Officinale Root Research Articles

Bioreduction potentials of dried root of Zingiber officinale for a simple green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Antibacterial studies

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using an extract of dried Zingiber officinale (ginger) root as a reducing and capping agent in the presence of microwave irradiation was herein reported for the first time. The formation of symmetrical spheres is confirmed from the UV–Visible spectrum of Ag NPs. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy confirms the formation of the Ag NPs. X-ray diffraction analysis was utilized to calculate the crystallite size of Ag NPs and the value was found to be 10nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology and size of the synthesized samples. The sphere like morphology is confirmed from the images. The purity and crystallinity of Ag NPs is confirmed by energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis and selected area electron diffraction respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized Ag NPs was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and shows the redox peaks in the potential range of −1.1 to +1.1V. Agar diffusion method is used to examine the antibacterial activity of Ag NPs. For this purpose, two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria were studied. This single step approach was found to be simple, short time, cost-effective, reproducible, and eco-friendly.

Proliferative and antioxidant activity of Symphytum officinale root extract

The root of Symphytum officinale L. is commonly used in folk medicine to promote the wound healing, reduce the inflammation and in the treatment of broken bones. The objective of our investigation was to analyse the extract from S. officinale in term of its antioxidant activity and the effect on cell viability and proliferation of human skin fibroblast (HSF). Moreover, the quantification of main phenolics and allantoin was conducted using HPLC–DAD method. Five compounds were found: rosmarinic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid. DPPH, FRAP and TPC assay showed the high antioxidant activity of the extract. MTT test proved the stimulatory effect on cell metabolism and viability of HSF cells. Moreover, no changes in cytoskeleton structure and cells shape were observed. The obtained results indicate that non-toxic extract from S. officinale root has strong antioxidant potential and a beneficial effect on human skin fibroblasts.

Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of ginger root (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract.

Background Zingiber officinale Roscoe has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of neurological disorder. This study aimed to investigate the phenolic contents, antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) inhibitory activities of different fraction of Z. officinale root grown in Vietnam. Methods The roots of Z. officinale are extracted with ethanol 96 % and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and butanol (BuOH) solvents. These fractions evaluated the antioxidant activity by 1,1-Diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and AChE inhibitory activity by Ellman's colorimetric method. Results Our data showed that the total phenolic content of EtOAc fraction was highest equivalents to 35.2±1.4 mg quercetin/g of fraction. Our data also demonstrated that EtOAc fraction had the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 was 8.89±1.37 µg/mL and AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 22.85±2.37 μg/mL in a dose-dependent manner, followed by BuOH fraction and the n-hexane fraction is the weakest. Detailed kinetic analysis indicated that EtOAc fraction was mixed inhibition type with Ki (representing the affinity of the enzyme and inhibitor) was 30.61±1.43 µg/mL. Conclusions Our results suggest that the EtOAc fraction of Z. officinale may be a promising source of AChE inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease.

Influence of sumac (Rhus Coriaria L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on egg yolk fatty acid, cholesterol and blood parameters in laying hens.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential effect of different levels of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) seed powder and ginger (Zingiber officinale) root powder on egg yolk fatty acid composition, blood/yolk cholesterol in laying hen. A total of 63 (ATAK-S: Domestic Turkish Laying Hens) laying hens (average weight: 1470 g each hen, 25-weeks of age) were assigned to seven treatment diets including sumac seed (S) and ginger root powder (G) at 0 g/kg (control), 10 g/kg (S1), 20 g/kg (S2), and 30 g/kg (S3); 10 g/kg (G1), 20 g/kg (G2), or 30 g/kg in rations respectively, for 8weeks. After a two-week adaptation period to cages, the hens were allocated to 7 groups with 9 replicates of 1 hen in per cage each. The replications were allotted equally into the upper and lower cages to minimize the effects of cage level. In this study, egg yolk cholesterol had a decrease (p <0.05) in supplemented diet( sumac seed and ginger root powder). Fatty acid content in yolk; saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and rate of n6/n3 were not significant (p <0.05). However, dietary supplementation with sumac and ginger powder reduced and yolk/blood cholesterol concentrations in laying hens. Supplementation of sumac and ginger affected on HDL, there was found a significant effect (p<0.05) in treatment groups. Moreover, LDL positively decreased in all treatment groups compared with the control group. The findings of this study suggested that feeding sumac and ginger tend to be decreasing cholesterol levels in both yolk and blood on laying hens. It can be concluded that ginger root and sumac seed powder can be used as an effective feed additive to improve fatty acid composition and yolk and blood cholesterol in ATAK-S laying hens.

Inhibitory effect of &lt;i&gt;Taraxacum officinale&lt;/i&gt; L (Compositae) aqueous root extract on spermatogenesis

Purpose: To investigate if T. officinale root aqueous extract has anti-spermatogenic activity similar to that of the whole plant which was shown previously to inhibit spermatogenesis. Methods: T. officinale aqueous extract was prepared by soaking 100 g of dried materials in 1 L distilled water for two days at 45 oC. Fifty adult male rats were divided into five groups and treated for 60 days. Four groups were gavaged with the whole plant or root aqueous extract in low or high doses. The male rat rats were allowed to mate with female rats. The control group received distilled water. Sperm count, motility and morphology as well as chromatin integrity were evaluated. Results: Serum testosterone level, sperm parameters, pregnancy rate and average number of fetuses per pregnant females decreased significantly in the treated groups compared to control and in the rootreceiving rats compared to the whole plant-receiving rats. Female rats which were mated with high dose root-receiving males did not deliver fetuses. Cross sections of seminiferous tubules of T. officinale treated rats showed lesions and disorganized germinal epithelium. Late spermatogenesis maturation arrest (spermatid stage) was observed in all of the treated groups except the high dose root-receiving group which showed early maturation arrest (spermatocyte stage). In addition, the mRNA level of two spermatogonial stem cell markers responsible for self-renewal and proliferation of spermatogonia increased in high dose-receiving rats. Conclusion: T. officinale root aqueous extract has inhibitory effects on spermatogenesis. Further studies are required to identify specific ingredient(s) in T. officinale that may be useful as male contraceptive(s). Keywords: Taraxacum officinale , Dandelion, GDNF family receptor alpha 1, Macrophage Colony- Stimulating Factor, Promyelocytic Leukaemia Zinc-Finger, Testosterone, Sperm count

Modulatory effect of &lt;i&gt;Althaea officinalis&lt;/i&gt; L root extract on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in A549 human lung cancer cell line

Purpose: To explore the modulatory effect of an Althaea officinalis root extract (AORE) on cisplatininduced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in a lung cancer cell line. Methods: Aqueous AORE was obtained from peeled and powdered roots. The effect of cisplatin on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation was studied. The cisplatin concentrations tested ranged from 0 - 30 mg/mL. Cell viability and proliferation were studied using trypan blue and MTT assays, respectively. The cells were also exposed to a combination of cisplatin and the AORE. Results: Cisplatin yielded a 50 % inhibitory concentration at 25 mg/mL and exhibited a dose-dependent cell proliferation loss. Combined use of the root extract and cisplatin had significant (R2 = 0.8305) modulatory effects on cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities. The best inhibitory effects were observed in cells exposed to a combination of 8 or 10 % AORE and 25 mg/mL cisplatin. The optimal effect on cell proliferation was obtained using 25 mg/mL cisplatin and 10 % v/v AORE. Conclusion: The enhanced activity of cisplatin in combination with AORE was more pronounced for cell proliferation than cytotoxicity, indicating that AOREs may be used to control tumor progression and metastasis. Keywords: A549 cells, Althaea officinalis , lung cancer, cell proliferation, cell viability, cisplatin, modulatory effect

Saponaria officinalis-synthesized silver nanocrystals as effective biopesticides and oviposition inhibitors against Tetranychus urticae Koch

Green-fabricated nanoparticles have been mainly tested on mosquito and tick vectors, while no information are available about their toxicity against phytophagous mites. Therefore, here it was determined whether Ag nanoparticles with acaricidal activity could be synthesized using the Saponaria officinalis root extract. Size, shape and crystalline structure of the nanoparticles were described. Furthermore, the toxicity of S. officinalis extract vs. S. officinalis-fabricated Ag nanoparticles was studied, comparing their activity on eggs, larvae and adults of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The impact of both treatments on T. urticae oviposition was investigated. Both the S. officinalis root extract and the nanoparticles showed a very good acaricidal efficacy. Ag nanoparticle LC50 was 1.2gL−1 (LC90=2.8gL−1), significantly less if compared with the root extract alone (LC50(90)=7.8 (11.9)gL−1). Adults of T. urticae showed the lowest sensitivity, with LC50 of 6.1 and 19.9gL−1 for nanoparticles and the aqueous root extract, respectively. Both treatments showed high ovicidal toxicity with LC50 of 3.1 and 13.8gL−1 for the nanoparticles and aqueous root extract, respectively. Treatment spray residues also caused significant inhibition of oviposition in females of T. urticae with EC50 estimated as 1.4gL−1, a value significantly lower, if compared with the extract alone (EC50=6.1gL−1). No phytotoxicity of both treatments was observed in short-term tests. S. officinalis root aqueous extract is used by food and cosmetic industries, thus it can be considered a safe option for plant protection. In addition, the fabricated AgNP also seem highly promising as they showed high biological efficacy, and the production method is relatively simple and cheap.

Traditional Uses, Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Plants from the Genus Sanguisorba L.

Plants from the genus Sanguisorba have been treated as medicinal ingredients for over 2000 years. This paper reviews advances in the botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the genus. To date, more than 120 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from these plants, especially from S. officinalis and S. minor. Among these compounds, triterpenoids, phenols and flavonoids are the primary biologically active constituents. Triterpenoids can be used as quality control markers to determine the quality of medicinal materials and their preparations. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that plants from the genus Sanguisorba exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including hemostatic, antibacterial, antitumor, neuroprotective and hypoglycemic activities. In Chinese medical practice, many drugs (e.g., tablets and powders) that contain S. officinalis roots have been used to treat leukopenia, hemorrhaging and burns. However, there is still a multitude of Sanguisorba species that have garnered little or no attention. Indeed, there are few reports concerning the clinical use and toxic effects of these plants. Further attention should be focused on the study of these species in order to gather information on their respective toxicology data, any relevant quality-control measures, and the clinical value of the crude extracts, active compounds, and bioactive metabolites from Genus Sanguisorba.

Metabolic activities and health indices of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed varying levels of Zingiber officinale root

Toxicological effect of pretilachlor on some physiological processes of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PUPCCC 64Davinder Pal Singh, Jasvirinder Singh Khattar, Alka, Gurdeep Kaur, Yadvinder Singh

Antibacterial Effects of Different Concentrations of Althaea officinalis Root Extract versus 0.2% Chlorhexidine and Penicillin on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus (In vitro).

Aims and Objectives:The aims of the present study were to determine and compare the effects of different concentrations of Althaea officinalis extract, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and penicillin on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro.Materials and Methods:The laboratory study was done, for a period of 8 weeks. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the test tube, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in a plate culture medium, and growth inhibition zone diameter methods were used to compare the antibacterial effects of 0.2% CHX, penicillin, and different concentrations of A. officinalis root extract. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 using ANOVA and t-test analysis.Results:The results showed A. officinalis root extract had antibacterial effect, but significant differences were in MIC and MBC against L. acidophilus and S. mutans with penicillin and 0.2% CHX mouthwash. In addition, the mean growth inhibition zones of all the concentrations of the plant extract were less than that of the positive control group (P = 0.001). However, the difference in the maximum growth inhibition zone from that with the negative control group was significant. In addition, the antibacterial effect of the extract increased with an increase in its concentration. The extract exerted a greater antibacterial effect on S. mutans than on L. acidophilus. The plant polyphenols content is 3.7% which is equivalent to 29.93 g/ml.Conclusion:The root extract of A. officinalis exhibited antibacterial effects on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, but this effect was less than those of CHX mouthwash and penicillin. The antibacterial effect increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract.

Kinetika sušenja i analiza skupljanja biomaterijala korenja Valeriana officinalis

Kinetika sušenja i analiza skupljanja biomaterijala korenja Valeriana officinalis

Extract from the roots of Saponaria officinalis as a potential acaricide against Tetranychus urticae

The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) is one of the most harmful phytophagous pests, dangerous not only due to its fast development cycle and high fertility, but also due to its ability to rapidly develop resistance to active substances of acaricides. It is therefore important to seek new alternative products characterized by a novel mechanism of action while being safe to health at the same time. For this reason, we tested the efficacy of extracts obtained by extraction of the roots of Saponaria officinalis in water against all developmental stages of T. urticae. The highest sensitivity was found for eggs (LC50 = 0.31% w/v), while adults showed the least significant sensitivity (LC50 = 1.18% w/v). Application of the extract also resulted in an inhibition of oviposition by females (LC50 = 0.91% w/v). The efficacy of extract prepared by maceration of 15 and 30 g of S. officinalis roots in one litre of water was verified in one-year greenhouse tests in cucumbers and tomatoes infested by T. urticae. Repeated applications of the extract were found to significantly reduce the numbers of two-spotted spider mite individuals on tomato and cucumber leaves, and their counts remained significantly lower compared to untreated plants throughout the observation period (140 days). The extract, prepared from 30 g of the roots in one litre of water, maintained spider mite counts at approximately the same levels as an applied commercial acaricide based on a.i. abamectin. At the same time, it was observed that the extract had a positive effect with respect to the mean weight of the fruits and to the overall yield of tomato and cucumber fruits, compared to untreated plants. In addition, the amounts of substances extracted from the roots of S. officinalis using water, as well as the extraction velocity of water-soluble substances, were studied. The amounts of water-extractable substances were found to be directly dependent on the weights of the extracted roots, where the extraction of 15, 30, 60, 80 and 100 g of roots in one litre of water resulted in 7.4, 15.9, 30.6, 38.9 and 49.4 g of dry mass of the substances, respectively, dissolved in one litre of the extract after 24 h. Also, the extraction velocity at ambient temperature was very high. When 30 g of roots was extracted in one litre of water, most of the substances were dissolved during the first 10 min (12.9 g L−1); subsequently, the amounts of dissolved substances kept rising only slightly and stabilized after about 25 min from the beginning of extraction (15.5 g L−1). Given that the root extract is primarily used in the food industry, in traditional medicine and in the cosmetics industry, we can presume that the use of the extract for the protection of vegetables against T. urticae is of no concern. Based on our tests, we can propose this extract as a candidate basic substance that may be beneficial for reducing the counts of harmful developmental stages of T. urticae.

Uranium accumulation in aquatic macrophytes in an uraniferous region: Relevance to natural attenuation

Phytoremediation potential of uranium (U) was investigated by submerged, free-floating and rooted emergent native aquatic macrophytes inhabiting along the streams of Horta da Vilariça, a uraniferous geochemical region of NE Portugal. The work has been undertaken with the following objectives: (i) to relate the U concentrations in water–sediment–plant system; and (ii) to identify the potentialities of aquatic plants to remediate U-contaminated waters based on accumulation pattern. A total of 25 plant species culminating 233 samples was collected from 15 study points along with surface water and contiguous sediments. Concentrations of U showed wide range of variations both in waters (0.61–5.56 μg L−1, mean value 1.98 μg L−1) and sediments (124–23,910 μg kg−1, mean value 3929 μg kg−1) and this is also reflected in plant species examined. The plant species exhibited the ability to accumulate U several orders of magnitude higher than the surrounding water. Maximum U concentrations was recorded in the bryophyte Scorpiurium deflexifolium (49,639 μg kg−1) followed by Fontinalis antipyretica (35,771 μg kg−1), shoots of Rorippa sylvestris (33,837 μg kg−1), roots of Oenanthe crocata (17,807 μg kg−1) as well as in Nasturtium officinale (10,995 μg kg−1). Scorpiurium deflexifolium displayed a high bioconcentration factor (BF) of ∼2.5 × 104 (mean value). The species Fontinalis antipyretica, Nasturtium officinale (roots) and Rorippa sylvestris (shoots) exhibited the mean BFs of 1.7 × 104, 5 × 103 and 4.8 × 103 respectively. Maximum translocation factor (TF) was very much pronounced in the rooted perennial herb Rorippa sylvestris showing extreme ability to transport U for the shoots and seems to be promising candidate to be used as bioindicator species.

Acaricidal properties of extracts of some medicinal and culinary plants against Tetranychus urticae Koch.

The acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts obtained from 28 plant species was tested against Tetranychus urticae. The extract efficacy on the incidence of individual development stages of T. urticae on the treated plants was determined, compared to untreated plants. Of the 28 extracts, 24 showed an efficacy higher than 50%; of these, 16 extracts caused a reduction in the count of adults on the plants by more than 90% compared to the control. The counts of nymphs and eggs showed significant differences depending on the extract used. Only 13 extracts showed an efficacy higher than 50%, and only 2 extracts (obtained from Ammi visnaga and Saponaria officinalis) had more than 90% efficacy. Twenty extracts resulted in eggs reduction of more than 50% compared to the control; of these, 6 extracts (from A. visnaga, G. glabra, J. palmata, L. carthamoides, O. majorana, S. officinalis) exhibited an efficacy higher than 90%. Extracts with the highest efficacy were tested for their acute toxicity for T. urticae adults, and LD50(90) values were estimated. By comparing the confidence intervals (CI95) for individual LD50 values, extracts obtained from Saponaria officinalis roots and Ammi visnaga seeds were found to provide the significantly highest efficacies, and lethal doses (LD50) of 10.3 and 12.5 g/l, respectively, were estimated for them. However, wanting to compare LD90 values as well, we chose 5 extracts (A. visnaga, C. annum, M. × piperita, O. majorana, and S. officinalis) whose CI95 intervals overlapped (P ≤ 0.05). Based on our tests, aqueous extracts from S. officinalis roots can be recommended for the development of products which reduce the incidence of T. urticae on plants.

Modulation of corticospinal excitability by valerian officinalis root extract: A neuropharmacological Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) study

IntroductionValerian officinalis roots extract is a popular medication for insomnia and anxiety treatment. Sedative effect of Valerian is mainly attributed to the modulation of gabaergic transmission, but its pharmacodynamics has not been fully elucidated.ObjectsTo investigate the acute effects of Valerian Officinalis extracts intake on corticoexcitability as measured by TMS.AimsTo obtain further data on Valerian pharmacodynamics.MethodsTwelve healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind randomized crossover placebo-controlled study. They were required to take either 900 mg of Valerian officinalis extract (valerenic acid 0.8%) or placebo. Focal TMS of the hand area of left motor cortex was used to test Resting motor threshold (RMT), Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) amplitude and silent period duration (SP). We also tested Short-interval Intracortical Inhibition (SICI), Intracortical facilitation (ICF), Short and Long afferent Inhibition (SAI and LAI). All parameters were investigated at baseline, 1 hour and 6 hours after drug intake. After a 3-week washout period the subjects switched to the alternate arm of the study.ResultsA mixed RMANOVA revealed a significant main effect of “time” [F(1,22) = 4.03, P = 0.02] and a significant “treatment × time” interaction [F(1,22) = 6.3, P = 0.003]. Post-hoc analysis indicated that the amount of ICF was significantly reduced 1 hour after Valerian intake (P = 0.01) returning to baseline values after 6 hours. No significant changes between the Valerian and placebo groups were observed for the other parameters investigated.ConclusionsThe modulation of ICF induced by Valerian officinalis is likely due to glutamatergic antagonism and might underlie the anti-anxiety therapeutic effects.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Rapid Authentication of the Herbal Medicine Plant Species Aralia continentalis Kitag. and Angelica biserrata C.Q. Yuan and R.H. Shan Using ITS2 Sequences and Multiplex-SCAR Markers.

Accurate identification of the plant species that are present in herbal medicines is important for quality control. Although the dried roots of Aralia continentalis (Araliae Continentalis Radix) and Angelica biserrata (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix) are used in the same traditional medicine, namely Dok-Hwal in Korean and Du-Huo in Chinese, the medicines are described differently in the national pharmacopeia. Further confusion arises from the distribution of dried Levisticum officinale and Heracleum moellendorffii roots as the same medicine. Medicinal ingredients from all four plants are morphologically similar, and discrimination is difficult using conventional methods. Molecular identification methods offer rapidity and accuracy. The internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) was sequenced in all four plant species, and the sequences were used to design species-specific primers. Primers for each species were then combined to allow sample analysis in a single PCR reaction. Commercial herbal medicine samples were obtained from Korea and China and analyzed using the multiplex assay. The assay successfully identified authentic medicines and also identified inauthentic or adulterated samples. The multiplex assay will be a useful tool for identification of authentic Araliae Continentalis Radix and/or Angelicae Pubescentis Radix preparations in Korea and China.

Analysis of the 6-gingerol Content inZingiberspp. and their Commercial Foods using HPLC

The content analysis of 6-gingerol, which is an active compound, in Zingiber spp. (Z. officinale and Z. mioga) and their commercial foods (ginger teas and powders) was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography. A reverse phase system was used, with a gradient solvent system of water and acetonitrile. The 6-gingerol content was highest in the methanol extract of Z. officinale root (17.09 mg/g extract) and ginger powder B (15.92 mg/g extract). The results demonstrated that this method was simple and reliable for the quality control of Zingiber commercial foods.

Plant hairy root cultures as plasmodium modulators of the slime mold emergent computing substrate Physarum polycephalum.

Roots of the medicinal plant Valeriana officinalis are well-studied for their various biological activities. We applied genetically transformed V. officinalis root biomass to exert control of Physarum polycephalum, an amoeba-based emergent computing substrate. The plasmodial stage of the P. polycephalum life cycle constitutes a single, multinucleate cell visible by unaided eye. The plasmodium modifies its network of oscillating protoplasm in response to spatial configurations of attractants and repellents, a behavior that is interpreted as biological computation. To program the computing behavior of P. polycephalum, a diverse and sustainable library of plasmodium modulators is required. Hairy roots produced by genetic transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes are a metabolically stable source of bioactive compounds. Adventitious roots were induced on in vitro V. officinalis plants following infection with A. rhizogenes. A single hairy root clone was selected for massive propagation and the biomass was characterized in P. polycephalum chemotaxis, maze-solving, and electrical activity assays. The Agrobacterium-derived roots of V. officinalis elicited a positive chemotactic response and augmented maze-solving behavior. In a simple plasmodium circuit, introduction of hairy root biomass stimulated the oscillation patterns of slime mold's surface electrical activity. We propose that manipulation of P. polycephalum with the plant root culture platform can be applied to the development of slime mold microfluidic devices as well as future models for engineering the plant rhizosphere.

고온고압 처리된 파극천 추출물의 MMP-1 발현 억제 효능 증진

파극천은 전통적으로 피부염증 치료에 사용되어온 약초이다. 본 연구에서는 파극천 뿌리를 고온(<TEX>$132^{\circ}C$</TEX>) 및 고압(<TEX>$1.2kgf/cm^2$</TEX>)에서 15분 동안 처리한 후 추출물을 분리하여 이들의 MMP-1 효소 억제 효능을 확인하였다. 고온고압 처리된 파극천 추출물의 성분변화를 확인한 결과, 고온고압 처리가 파극천 추출물의 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량을 약 1.5배 이상 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. DPPH 및 superoxide 라디칼 소거능을 확인해 본 결과 <TEX>$500{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>에서 각각 79.25%, 94.5%의 라디칼 소거 효과가 나타났으며, 기존 추출물 대비 농도 의존적으로 활성 증가를 확인하였다. 또한, 항염 효과를 5-LOX 및 COX-2 저해능을 통해 확인한 결과 고온고압 처리된 파극천 추출물에서 약 45% 증가된 저해능이 나타났다. 이에 자외선에 대한 고온고압 처리된 파극천 추출물의 피부 콜라겐 단백질 분해효소 발현 저해 양상도 농도 의존적으로 발현이 억제되었으며 약 16% 정도 저해 효과가 유의적으로 증가되었다. UVB의 세포보호 효과도 고온고압 처리된 파극천 추출물을 함께 처리하였을 때 세포생존율이 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 파극천 추출물에 고온고압 처리를 통해 기존 추출물보다 뛰어난 항산화, 항염 및 MMP-1 발현 억제 효과의 증가를 확인하였으며, 앞으로 기능성 소재로서 화장품에 응용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Morinda officinalis (Rubiaceae) is a medicinal herb that has traditionally been used for the treatment of skin inflammation. The present study was to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) of the extracts of the root of M. officinalis, which was autoclaved at <TEX>$132^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$1.2kgf/cm^2$</TEX> for 15 min using an autoclave. The composition of the extracts were compared with that prepared without autoclaved treatment. Total phenol and flavonoid contents were analyzed for the autoclaved M. officinalis root extract (AME) and M. officinalis root extract (ME). Results showed that the autoclaved AME contained total phenol and flavonoid contents 1.5-fold times more than those from ME. AME showed DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging activities as 79.25% and 94.5%, respectively, at the concentration of <TEX>$500{\mu}g/mL$</TEX>. In anti-inflammatory assay, AME inhibited the activity of COX-2 and 5-LOX metabolites. In addition, AME showed higher an inhibition rate in MMP-1 expression than ME in UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblast (HDF) without any significant cytotoxicity. UVB-induced cytotoxicity and cell death were effectively suppressed by AME. In conclusion, autoclaving the M. officinalis root increased the phenol and flavonoid contents. The extracts of the autoclaved M. officinalis enhanced the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-MMP-1 effects. Thus, the extracts could be an useful active ingredient in cosmetics.

The extraction process optimization of antioxidant polysaccharides from Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.) roots.

Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) based on five levels was employed to model and optimize four experimental operating conditions of extraction temperature (10-90 °C) and time (6-30 h), particle size (6-24 mm) and water to solid (W/S, 10-50) ratio, obtaining polysaccharides from Althaea officinalis roots with high yield and antioxidant activity. For each response, a second-order polynomial model with high R(2) values (> 0.966) was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results showed that the most significant (P < 0.05) extraction conditions that affect the yield and antioxidant activity of extracted polysaccharides were the main effect of extraction temperature and the interaction effect of the particle size and W/S ratio. The optimum conditions to maximize yield (10.80%) and antioxidant activity (84.09%) for polysaccharides extraction from A. officinalis roots were extraction temperature 60.90 °C, extraction time 12.01 h, particle size 12.0mm and W/S ratio of 40.0. The experimental values were found to be in agreement with those predicted, indicating the models suitability for optimizing the polysaccharides extraction conditions.