as restorations made using traditional impression methods (P>0.05). Lateral masticatory restorations fabricated by intraoral scanning using CAD/ CAM technology have acceptable results in terms of periodontal tissue condition, color, contour, marginal adaptation, and occlusion. Although both direct and indirect digitization have been shown to be equally effective, digital impressions have shown advantages in patient acceptance of the procedure. They take less time for both the doctor and the patient and facilitate the digital workflow. No significant difference was found between conventional and digital displays in the accuracy of the 3D data sets. Key words: defects of hard dental tissues, indirect restorations, digital and traditional impression, inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues, marginal adaptation.

Характеристика слизистой оболочки рта пациентов с вирусным гепатитом В до и после проведенного комплексного лечения

50 patients were examined to assess the state of the oral mucosa in patients with viral hepatitis B before and after complex treatment. Complex treatment included local dental, etiotropic treatment and topical application of the Brefovil probiotic. After the end of the treatment, there was a significant improvement in the condition of the oral mucosa, with a decrease in pathognomonic symptoms. The hygienic state of the oral cavity according to the OHI-S index also improved after the complex treatment.

Lidhshmëria ndërmjet të ardhurave mujore dhe shëndetit oral te fëmijët e komunitetit rom, ashkali dhe egjiptas në Kosovë

The purpose of the research was to evaluate the impact of monthly income on oral health in children of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities in Kosovo. Two hundred and one children participated in this research, in which the OHI index for permanent teeth was evaluated in cor- relation with monthly income. For H = 8.19 and p < 0.05 a significant difference was found between plaque index and monthly income. Also, for F = 3.42 and p < 0.05 there is a significant difference between the gingival index value of permanent teeth and monthly income. Economic condi- tions are among the main factors of oral health in the chil- dren of this community.

The relationship between oral and dental health and appendicitis

Aims: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the scores of the “Simplified Oral Hygiene Index” (OHI-S) indicating poor oral hygiene and the “Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth” (DMFT) index indicating oral health impairment, and acute appendicitis (AA).
 Methods: Eighty four patients who were operated on with the diagnosis of acute appendicitis between April 2022 and May 2023 were included. The control group included 32 individuals without a history of appendectomy. In our study, oral health was evaluated using the DMFT and OHI-S indices. The DMFT index is one of the indices quantifying dental health status based on the number of cavities. OHI-S is an index used to evaluate oral hygiene.
 Results: The OHI-S index scores of the patients with AA were significantly higher than those of the control group (3.53±1.43, 2.56±1.24, p

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Herbal and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Gingival Health.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a chemical mouthwash that has been considered the gold standard, but has its drawbacks. When used for a longer duration, it produces taste alteration and staining on the tooth surfaces. Nowadays, herbal extracts from plants have been widely used as they possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and analgesic actions. A group of 45 healthy subjects in the age group of 19-35 years were selected and randomly divided into three groups, Group A - Himalaya complete care mouthwash, Group B - CHX mouthwash, Group C - Distilled water as a control group. Gingival index and plaque index, OHI-s index, and Ainamo and Bay index for bleeding were recorded. Subjects received complete supragingival scaling at baseline and were instructed to use 10 ml of mouthwashes twice a day in their group. Variables were again recorded on the seventh and 14th day after the use of mouthwashes, and data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Posthoc and ANOVA tests were used for statistical analysis. It was found that both CHX and herbal mouthwash proved to be more effective than placebo in maintaining gingival health. There was no significant difference between the test group on gingival health. Herbal mouthwash is an effective alternative to CHX mouthwash, in the light of the reported side effects of CHX mouthwash.

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN BEHAVIOR AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC OF PARENTS AND OHI-S IN CHILDREN

Background: Based on Basic Health Research in 2018, children aged 5-9 years in South Kalimantan experienced tooth decay, cavities, or pain of 56.17%. Parents have an important role in forming the behavior of school-age children. Children will imitate the behavior of their parents. Purpose: Analyzing the correlation between parents' behavior and socioeconomic status of parents and OHI-S in children. Method: This study used an analytical research method with a cross-sectional approach. The number of samples in this study was 43 samples. The sample was determined by purposive sampling. The data collection techniques were conducted directly on parents and students at the Elementary School of Pemurus Dalam 1 Banjarmasin who met the inclusion criteria. The research instrument used was a questionnaire to measure the behavior and socioeconomic of parents. OHI-S was assessed based on the OHI-S index. Result: The data were analyzed using the Spearman test. The value significant was ρ=0.034 (ρ<0.05) for the behavior correlation of parents and OHI-S in children and the significant value was ρ=0.383 (ρ>0.05) for the socio-economic correlation of parents and OHI-S in children. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the behavior of parents on OHI-S in children and there is no significant relationship between the socioeconomic status of parents on OHI-S in children.Keywords: behavioral, children, OHI-S, socioeconomic

КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ХРОНИЧЕСКОГО ПРОСТОГО МАРГИНАЛЬНОГО ГИНГИВИТА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СПРЕЯ ОТ КРОВОТОЧИВОСТИ ДЕСЕН «ДЕНТАБАЛАНС®» — СИНБИОТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО STREPTOCOCUS THERMOPHILUS ЛИЗАТ И ПРЕБИОТИКИ (МНОГОЦЕНТРОВОЕ КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ)

Subject. The subject of the study is the anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque effect of spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex in the treatment of chronic simple marginal gingivitis.
 Objectives. The aim of the study is to conduct a clinical evaluation of spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex in the complex treatment and hygienic oral care in patients with chronic simple marginal gingivitis (CSMG).
 Methodology. A pilot open prospective non-randomized multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque effects of spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex in the treatment of CSMG. The sample consisted of 99 patients aged 20–33 years with CSMG in localized or generalized form, who used spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex including lysate from Streptococcus Thermophilus and prebiotics 2 times a day for 4 weeks on their own in-home therapy mode. The condition of the gum and oral hygiene was evaluated clinically and objectified indexically (BoP, OHI-S) at 3 observation points: initially, 7 and 28 days after the start of observation.
 Results. Based on the results of a short-term clinical study, a reliable anti-inflammatory and anti-plaque effect of spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex was determined. The anti-inflammatory effect was objectified by a significant decrease in the BoP index by 44.7% on the 7th day and by 33.5% additionally on the 28th day of observation. The cleansing effect on the OHI-S index increased from 16.87% on the 7th day of observation to 55.41% at its final stage. The expediency of using spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex in the complex treatment of CSMG is pathogenetically substantiated, the advantages and prospects of its use in periodontal practice are established.
 Conclusion. The effectiveness and safety of the spray against gum bleeding «DentaBalance®» synbiotic complex including lysate from Streptococcus Thermophilus and prebiotics for hygienic oral care and effective relief of gum inflammation symptoms in patients with CSMG has been pathogenetically substantiated and clinically proven.

THE INFLUENCE OF 3D POP-UP STORYBOOK IN THE OHIS, DMFT, DMFT, DENTAL HEALTH KNOWLEDGE & BEHAVIOR OF GRADE 1 STUDENT AT SDN BAKALANKRAJAN 2

Background: Caries is one of the serious health problems, especially in elementary school students. According to Riskesdas in 2018, Indonesian children aged 5-6 years categorized in severe early childhood caries. After the covid cases have decreased in Indonesia , health promotion was held again in the school. Storybook is one of the media that can be used for health promotion in children, with attractive storyline and pictures as well. Purpose: To identify the influence of “Si Gilang dan Ramuan Ajaib'' 3D Pop-Up storybook in the OHI-S, DMFT, dmft index, dental health knowledge and behavior of grade 1 students at SDN Bakalankrajan 2. Methods: This was a numerical comparative study with a cross-sectional approach. The population were grade 1 elementary school students in SDN Bakalankrajan 2 in Malang. Results: After 3D Pop-Up storybook intervention twice time and after 30 days follow-up, there is a change in the OHIS, DMFT, dmft, knowledge and tooth brushing behavior compare to the score before intervention. The OHIS index has increased (p=0,000), DMFT index has decreased (p=0,974), the dmft index have increase quite high (p=0,106), knowledge level and tooth brushing behavior has increased on average quite well (p=0,024). Conclusion: Education intervention using a 3D pop-up children's storybook entitled "Si Gilang dan Ramuan Ajaib" and introducing a 21-day morning and night toothbrush calendar to students contributed to increasing the oral hygiene index (OHIS), decreasing the caries index in permanent teeth (DMFT), increasing caries index in deciduous teeth (dmft), increasing dental health knowledge level and toothbrushing behavior of grade 1 students of SDN Bakalan Krajan 2.

Possible Risk Factors for Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children Who Suffered Traumatic Dental Injury.

Children who undergo painful experiences such as traumatic dental injury (TDI) during their early years are more likely to be at an increased risk of developing dental fear and anxiety (DFA). The purpose of this study was to identify potential risk factors for DFA of these children. The study participants were 220 parents/caregivers and their children who experienced TDI. Their socio-demographic backgrounds were investigated with the modified WHO Oral Health Questionnaire for Children that included questions about parents' knowledge and attitudes, while the DFA level was determined using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S Index) was used to assess oral hygiene status. The confirmed risk factors are parental knowledge, female gender, and degree of oral hygiene and pain in the last three months, while age, type of TDI, presence of soft-tissue injury, and number of subjective complaints were not confirmed. The overall model predicted approximately 54% of variance in DFA, R2 = 0.545, F (4.215) = 64.28 p < 0.001. These findings emphasise the importance of addressing pain management, improving oral hygiene, and enhancing parental knowledge to mitigate DFA in children with TDIs.

Efficacy of Chewable Brush Compared to Manual Brush in School Going Children of Age Group 10-12 Years.

Chewable toothbrushes were compared to traditional manual toothbrushes in terms of their ability to remove plaque and their impact on salivary pH in a sample of school-aged children. The sample size for this research was 200 youngsters aged 10-12. Saliva was collected by spitting into a clean container, and the pH levels were measured using color-coded pH strips to determine where the person was starting from. The plaque score was measured using the OHI-S index after the application of the disclosing agent. The pH and plaque scores were also recalculated after brushing to see how they had changed after surgery. Results indicated that both manual and chewable brushes significantly improved post-brushing pH ratings (P = 0.001), and that plaque scores decreased (P = 0.001). When compared to conventional manual toothbrushes, the chewable brush was much more successful in reducing plaque and elevating salivary pH (P = 0.001). As a result, parents may offer their kids a chewable toothbrush to help them maintain good oral hygiene after lunch and on lengthy car trips, when they would not have time to wash their teeth properly.