Upbringing Research Articles

An Exploration of Compassion Focused Therapy for Grieving Individuals

In the past several decades, new understandings about grief have emerged. In the same time frame, a substantial body of literature has explored the components of compassion and their potential application to various clinical contexts. Compassion evolved from caring motivation associated with the evolutionary challenges of reproduction that involved the necessary care for offspring. Grief also has an evolutionary background that is rooted in core aspects of attachment and the assumptive world construct. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) translates the concepts of compassion into a form of therapy, which has the potential to address grief in an experiential and non-pathologizing way. Foundational components of CFT include a model of emotion regulation, experiential practices that enhance compassion-based responses, and the cultivation of wisdom and discernment regarding the nature of suffering. These aspects of CFT provide a uniquely oriented way to support those who grieve losses of all types. Compassion training enables clinicians to cultivate wisdom and discernment to accompany their intention and motivation to relieve suffering, including the grief that follows significant losses.

Cooperative parental performance at chick provisioning in a small passerine, the Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Sexual conflict has long been perceived as a solid background for the evolution of parental care. Recent studies, however, highlight the importance of cooperation between the parents, especially in socially monogamous systems. Here, we examined parental performance of a small monogamous passerine with bi-parental care, the Eurasian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus, RW), looking at the issue from the perspective of parents’ cooperation. Using accurate and non-invasive video data on parent chick provisioning from 78 nests varying in brood size, we found some evidence of parents cooperation: both parents similarly adjusted their feeding rate to brood size, and the higher was their both contribution, the better was chicks condition (expressed by defecation rate). However, contrary to our expectations (based on premises from similar studies on other bird species) we did not find evidence for frequent and active synchronisation of nest visits. Importantly, we found a negative relationship between synchronisation level and chick body condition, suggesting that synchronisation may actually not be that beneficial in the study system. The results are surprising and highlight the importance of studying various species to understand mechanisms behind cooperation of partners in the bi-parental care system.Significance statementBiparental care has long been viewed in the context of conflict between the breeding partners, and only recently they are considered cooperating agents caring together for the common offspring. Nevertheless, studies applying such a perspective are still scarce and there is a pressing need to test different species. Using video data on chick provisioning by Reed Warbler parents, we found evidence of partner cooperation: both parents adjusted their feeding rate to the number of nestlings, and the higher was their joint contribution, the better was offspring condition. Parents did not synchronise their nest visits more compared to randomly generated visits, but we found that synchronisation level negatively affected chick condition. Our results highlight the need to consider various species to fully understand mechanisms behind cooperation of breeding partners.

Emergence of games from ecological trade-offs: longevity changes strategies for extra-pair mating in birds

Each member of a breeding pair benefits if the other does more of the parental investment, so there is scope for behaviours that can be interpreted as both cooperative and competitive games between males and females. Extra-pair mating, widespread among socially monogamous birds, adds extra conflict but also potential opportunity to these social interactions. We analyse an individual-based model of a social environment with simple behavioural strategies where game-like patterns and cooperative outcomes emerge. The model focuses on three evolving traits: female propensity for extra-pair copulations and male investment in territorial behaviour and care. Male traits are reaction norms that use experienced within and extra-pair copulations as information input. We found that female extra-pair mating provided incentives for males to reduce territorial aggression and increase care for offspring. However, when adult survival was higher, male investment in care and territoriality changed from being negatively to positively correlated. This happened because longer life expectancy gave more behavioural opportunities for males, where nest desertion maximises lifetime male fitness when female extra-pair copulation is high. This outcome evolved gradually, with stable periods of intermediate extra-pair mating and low territoriality. These were punctuated by cycles of high extra-pair mating, nest desertion, reduced extra-pair mating and relapse to aggressive territoriality before a new stable phase was established. Each successive trait cycle was faster and smaller, indicating that through evolution of reaction norms, the gene pool has a long history that canalizes the evolution of behaviours, which can be interpreted as emergence and refinement of frequency-dependent games.Significance statementMost birds that mate in monogamous pairs engage in extra-pair copulations. Males of some species invest (in varying proportions) in offspring that are genetically related only to their social female. The great variability of extra-pair mating levels among different species and populations, supported by numerous field studies, indicates that social and ecological factors play a crucial role in shaping the behaviour. We analyse a computer model in which extra-pair mating evolves concurrently with male reproductive investments in territory defence and offspring care and show how common ecological trade-offs may change the social dynamics within a breeding population and lead to the emergence of complex social interactions between males, females and their neighbours.

Culture-independent analyses of carrion beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae) secretion bacterial communities.

In the central plains of North America, the beetle family Silphidae comprised two subfamilies, Silphinae and Nicrophorinae, differentiated by reproductive behaviors. Silphinae, known as carrion beetles, feed on carrion and fly larvae and produce free-living larvae that receive no parental care. Adult Nicrophorinae, known as burying beetles, prepare a vertebrate carcass into a brood ball and provide biparental care to their offspring. Preparation of a brood ball involves coating the carcass in antimicrobial oral and anal secretions. These secretions contain a community of microbes, referred to as the secretion microbiome, which inhibit carcass microbe succession, preventing normal decomposition. Here, the secretion microbiomes of five species of Nicrophorinae and two species of Silphinae, both sampled from Oklahoma, with additional Nicrophorinae from Nebraska, were characterized using culture-independent analyses to understand and decipher factors shaping diversity and community structure. We identify the core secretion microbiome across Silphidae and show that, while the host subfamily, secretion type, and collection locality had no significant effect on the bacterial community alpha diversity, these factors significantly influenced bacterial community structure. Global and local tests of phylogenetic associations identified 14 genera with phylogenetic signals to the host subfamily and species. Description of the bacterial communities present in silphid secretions furthers our understanding of how these beetles interact with microbes for carcass nutrient processing. Future culture-dependent studies from silphid secretions may identify novel antimicrobials and nontoxic compounds that can act as meat preservatives or sources for antimicrobials.IMPORTANCEThe manuscript explores the secretion bacterial community of carrion and burying beetles of the central plains of North America. A core secretion microbiome of 11 genera is identified. The host subfamily, secretion type, and collection locality significantly affects the secretion microbiome. Future culture-dependent studies from silphid secretions may identify novel antimicrobials and nontoxic compounds that can act as meat preservatives or sources for antimicrobials.

Comparison of psychotropic medication use before and after parental death by number of siblings

Abstract Background Ageing populations and decreasing family size suggest more persons might need to take care of their aging parents for longer periods and eventually cope with the loss of their parents with fewer siblings. However, little is known about how number of siblings or specific causes of death, such as dementia, may moderate the burden of impending parental death and coping with parental loss. Methods Using Finnish population registers, we assess annual psychotropic medication use among adult offspring around the time of parental death. We use deaths that occurred in Finland during 2004 to 2016 and assess medication use up to two years before and after parental death with generalized estimation equations while controlling for sociodemographic factors. We assess whether sibship size moderates medication use and whether the associations differ by parental causes of death (e.g. dementia, neoplasms or cardiovascular diseases) that convey information about the abruptness of death and care burden prior to death. Results Before and after parental death, psychotropic medication use increased more among individuals with fewer siblings. The differences were largest in the first year after parental death, e.g., the increase in medication prevalence was 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5; 3.1) among only children, 2.2% (2.0; 2.2) with those with one to two siblings and 1.1% (0.4; 1.8) with those with three or more siblings. There were little differences between causes of death. Our results are preliminary and based on a 10% subsample of deaths in Finland (n = 110,000). Conclusions Parental death was associated with an increase in adult offspring psychotropic medication use that was larger among those with fewer siblings. Decreases in sibship sizes may significantly increase the care burden on offspring caring for their aging parents. Yet, more studies are needed to establish how sibling characteristics moderate these associations. Key messages • There is a clear increase in adult offspring psychotropic medication use in the event of a parental death, yet there was little variation according to cause of death. • Having more siblings was associated with a smaller and belated increase in psychotropic medication use in the event of parental death, which could be interpreted as sharing the burden.

Compensatory enhancement of paternal care in maternally neglected mice family

ABSTRACT Parental care strategies, ranging from biparental to uniparental, evolve based on factors affecting sexual conflict over care. Plasticity in how parents respond to reduction in each other’s care effort is thus proposed to be important in the evolution of parental care behaviors. Models predict that ‘obligate’ biparental care is stable when a parent responds to reduced partner effort with ‘partial’ compensation, trading-off current and future reproduction. A meta-analysis of experimental studies on biparental birds also revealed partial compensation, supporting coevolution of parental care type and plasticity pattern. However, few studies have addressed this issue across different taxa and different parental care types. In laboratory mice, a female-biased ‘facultative’ biparental species, fathers paired with a competent mother rarely provide care. We show that, when mated with a pup-neglecting mutant mother, fathers increased care effort to ‘fully’ compensate for the lost maternal care in both pup survival rate and total care amount. Pup retrieval latency was significantly shorter, and neural activity in relevant brain regions twice as high, suggesting enhanced motivation. This study with mice not only opens a road to explore the neural correlates of paternal plasticity but will also help understand how behavioral plasticity contributes to adaptive evolution of parental care behaviors.

The Impact of Spousal Relationships on Fertility Intentions of One-Child Urban Young Couples*

Below-replacement fertility has spread from developed industrialized countries to some developing countries, including China. Based on the theory of the transformation of intimacy, this study utilizes the data from the Xi’an Special Survey on Child Rearing Costs and Fertility Intentions to explore the impact of spousal relationships on the fertility intentions of young urban couples and gender differences in this regard in terms of power relations, distribution of responsibility, and emotional connection. The study reveals that 1) an inverse J-shaped relationship (initially showing a decline followed by a rise) exists between family power equalization and fertility intentions, especially for women; 2) the greater the husband’s share of housework, the less he will desire fertility, but a wife’s level of satisfaction with her husband’s housework sharing increases her fertility motivation; and 3) frequent spousal interactions and emotional intimacy contribute to increased fertility intentions, especially on the part of women. From the perspective of the transformation of intimacy, the above results suggest that the impact of spousal relationships on young couples’ fertility intentions is increasingly strong and that continued promotion of gender equality in the family sphere is of great significance to reversing low total fertility rates.

Beyond classical theories: An integrative mathematical model of mating dynamics and parental care.

Classical theories, such as Bateman's principle and Trivers' parental investment theory, attempted to explain the coevolution of sexual selection and parental care through simple verbal arguments. Since then, quantitative models have demonstrated that it is rarely that simple because many non-intuitive structures and non-linear relationships are actually at play. In this study, we propose a new standard for models of mating dynamics and parental care, emphasizing the clarity and use of mathematical and probabilistic arguments, the meaning of consistency conditions, and the key role of spatial densities and the law of mass action. We used adaptive dynamics to calculate the evolutionary trajectory of the total care duration. Our results clearly show how the outcomes of parental care evolution can be diverse, depending on the quantitative balance between a set of dynamical forces arising from relevant differences and conditions in the male and female populations. The intensity of sexual selection, synergy of care, care quality, and relative mortality rates during mating interactions and caring activities act as forces driving evolutionary transitions between uniparental and biparental care. Sexual selection reduces the care duration of the selected sex, uniparental care evolves in the sex that offers the higher care quality, higher mortality during mating interactions of one sex leads to more care by that sex, and higher mortality during caring activities of one sex favours the evolution of uniparental care in the other sex. Both synergy and higher overall mortality during mating interactions can stabilize biparental care when sexual selection reduces the care duration of the selected sex. We discuss how the interaction between these forces influences the evolution of care patterns, and how sex ratios can vary and be interpreted in these contexts. We also propose new directions for future developments of our integrative model, creating new comparable analyses that share the same underlying assumptions and dynamical frameworks.

Penguasaan Kakek pada Hak Asuh Anak di Bawah Umur dalam Perspektif Maqashid Syariah

Background. The marriage that every human desires is sakinah, mawadah, and warohmah and in marriage the most desired thing is to be blessed with a child. However, in the reality of married life, many of them end in divorce cases which result in disputes regarding child custody. Children under 12 years old must be raised by their biological mother, but this does not rule out the possibility of being raised by their father. Aim. The aim of this research is to determine the control of custody of minor children to grandfathers in Pekalongan, East Lampung and to analyze the control of custody of minor children to grandfathers from a maqashid sharia perspective. Methods. This type of research is qualitative by describing the facts that occurred in Pekalongan, East Lampung. The data sources in this research are primary data sources and secondary data sources as tools for conducting research. Meanwhile, data collection methods use observation, interviews and documentation. Results. The care of underage children by grandfathers which occurred in Pekalongan, East Lampung occurred because the child's mother was unable to care for the child due to economic factors, so the child was given to the father who apparently could not care for the child well, because his job was as a driver. In this way the child is raised by the grandfather. Mastery of custody of minor children to grandfathers occurs according to the maqashid sharia view, namely hifzun-nafs or caring for the soul and hifdz al-nasl or caring for offspring are said to be able to care for children, such as having affection for children, being physically healthy and having an economy that is able to provide for children's needs.

Влияние детей на психологические особенности личности матерей

An analysis of parent-child relationships revealed the problem of mothers’ personal development, due to the influence of their children. Modern research mainly looks at parent-child relationships and their impact on chil-dren’s development. However, there is a lack of research in this process, the influence of children on parents and in particular the personality changes of the latter. From this follows the aim of the study: to investigate the impact of children on mothers’ personality. The sample included 30 female subjects aged between 40 and 45 years old. As research methods, a questionnaire was developed aimed at clarifying the difficulties experienced by mothers in the process of raising children, as well as the Catell 16 PF questionnaire (Form C). The results showed that the process of growing up of a child determines the personal changes of a mother, as it is associ-ated with different levels of overcoming her difficulties. Mothers whose parenting was (according to self-reports) calm, formed personal qualities that facilitated the process of child rearing; those whose motherhood was associated with anxious circumstances had negative emotional experiences in the process of child rear-ing, which entailed corresponding changes in the personal sphere. The obtained results of the study can be productively used in the process of raising children in the family, as well as in the educational system.

Using Machine Learning to Classify Information Related to Child Rearing of Infants from Twitter

It is difficult to obtain necessary information accurately from Social Networking Service (SNS) while raising children, and it is thought that there is a certain demand for the development of a system that presents appropriate information to users according to the child's developmental stage. There are still few examples of research on knowledge extraction that focuses on childcare. This research aims to develop a system that extracts and presents useful knowledge for people who are actually raising children, using texts about childcare posted on Twitter. In many systems, numbers in text data are just strings like words and are normalized to zero or simply ignored. In this paper, we created a set of tweet texts and a set of profiles created according to the developmental stages of infants from "0-year-old child" to "6-year-old child". For each set, we used ML algorithms such as NB (Naive Bayes), LR (Logistic Regression), ANN (Approximate Nearest Neighbor algorithms search), XGboost, RF (random forest), decision trees, and SVM (Support Vector Machine) to compare with BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a neural language model, to construct a classification model that predicts numbers from "0" to "6" from sentences. The accuracy rate predicted by the BERT classifier was slightly higher than that of the NB, LR, and ANN, XGboost, and RF, decision trees and SVM classifiers, indicating that the BERT classification method was better.

Sex-specific behavioral and physiological changes during single parenting in a biparental species, Columba livia

Many species exhibit biparental care to maximize fitness. When a partner is lost, the surviving partner may alter their behavior to compensate offspring. Whether both sexes use the same physiological mechanisms to manifest their change in behavior remains elusive. We investigated behaviors and mechanisms associated with the alteration of parental care post-partner removal in a biparental avian species, the rock dove (Columba livia). We hypothesized that rock dove single parents experience sex-biased changes in neural genomic transcription and reproductive behaviors, and these changes are related to chick development. We manipulated parental partner presence and measured parental attendance, offspring growth, gene expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) in the pituitary, and GR, MR, and estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) in the hypothalamus. We also measured circulating plasma concentrations of the stress-associated hormone corticosterone and the parental care-associated hormone prolactin. We also quantified prolactin gene (PRL) expression changes in the pituitary, as well as prolactin receptor (PRLR) expression in the hypothalamus and pituitary. We found that single mothers and fathers maintained similar provisioning levels as paired parents, but spent less cumulative time brooding chicks. Chicks of single parents were smaller than paired-parented chicks after three days post-hatch. Mothers in both treatment groups experienced higher expression of hypothalamic GR as compared to fathers. Single parents experienced lower PRL gene expression in the pituitary as compared to paired parents. No significant differences were found for the circulating hormones or other genes listed.

Role of Social Support in Mitigating Child Rearing Strain, Among Parents of Differently Abled Children: A Chain Mediation of Family Sense of Coherence and Family External Resources

The family is considered a fundamental cornerstone of society, holding a significant influence over the development of individuals, their emotional well-being, and the overall cohesion of communities. Raising a differently abled child is a fundamental aspect of familial dynamics that encompasses a multifaceted range of obligations, choices, and affective commitments. In view of this, the current research was carried out with the aim of analysing the influence of child rearing strain on family adaptation, along with the mediation effect of family sense of coherence and family external resources. The current study was conducted using a quantitative research design with survey and cross-sectional research methods. Data were collected from parents of differently abled children between January 2023 and May 2023. The study's scope covered nine divisions of the Punjab province. Data collection was conducted using an interview schedule and carried out with the collaboration of the Punjab Welfare and Baitul Mall departments. The analysis was conducted after gathering data from 200 parents of differently-abled children. Multistage and convenient sampling techniques were applied for data collection. To analyse the mediation results, structural equation modelling was employed to determine the effect of predictor variables on the dependent variables of the study, considering the mediation effect. Based on the major findings of the study, it is concluded that child rearing strain is closely connected with family adaptation and family external resource variables. This suggests that child rearing strain could be mitigated if families had access to external resources and social support to cope with adverse situations.

Biological particulars of the sun perch – Lepomis gibbosus (linnaeus, 1758) from the Cuciurgan reservoir-cooler

The sun perch was recorded for the first time at the mouth of the Dniester in 1952. In the ichthyofauna of the Cuciurgan harbor in 1965. Starting with the second half of the 1960s, it was not recorded in the Cuciurgan refrigeration lake until the 2000s. From 2004, unique specimens were recorded, which probably hit, together with the water pumped from the Turunchuk arm. The share of sun perch in the control catches of Cuciurgan Refrigerating Lake increased from 0.5% in 2008 to a record 15.7% in 2017. The high abundance of sun perch in a short period is explained by the type of portioned reproduction, high prolificacy, early age of sexual maturity and also care for offspring. In the Cuciurgan reservoir, mature sun perch females weighing 7.2 g were captured, and with a weight of 13.4 g they were identified in stage IV of gonad maturation. The sun perch of the Cuciurgan Refrigerating Lake is characterized by a high growth rate, thus the maximum standard body length is greater than 17 cm with a mass of 220 g. A polynomial model was used to approximate the sun perch abundance monitoring data of degree IV (reliability coefficient R2 = 0.8211), which determines the characteristic of rapid growth of invasive fish species, then followed for 4 years a stage of stabilization of the population, after which it is characterized by a decrease in abundance, due to the appearance of a foreign species in the tank – the mud crab.

The Child Rearing Experience of Gwangju Koryein Village Families and the Analysis of the Needs for Parent Education: Research Series for Parent Education Program Development

The Child Rearing Experience of Gwangju Koryein Village Families and the Analysis of the Needs for Parent Education: Research Series for Parent Education Program Development

Female and male body condition in the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida, a species with female offspring desertion: a test of the differential parental capacity hypothesis

AbstractOffspring desertion by a single parent, mainly the female, occurs in many charadriiform birds. According to the differential parental capacity hypothesis (DPCH), females are more likely to desert, since they may be in poorer body condition than males as a consequence of egg-laying costs. This study investigated the body condition of 122 male and 118 female Whiskered Terns. In this species half of females desert during the chick-rearing period, the remainder during the post-fledging period. Body condition was investigated during the late incubation and early chick-rearing phases during the biparental care period in: (1) females that deserted during the chick-rearing period, (2) females that did not desert during this time, (3) males deserted by females, and (4) males not deserted by females. Among females that stayed, body condition during the pre-hatching period did not vary with relative catching date (clutch/brood age), whereas females that later deserted showed a very poor body condition when caught around seven days prior to hatching. After hatching, body condition was lower in both deserting and non-deserting females caught later. Among males whose females stayed, body condition remained nearly stable, whereas the body condition of males whose females deserted was lower the later they were caught. These results tally only partially with the DPCH: the pattern of parental body condition changes during breeding is apparently more complex than assumed by the DPCH and the cost of egg laying may be lower than suggested. Desertion by Whiskered Tern females is better explained by the sex role differences in parental care. The male’s ability to compensate for the missing female may be playing a role in the evolution of desertion.

No time to die: Evolution of a post‐reproductive life stage

AbstractIn some species, permanent curtailment of reproduction part‐way through the lifespan of adult females is a feature of their evolved life history. The existence of such a post‐reproductive life stage is apparently rare; reasonably robust evidence for this is confined to only six species (humans, Asian elephants and four whales). That it occurs at all appears to contradict our view of natural selection operating to maximize fitness and special circumstances must exist to explain its occurrence. We evaluate the main hypotheses posited to explain the evolution of this life stage, why it occurs in a restricted group of animals, and why only in females. We bring together literature from multiple biological disciplines and levels of enquiry, ranging through evolutionary ecology, developmental biology, physiology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and human medicine. We conclude that while time‐limited fertility is not in itself adaptive, the duration of subsequent survival is likely to be linked to inclusive fitness benefits. We present a new hypothesis which posits that the duration of female fertility in certain long‐lived, highly encephalised species, with no post‐natal oogenesis, is limited by the need for intense screening of oocyte mitochondria. This is required to support endothermy coupled with the very high energy requirement for the development and maintenance of the exceptionally large brain size required for complex social living. This limits the number and shelf‐life of oocytes, creating an antagonistically pleotropic effect that is beneficial to the production of high performing offspring but carries the later life cost of time‐limited female fertility. But the end of the fertile period is no time to die. Inclusive fitness benefits arising from protracted parental care of offspring, overlapping generations, and kin group structures means that continued survival of post‐reproductive females is favoured by selection. We suggest further lines of research to test these ideas.

Concept of Child Rearing in India: A Comparison between Maternal and Parental Views

Concept of Child Rearing in India: A Comparison between Maternal and Parental Views

Father’s care uniquely influences male neurodevelopment

Mammalian infants depend on parental care for survival, with numerous consequences for their behavioral development. We investigated the epigenetic and neurodevelopmental mechanisms mediating the impact of early biparental care on development of alloparenting behavior, or caring for offspring that are not one's own. We find that receiving high parental care early in life leads to slower epigenetic aging of both sexes and widespread male-specific differential expression of genes related to synaptic transmission and autism in the nucleus accumbens. Examination of parental care composition indicates that high-care fathers promote a male-specific increase in excitatory synapses and increases in pup retrieval behavior as juveniles. Interestingly, females raised by high-care fathers have the opposite behavioral response and display fewer pup retrievals. These results support the concept that neurodevelopmental trajectories are programmed by different features of early-life parental care and reveal that male neurodevelopmental processes are uniquely sensitive to care by fathers.

Child Rearing Styles of Queer Parents in Relation to Child Adjustments

This study focused on determining the child rearing styles of queer parents about child adjustment. The case study was used to determine the unique experiences of the subject participants. Eight queer parents and eight children of queer parents participated in the study. Further, the researcher used unstructured interviews in collecting the research data. The results revealed that most of the queer parents belonged within the age range of more than 40, gay men and lesbian women, unmarried and living with no partner, Roman Catholic, Ilokano and Tagalog, college graduate, self-employed with a monthly family income of 20,001 – 30,000, and with one child. Moreover, most of the male and female child participants were under 17, first-born child with one sibling belonged to household members of three, nephews of queer parents and lived with their non-biological parents for more than 14 years. There is an emerging theme derived from the experiences of queer parents, such as their experiences in various aspects of parenthood. The queer parents’ child rearing styles were lax parenting style and disciplinarian style. Two emerging themes derived from the participants' experiences, such as their lived experiences consisting of three sub-themes: being raised by non-biological parents, being bullied and having conflict with parents. Similarly, two sub-themes were derived from the theme description of the present life, such as comfortable life and crossing to life challenges. The child adjustment that emerged was psychosocial. The emerging well-being of the child participants was life contentment. The emerging sub-themes under the description of parents’ way of rearing a child were composed of imposition of discipline, provision of basic needs and inculcation of the value of education. The child participants were appreciative and satisfied with the kind of life they had. Since most of the parents were single, the government through the local government units may properly disseminate the Solo Parent Act as to benefits and privileges under the law through series of orientation and assist the queer parents to have their Solo Parents card. Non-government organization, civic organization and the church may conduct series of guidance and counselling, psychological intervention and spiritual nurturing programs and activities to enhance the quality of life among child of the queer parents.