Offspring Of Hypertensive Parents Research Articles

Effect of parental hypertension on heart rate variability

Background: Nowadays, pre-hypertension is common in young adults, especially children of hypertensive parents who are more prone to it. One of the earliest signs of hypertension is sympathovagal imbalance, which can be detected by heart rate variability (HRV) even at a subclinical stage. This study helps us to analyze HRV among the offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents. Aims and Objectives: The objective is to compare and analyze HRV among offspring of hypertensive parents and normotensive parents. Materials and Methods: 60 healthy young adolescent males (age 18–20 years) were involved in the study. Out of which 30 are offspring of hypertensive parents, 30 are offspring of non-hypertensive parents. HRVs were recorded. Results were tabulated and analyzed by the student “t” test. Results: Low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) ratio, normalized high frequency (HFnu), and normalized low frequency (LFnu) values were compared between offspring of hypertensive parents and normotensive parents. It was found to be significant by the student “t” test [“P” < 0.05]. Conclusion: In my study, an increased LF/HF ratio and LFnu and decreased HFnu were noted in the offspring of hypertensive parents. It denotes a sympathovagal imbalance. The autonomic nervous system can be accurately assessed by HRV, which is helpful for the early diagnosis of hypertension. Early diagnosis of hypertension in high-risk people using HRV is helpful to avoid further cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.

Acute effect of various dosages of sugar ingestion on vascular function in offspring of hypertensive and normotensive parents.

We aimed to study vascular function in healthy men with a parental history of hypertension compared to those without. Acute effect of various dosages of sugar ingestion on vascular function was also investigated in both groups. Thirty-two healthy men were recruited and divided into two groups, offspring of hypertensive parents (OHT) and offspring of normotensive parents (ONT). Participants were orally given 15, 30, and 60 g of sucrose solution compared to water. Peak forearm blood flow (FBF), forearm vascular resistance (FVR), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and oxidative stress markers were measured at baseline and after sucrose intake at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. At baseline, peak FBF was significantly lower (22.40 ± 1.18 vs. 25.24 ± 0.63 ml × dl -1 × min -1 , P < 0.001), FVR was significantly higher (3.73 ± 0.42 vs. 3.30 ± 0.26 mmHg × ml -1 × dl × min, P = 0.002), and PWV was significantly faster (6.31 ± 0.59 vs. 5.78 ± 0.61 m/s, P = 0.017) in OHT than ONT. After each sucrose intake, peak FBF significantly declined and was lowest at 30 min in both groups. The reduction in peak FBF was seen in all doses of sucrose and the higher dose of sucrose intervened, the longer reduction in peak FBF observed. Vascular function was attenuated in healthy men with a family history of hypertension and became worse after sucrose ingestion even at the low dose. Our findings suggest that the ones, especially those with a parental history of hypertension, should reduce sugar consumption as low as possible.

A study of post exercise hypotension in normotensive offspring of hypertensives after acute exercise.

Post exercise hypotension (PEH) is a well-known entity in hypertensive and borderline hypertensive patients. Since the results are inconsistent in normotensives and there is a genetic predisposition of the individuals to hypertension, we hypothesized that PEH is expected to occur in those normotensives who are offspring of hypertensive parents. In this study, we therefore aimed to compare the magnitude of PEH after an acute bout of moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE) in the offspring of hypertensives vs. offspring of normotensives. Sixty normotensive participants of both genders (male and female in equal proportion), aged 18-40 yr, were divided into two groups based on their family history of hypertension. The cases (Group 1, n=30) consisted of the normotensives who were offspring of hypertensive parents while the normotensives who were offspring of normotensive parents were taken as the controls (Group 2, n=30). The hypertensive patients were excluded from the study. The individuals underwent a control session (sitting at rest for 5-10 min), followed by a single acute bout of MICE based on the target heart rate (60-70% of maximum heart rate) on a treadmill at the same time of the day (in the morning). The pre- and post-exercise measurements (after 10 min post exercise) of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were taken in all the participants using mercury sphygmomanometer in sitting position on the left arm. The intergroup and intragroup net effects of exercise on BP were compared with P<0.05 considered significant. The mean SBP was reduced by 5 mmHg than the baseline in the offspring of hypertensives (cases) as compared to the controls after exercise (P=0.01). The fall in mean DBP and MAP was insignificant across both the groups, but the magnitude of PEH measured as delta changes (BP before and after exercise) in SBP (~5 mmHg) and MAP (~4 mmHg) were significantly higher for the cases as compared to the controls (P=0.01). PEH occurs in higher magnitude in normotensives who are genetically predisposed to hypertension, such as offspring of hypertensive parents, and may find regular exercise-induced PEH as an important primary preventive tool to prevent or delay the development of hypertension.

Young South Asian women in the United Kingdom show evidence of blunted endothelium-dependent dilatation: implications for future cardiovascular disease.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in South Asians than white Europeans. The offspring of hypertensive parents (OH) have greater risk of hypertension than offspring of normotensive parents (ON). We hypothesized that endothelium-dependent dilatation is already blunted in young South Asians, relative to young white European women, particularly in South Asian OH women. In young white European ON, South Asian ON and OH women (18-25 years old; 10 per group) who were normotensive, we recorded cutaneous perfusion by laser Doppler fluximetry during reactive hyperaemia and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh), before and after inhibiting NO synthesis (NOS) or/and cyclooxygenase (COX). In these and an additional 135 age-matched South Asian and white European women, physical activity and life-style factors were assessed by questionnaire. ACh-evoked dilatation was blunted in young South Asians, relative to white European women. It was attenuated by NOS or COX inhibition in white European ON; by NOS inhibition only in South Asian ON, but not OH women. After combined NOS and COX inhibition, ACh-evoked dilatations were similar to control ACh responses. Similar findings were made for reactive hyperaemia. Questionnaire data indicated young South Asians have lower physical activity levels, fresh fruit and vegetable intake than white European women, South Asian OH being lower than white European ON, or OH women. Endothelium-dependent dilatation is blunted in young South Asians, relative to white European women, especially in South Asian OH in whom NO-dependent and prostaglandin-dependent dilatation is blunted. We suggest improved diet and greater physical activity could be particularly effective in improving endothelium-dependent dilatation and reducing future CVD risk in young South Asian OH women.

Study of Role of Autonomic Component Imbalance in young adults with parental hypertension and in those without it.

Autonomic functions , both sympathetic and vagal/ parasympathetic, are found to be deranged in hypertensive subjects. Autonomic dysfunction has been demonstrated before hypertension is established, as well as in its early stages. This was a case -control study involving a cross sectional examination of students/subjects / participants aged 17 – 19 years , both males and females. From a selection of those fulfilling the criteria of case group , having at least one hypertensive parent and control group whose no parent has hypertension. 30 subjects was selected by simple random sampling for each group. In our study it was found that Parasympathetic variable (.E : I ratio) when compared between 2 groups was not significant but Sympathetic variable(HGT) when compared between 2 groups was found to be significant. This indicates that offspring of hypertensive parents are susceptible to future development of Hypertension. Therefore they should maintain their sympathovagalbalance to reduce the incidence of estabilished hypertension and its associated complication. .

Evaluation of arterial stiffness and central blood pressure by oscillometric method in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents

Children with a family history of hypertension have higher blood pressure and hypertensive pathophysiological changes begin before clinical findings. Here, the presence of arterial stiffness was investigated using central blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis in normotensive children with at least one parent with essential hypertension. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pulse wave analysis monitoring was performed by oscillometric method in a study group of 112 normotensive children of hypertensive parents aged between 7 and 18 comparing with a control group of 101 age- and gender-matched normotensive children of normotensive parents. Pulse wave velocity, central systolic and diastolic blood pressure, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure values were higher in the study group than the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.008, p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). In all age groups (7-10, 11-14, and 15-18 years), pulse wave velocity was higher in the study group than the control group (p < 0.001). Pulse wave velocity was higher in children whose both parents are hypertensive compared to the children whose only mothers are hypertensive (p = 0.011). Pulse wave velocity values were positively correlated with age, weight, height, and body mass index (p < 0.05). Higher pulse wave velocity, central systolic and diastolic blood pressure values detected in the study group can be considered as early signs of hypertensive vascular changes. Pulse wave analysis can be a reliable, non-invasive, and reproducible method that can allow taking necessary precautions regarding lifestyle to prevent disease and target organ damage by detecting early hypertensive changes in genetically risky children.

The effect of family history of hypertension and polymorphism of the ACE gene (rs1799752) on cardiac autonomic modulation in adolescents.

This study aims to analyze the behaviour of cardiac autonomic modulation in adolescents with a family history of hypertension along with polymorphism of the ACE gene (rs1799752). The study involved 141 adolescents, with a mean age of 14.89, divided into the following six groups: offspring of normotensive parents (ONP): DD, DI and II; and offspring of hypertensive parents (OHP): DD, DI and II. Blood pressure, body composition, family history of hypertension, sleep disorder, and sexual maturation were assessed for the groups' characterization. Afterwards, an electrocardiogram was performed, and oral mucosal cells were collected to analyze heart rate variability and genotypic research of angiotensin-converting enzyme. The main finding of this study was the decrease of vagal action in group OHP (genotype DD) relative to group ONP (genotype II): LF (%), 54.25±3.14 vs 39.33±3.80; HF (%), 45.74±3.14 vs 60.66±3.80; LF/HF, 1.48±0.23 vs 0.68±0.19. The results also showed changes in the variable diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in OHP (genotype DI) to ONP (genotype II) groups: 72.99±2.33 vs 63.27±1.72; and OHP (genotype DI) to ONP (genotype DD) groups. Adolescents with genotype DD and a family history of arterial hypertension present chances in cardiac autonomic modulation, the cardiac parasympathetic modulation is lower in these adolescents in comparison to participants of ONP + II group.

Impact of Overweight in Mens with Family History of Hypertension: Early Heart Rate Variability and Oxidative Stress Disarrangements.

Aim To evaluate cardiovascular, autonomic, and oxidative stress markers in eutrophic and overweight offspring of hypertensive parents comparing them to eutrophic and overweight offspring of normotensive parents. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study. We selected 71 male and sedentary subjects, divided into 4 groups: eutrophic group with a negative family history of hypertension (EH-, n = 18) or positive family history of hypertension (EH+, n = 17), overweight group with a negative family history of hypertension (OH-, n = 19) or a positive family history of hypertension (OH+, n = 17), and aged between 18 and 35 years. Results Blood glucose was higher in the OH+ group when compared to other groups. Diastolic blood pressure was increased in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to eutrophic groups. Regarding the HRV, the LF abs was higher in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to the EH- group. LF/HF values were higher in EH+ and OH+ groups when compared to the EH- and OH- groups. As to oxidative stress and the metabolism of nitric oxide, we observed an increase in hydrogen peroxide and nitrite levels in the OH+ group, and in the NADPH oxidase in OH- and OH+ groups when compared to the other groups. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that the overweight group with a family history of hypertension presented all the dysfunctions observed in isolation from these risk factors. We observed an exacerbation of cardiac sympathetic modulation and early prooxidants increase, which may be associated with target organ damage and cardiovascular risk in this population.

Impact of an active lifestyle on heart rate variability and oxidative stress markers in offspring of hypertensives

Familial history of hypertension is associated with autonomic dysfunction and increase in blood pressure (BP). However, an active lifestyle has been found to improve a number of health outcomes and reduce all-cause mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an active lifestyle on hemodynamics, heart rate variability (HRV) and oxidative stress markers in offspring of hypertensive parents. One hundred twenty-seven subjects were assigned into four groups: sedentary offspring of normotensives (S-ON) or hypertensives (S-OH); and physically active offspring of normotensives (A-ON) or hypertensives (A-OH). Diastolic BP and heart rate were reduced in the physically active groups when compared to S-OH group. A-ON and A-OH groups presented increased values of RR total variance when compared to the sedentary ones (A-ON: 4,912 ± 538 vs. S-ON: 2,354 ± 159; A-OH: 3,112 ± 236 vs. S-OH: 2,232 ± 241 ms2). Cardiac sympato-vagal balance (LF/HF), systemic hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion were markedly increased in S-OH group when compared to all other studied groups. Additionally, important correlations were observed between LF/HF with diastolic BP (r = 0.30) and hydrogen peroxide (r = 0.41). Thus, our findings seem to confirm an early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of hypertensive parents, which was associated with a systemic increase in reactive oxygen species and blood pressure. However, our most important finding lies in the attenuation of such disorders in offspring of physically active hypertensives, thus emphasizing the importance of a physically active lifestyle in the prevention of early disorders that may be associated with onset of hypertension.

Comparison of heart rate recovery between normotensive young adults with and without a parental history of hypertension

Introduction: Studies have reported that off springs of hypertensive parents are more likely to develop hypertension. Affection of target organ starts even before the diagnosis of hypertension. Autonomic dysfunction may be the initial cardiac effects in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Till now very few studies have been done to find the early outcomes in the cardiac autonomic functions in the normotensive siblings of hypertensive patients. Heart rate recovery after exercise is a useful marker for cardiac autonomic function. Since the etio-pathogenesis of hypertension is expected to affect the autonomic cardiovascular parameters even before the prehypertensive stage, the following study was carried out to analyze the heart rate recovery, in the descendent non- hypertensive young adults with and without parental history of hypertension.&#x0D; Aim and objective: This research study was aimed to study the quantify and compare the difference (if any) of heart rate recovery in response to 3minute step test between non hypertensive children of non- hypertensive and hypertensive parents within an age group of 18-22 years.&#x0D; Material &amp;Methods: A total of 63 normotensive students were divided into one hypertensive parents(HP) group containing students with parental history of hypertension) and one non hypertensive parents group (NHP) having students without parental history of hypertension). Each student was subjected to 3 minute Master step test. Recordings of heart rate were made before and after exercise. Heart rate recovery index (HRRI) of 1minute (HRRI1), as well as in 2, 3 and 4 minute (HRRI2, HRRI3, HRRI4) were calculated and analyzed.&#x0D; Results: The resting (basal) heart rate as well as 1st minute heart rate recovery index (HRRI1) was not significantly different in the two groups. Likewise, the 2nd minute (HRRI2), 3rd minute (HRRI3), and 4th minute HRRI (HRR4) respectively were also not significantly different between the two groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no significant difference in heart rate recovery among non-hypertensive young adults, with and without parental history of hypertension.

Cardiovascular reactivity to mental and physical stress in offspring of hypertensive parents

Background: Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to stressful stimuli is a risk factor for the development of hypertension. The genetic influence on blood pressure (BP) reactivity to stress and its control mechanisms has been receiving considerable support. Aim and Objective: The study aims at comparing the reactivity scores of mental arithmetic stress test and cold pressor test (ΔMAST, ΔCPT) in offspring with and without genetic predisposition to hypertension. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 40 medical students with diagnosed hypertensive parents and an equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy controls aged 17–20 years. Each subject was exposed to two different stress tests on 2 successive days. Cardiovascular parameters: BP – systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP, pulse rate, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure and rate pressure product were calculated before, during. and after the test. The reactivity scores were analyzed using independent t-test or Mann–Whitney test. P

Left Ventricular Myocardial Performance in Normotensive Offspring of Hypertensive Parents.

Early alterations in the cardiovascular system have been described in offspring of hypertensive parents, but with conflicting results. To evaluate the influence of genetic predisposition to hypertension on left ventricular (LV) geometry and function, 30 normotensive male offspring of hypertensive parents (EH+) and 30 matched offspring of normotensive families (EH-), were studied. All subjects underwent office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), conventional and Tissue Doppler Echocardiography (TDE), including assessment of myocardial performance index (MPI). EH+ showed an increase in office BP with statistical significance in diastolic BP (84 ± 7 vs 73 ± 6mmHg; p < 0.05). Relative wall thickness (RWT) was greater in EH+ (0.37 ± 0.05 vs 0.31 ± 0.03; p < 0.05) and significantly related to the EH+ condition at the univariate analysis (p < 0.003), whilst the LV mass index was unchanged (84.3 ± 14 vs 80 ± 17 g/m2; p = NS), suggesting a trend towards concentric remodeling. Systolic and diastolic function, in both ventricles, were superimposable in the two groups. The MPI was higher in EH+ (0.49 ± 0.10 vs 0.45 ± 0.08; p = NS) and significantly correlated to RWT (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). However, at the stepwise multiple regression analysis, only the condition of EH + was independently associated with RWT (p <0.006). RWT, according to ROC curves analysis, predicted the condition of EH+ (cutoff 0.359, specificity 89%, sensitivity 82%). Current results provide information about LV myocardial performance in EH+ subjects, related to a LV concentric remodeling and to endothelial dysfunction.

To study autonomic variability in offsprings of hypertensive parents in Lucknow using cold pressor test

Introduction: Hypertension runs in family, and familial hypertension is one of the most important risk factor for children to become hypertensive in future life. Teenagers comprise very special group that have hypertensive first degree relatives, these should be very closely monitored. Autonomic derangement in the form of increased sympathetic tone has been seen in young offspring’s with a history of hypertension in their parents. Sympathetic nervous system over-activity is reported in hypertension. If we can detect early proneness to hypertension, it may help an individual to lead a healthy life by changing his/her lifestyle and daily activities. Objective: To study sympathetic autonomic variability in offspring’s of hypertensive parents. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study. In this study 52 healthy young subjects (26 study group i.e., offsprings of hypertensive parents and 26 control group i.e., offsprings of non-hypertensive parents) age: 18-25 years both male and female were chosen. The blood pressure of the participants was recorded using a electronic blood pressure instrument (Citizen 432). The participants were asked to immerse their right hand in ice cold water (4 degree Celsius) for 1 minute. At the completion of one minute, blood pressure was measured. Five minutes after the test, the blood pressure was noted again (recovery). Body mass index was also noted of each individual. Results: It is evident from the results that in both study group and controls, a rise in systolic blood pressure occurred as a result of stress induced by cold test but in study group the diastolic blood pressure showed a significant increase whereas in controls it showed no change after stress induced by cold test. In both the study group and controls, the systolic component returned to the baseline value after a duration of 5 minutes of stress (recovery), whereas the diastolic component of controls returned to the baseline value and even below baseline bu

Impact of active lifestyle on heart rate variability and oxidative stress markers in offspring of hypertensives

Familial history of hypertension is associated with autonomic dysfunction and increase in blood pressure (BP). On the other hand, an active lifestyle has been found to improve a number of health outcomes and reduce all‐cause mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an active lifestyle on hemodynamics, heart rate variability (HRV) and oxidative stress markers in offspring of hypertensive parents. One hundred twenty‐seven subjects were assigned into four groups: sedentary offspring of normotensives (S‐ON) or hypertensives (S‐OH); and physically active offspring of normotensives (A‐ON) or hypertensives (A‐OH). The level of physical activity was determined using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured at rest. The assessment of cardiac autonomic modulation was performed by HRV analysis. Oxidant stress was assessed by Hydrogen peroxide concentration, Superoxide anion, Lipid Peroxide levels and Protein Carbonyls measurements in plasma. Diastolic BP and heart rate were reduced in the physically active groups when compared to S‐OH group. A‐ON and A‐OH groups presented increased values of RR total variance when compared to the sedentary ones (A‐ON: 4912±538 vs. S‐ON: 2354±159; A‐OH: 3112±236 vs. S‐OH: 2232±241ms2). Cardiac sympato‐vagal balance (LF/HF), systemic hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion were markedly increased in S‐OH group when compared to all other studied groups. Systemically, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were increased in S‐OH group when compared to S‐ON group. However, both physically active groups (A‐ON and A‐OH) presented reduced levels of superoxide anion (A‐ON: 41.0±4.1 and A‐OH: 48.3±3.4 vs. S‐OH: 56.7±3.9 nmol/mg of protein) and hydrogen peroxide (A‐ON: 8.95±0.9 and A‐OH: 9.6±1.8 vs. S‐OH: 16.68±2.7 μM) when compared to S‐OH group. Additionally, correlations were observed between LF/HF with diastolic BP (r=0.30, p&lt;0.05) and hydrogen peroxide (r=0.41, p&lt;0.05). Thus, our findings confirm the presence of early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of hypertensive parents, which was associated with a systemic increase in reactive oxygen species and blood pressure. However, our most important finding lies in the attenuation of such disorders in offspring of physically active hypertensives, thus emphasizing the importance of a physically active lifestyle in the prevention of early disorders that may be associated with development of hypertension.Support or Funding InformationFinancial support: UNINOVE, CNPq, CAPES, FAPESP.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Cardiovascular responses for mental stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents

Background: Hypertension, which is described as “silent killer,” affects many vital organs, the most important cardiovascular system. Offspring of hypertensive parents who are young and normotensive also produce exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to know the cardiovascular responses in terms of BP and pulse rate changes for mental stress in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. Materials and Methods: Interventional and case–control study was conducted in 30 male medical students in the age group of 19–25 years with a history of parental hypertension who were selected as cases and 30 medical students in the age group of 19–25 years without a history of parental hypertension were selected as controls. Results: There were significant changes in pulse rate and BP (systolic and diastolic) in offspring of hypertensive parents comparing to non-hypertensive parents. Conclusion: The offspring of hypertensive parents need to have regular practice of exercise and yoga therapy to prevent the complications associated with it.

Determinants of microvascular dysfunction in normotensive offsprings of hypertensive parents

Objective: Microvascular dysfunction usually precedes the onset of hypertension. We hypothesized that offspring of offsprings of hypertensive parents (OHP) would have coronary microvascular dysfunction. Yet, the determinants of microvascular dysfunction in OHP are not fully determined. We, therefore, studied coronary flow reserve (CFR) in OHP in relation to ambulatory blood pressure and lipid profiles. Subjects and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five healthy normotensive offsprings with family history of hypertension and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy normotensive offsprings without family history of hypertension (ONP) were enrolled for the study. All participates underwent transthoracic color Doppler echocardiography at rest and during adenosine (0.14 mg/kg) infusion. CFR was calculated as the ratio between hyperemic diastolic coronary flow to the resting diastolic coronary flow. All participates had ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. In addition, lipid profile was obtained, and triglycerides (TGs)/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was calculated. Results: CFR was significantly reduced among OHP compared with ONP (P

Family History, BMI and Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Healthy Offsprings of Hypertensive Parents

Family History, BMI and Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Healthy Offsprings of Hypertensive Parents

Endothelium-dependent and cyclooxygenase-dependent cutaneous vasodilatation is blunted in young men with hypertensive parents

Across ethnicities, offspring of hypertensive parents (OH) have higher risk of hypertension than offspring of normotensive parents (ON). Sympathetic hyperactivity and reduced nitric oxide availability have been reported in normotensive OH; but the role of vasodilator cyclooxygenase (COX) products is unclear. In 12 OH and 12 ON men (19-24 years old), each group comprising six white Europeans and six South Asians with resting ABP less than 129/89 mmHg, reactive hyperaemia and responses evoked by iontophoresis pulses of acetylcholine (ACh) were recorded in forearm skin by laser Doppler fluximetry before and after COX inhibition. Peak reactive hyperaemia was larger in ON than OH (71.0 ± 7.8 vs. 43.4 ± 8.3 perfusion units (perf.units); P < 0.05). It was attenuated by COX inhibition in ON (24.8 ± 5.2 perf.units, P < 0.01), not OH (54.2 ± 7.5 perf.units). Similarly, increases in perfusion evoked by ACh were greater in ON than OH (169.1 ± 20.4 vs. 142.1 ± 19.9 perf.units; P < 0.05) and attenuated by COX inhibition in ON (94.5 ± 13.7; P < 0.05), not OH (132.6 ± 16.1 perf.units). Considering ethnicities, ACh-evoked dilation, though not reactive hyperaemia was greater in Europeans than Asians (176.8 ± 21.7 vs. 130.4 ± 15.0; P < 0.01; 61.0 ± 8.7 vs. 51.7 ± 9.2 perf.units). However, within both Europeans and Asians, COX inhibition attenuated reactive hyperaemia and ACh-induced dilatation in ON only. Reactive hyperaemia and ACh-evoked dilatation in cutaneous circulation are blunted in young, normotensive OH relative to ON men irrespective of white European, or South Asian ethnicity and are attributable to impaired contribution of COX vasodilator products in OH. These features may provide early markers of endothelial dysfunction that contribute to hypertensive risk in OH men.

A7546 To study autonomic variability in offsprings of hypertensive parents in lucknow using handgrip dynamometer and galvanic skin response

Objectives: Positive family history of hypertension is one of the risk factors for being hypertensive in future life for children. Young adults with hypertensive first degree relatives constitute a special risk group that should be closely monitored. Early detection of proneness to hypertension may help an individual to lead a healthy life by altering his/her lifestyle. The aim of the present study is to investigate the autonomic variability in offspring of hypertensive parents. Methods: This is a case control study. In this study 60 healthy young subjects, (n = 60; 30 cases, 30 controls, age: 18–25 years both male and female) were chosen. The blood pressure of the participants was recorded using a electronic blood pressure instrument (Cannon). The participant was asked to sustain isometric handgrip at one third of Maximum voluntary contraction(MVC). At the completion of one minute, blood pressure was measured. Three minutes after the handgrip test, the blood pressure was noted again (recovery). GSR was recorded using Medicaid Polyrite machine. Results: In cases the diastolic blood pressure after 3 minutes of withdrawal of stressor was seen to be significantly higher (p value < 0.05) than baseline diastolic blood pressure. GSR recording was found to be significantly lower in cases than in controls (p value < 0.05). The change in skin potential is in response to stress which alters sympathetic activity. Conclusion: Once stimulated by a stressor, sympathetic system causes rise in blood pressure. The persons who show higher cardiovascular reactivity to a stressor but slower rate of recovery after the withdrawal of the stressor indicate that their autonomic control system is weak. Decreased GSR recordings also demonstrate altered sympathetic activity.

Sympathetic activation in chronic anxiety: not just at the "height" of stress. Editorial Focus on "Relative burst amplitude of muscle sympathetic nerve activity is an indicator of altered sympathetic outflow in chronic anxiety".

Sympathetic activation in chronic anxiety: not just at the "height" of stress. Editorial Focus on "Relative burst amplitude of muscle sympathetic nerve activity is an indicator of altered sympathetic outflow in chronic anxiety".