Officinalis Oil Research Articles

The use of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil in Alzheimer's patients

Abstract text Rosmarinus officinalis is a species of the Lamiaceae family and is popularly known in Brazil as "field rosemary, golden rosemary, rosemary". The species is aromatic due to the presence of essential oil, a complex class of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and phenylpropanoids that are found in the aerial parts of the plant. Thus, the interest of studies on volatile compounds and their possible biological actions, mainly on pathological processes, are a subject of study. The use of essential oils in pharmacology and aromatherapy is remarkable. And R. officinalis essential oil is famous for its volatile compounds used in acetylcholinesterase inhibition models. The aim of the study was to review in the literature the use of R. officinalis oil and its use in Alzheimer's disease phytotherapy. A survey of studies (articles, dissertations and theses) on the use of rosemary essential oil on acetylcholinesterase inhibition was carried out. As a result, it was observed that the use of R. officinalis essential oil presents a significant amount of studies with excellent results of inhibiting this enzyme on Alzheimer's disease and on improving cognition and memory, mainly in models induced by scopolamine dementia. It is noted that still, little is known about the use of rosemary essential oil, this study being a review of the main biological uses, however, there is still much to research. Rosmarinus officinalis oil may be a new pharmacological prototype due to its volatile compounds with great aptitude in the treatment of pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease.

Continuous Fixed-Bed Column Studies of Textile Effluent Treatment using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Originated from Rosmarinus officinalis Oil

A continuous adsorption study in a fixed-bed column was carried out using Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes derived from Rosmarinus officinalis oil as an adsorbent for removing the textile dye Acid blue 40 from an aqueous solution. The adsorbent, MWNTs were prepared from Rosmarinus officinalis oil as a precursor to Fe/Mo catalyst supported on silica at 650 ºC under N2 atmosphere by spray pyrolysis process characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Transmission Electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of adsorbent bed height (2–6 cm), initial ion concentration (20– 60 mg/L), and flow rate (10–30 mL/min) on the column performance were analyzed. The breakthrough curve was analyzed using the mathematical models of Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, and bed depth service time. The Thomas model at different conditions defined the behaviors of the breakthrough curves. The bed depth service time model showed good agreement with the experimental data. The high values of correlation coefficients (R2 0.9875) obtained indicate the validity of the bed depth service time model for the present column system.

Efficacy of synergistic activity of seed oils from Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower) and Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) on the lethality of the cattle tick Hyalomma scupense (Acari: Ixodidae).

Background:Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a severe economic and public-health problem for cattle producers. The emergence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments has prompted interest in developing alternative tick control methods.Aim:The main objective of the current research was to identify the chemical structure of Carthamus tinctorius and Nasturtium officinale seed oils and to assess their anti-tick properties against Hyalomma scupense ticks both alone and in combination (1:1).Methods:Analytical methods were used to analyze the chemical components. For in vitro assays, adults of H. scupense were immersed in C. tinctorius and N. officinale seed oils at 100, 125, 200, and 300 mg/ml concentrations; for 5 minutes. Larvae of H. scupense were dipped in 25, 50, 100, 125, 200, and 300 mg/ml doses of seed oils; the mortality percentage was determined after 24 hours.Results:The seed oil safflower was mainly composed of linoleic acid (84.48%), followed by palmitic acid (6.54%) and stearic acid (3.77%). Meanwhile, watercress seed oil was mainly composed of linolenic acid (50.78%), gondoic acid (13.57%), linoleic acid (10.58%), palmitic acid (8.02%), and erucidic acid (6.62%). The Adults Immersion Test showed the sensitivity of ticks to C. tinctorius and N. officinale seed oil: C. tinctorius seed oil caused (95%) mortality of H. scupense at 300 mg/ml, while N. officinale seed oil induced (88.68%) mortality at the same concentration. At a 200 mg/ml concentration, C. tinctorius and N. officinale oil combined caused 100% mortality. Tested oils showed larvicidal efficacy. LC50 values for C. tinctorius and N. officinale seed oils were 84.16 and 61.78 mg/ml, respectively, in 24 hours. LC50 value of oils association (50% C. tinctorius: 50% N. officinale) was 47.96 mg/ml.The mixture of seed oils from two plants tested against H. scupense larvae and adult females at a 1:1 ratio showed synergistic interaction.Conclusion:Seed oils tested alone, and the mixture could be used as an alternative solution in the fight against ticks.

Different Extracting Methods of Medicinal Herbs

Salvia officinalis L. is well known as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Albania. Several studies suggest that Salvia officinalis L., in addition to treating minor common illnesses, might potentially provide novel natural treatments for the relief or cure of many serious and life-threatening diseases such as depression, dementia, obesity, diabetes, lupus, heart disease, cancer or antibacterial treatments. The most common methods used for obtaining extracts of essential oils are water distillation, distillation with organic solvents such as hexane, ethanol, methanol and extraction with liquid CO2 under pressure as well. The extracts fractions obtained by these methods are of interest especially in the fields of pharmacology, cosmetic, medicine, food chemistry etc. In this study the extraction of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L is carried out by using an organic solvent (hexane) and liquid CO2 solvent under pressure at 40 0 C. The essential oil extracts are analyzed by thin layer chromatography. The amount of essential oil and the overall yield obtained by hexane distillation method is lower than that obtained by CO2 extraction method. These findings demonstrated that the amount of S. Officinalis oils obtained by CO2 extraction method is optimal, making that suitable for a possible use in pharmaceutical purposes.

Chemical composition and anticancer effects of Zingiber officinale volatile oil

Zingiber officinale rhizome is used in ethnomedicine in treating tumor-related ailments. This study was undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of this plant. The oil was extracted using a Clavenger apparatus by hydro-distillation method. Preliminary screening was carried out with brine shrimp cytotoxicity test at 10-1000 µg/mL. The volatile oil was further tested on breast cancer (AU 565) and cervical cancer (HeLa) at 50 µg /mL using MTT assay and later subjected to GCMS analysis. LC50 of 157.75 µg/mL was obtained in the brine shrimp mortality assay. Z. officinale oil showed high anticancer activities with 50 and 43 % inhibitions against HeLa and AU 565 cells respectively. GCMS analysis revealed the major constituents of Z. officinale oil as a-citral (11.68 %) and a-citral (10.18 %). These results suggest the medicinal potency of this plant oil.

Fumigant Activity and Chemical Composition of Three Essential Oils Used in Gelatin Capsules for the Control of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Egypt

The objective of this study was to test the use of plant volatiles as a simple, safe and effective technology for postharvest insect pest control. Specifically, the fumigant action of the three local plant essential oils, namely Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae), Eucalyptus sp. (Myrtaceae), and Salvia officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), were tested against Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which has recently become a major pest of dry beans in Egypt. To test the efficacy of each oil, 7 μl was added to a piece of filter paper at various concentrations (4–11 %) and then placed inside a perforated gelatin capsule. This technique was used to eliminate direct contact between the volatile oils and stored beans (to avoid any adverse effects to beans). At 48 h post-treatment, adult insect mortality was significantly increased for all tested oils relative to the untreated control. Based on probit analysis at 48 h post-treatment, the Cinnamomum sp. essential oil was the most effective (LC50 = 4.55 %; 4.23–4.89 %). Eucalyptus sp. (LC50 = 7.47 %; 7.15–7.80 %) and S. officinalis (LC50 = 7.57 %; 7.20–7.96 %) had similar but lower efficacies. The main component in Cinnamomum sp. oil was (E)-cinnamaldehyde (a phenylpropene), while in Eucalyptus sp. oil it was 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol), and in S. officinalis oil they were eucalyptol and camphor (terpenoids). The fumigant activity of the tested oils is attributable to their richness in volatile phenylpropene and terpenoids. The gelatin capsule is a simple yet effective technique that could be used in integrated pest management programmes for postharvest treatments, but further testing is required, especially in small-to-medium storage environments.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST POST-HARVEST FRUIT ROT OF SWEET PEPPER

A laboratory experiment was conducted using some essential oils, i.e., Eucalyptus globulus, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinnamomum cassia and Zingiber officinale to study their effects at different concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4% v/v) on the radial growth and spore germinations of, Ulocladium chartarum, Aspargillus niger , Fusarium semitectum and Geotrichum candidum , which were Isolated and identified of postharvest rots pepper fruits obtained from local markets using potato dextrose agar. The obtained results generally indicated that the tested essential oils significantly inhibit growth of the tested fungi. Eugenia caryophyllata oil was the most effective one, followed by Eucalyptus globulus of all tested concentrations, flowed by Cinnamomum cassia and Zingiber officinale oils at high concentrations. Moreover, some of the tested fungi were affected by all used essential oils, while Aspargillus niger was the most resistant fungi. Conclusively; it could be concluded that the tested essential oils were effectively inhibited the growth of the tested fungi that cause postharvest fruit rot diseases of sweet pepper at different concentrations tested (1, 2, 3, 4%). The paper aimed to inhibit evaluate the effects of some salts as natural products on postharvest diseases of sweet pepper fruits under the laboratory conditions and evaluate their effects on the development and suppression of these diseases. To achieve these aims, four different salts i.e. sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride was applied at four concentrations, 1, 2, 3 and 4% (w/v). Salt solutions were tested on the mycelial growth and spore germination of Ulocladium chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium semitectum and Geotrichum candidum. Seven days post incubation, mycelial growth of the tested fungi were completely inhibited by the used salt solutions. Generally, the obtained results indicate a clear impact for most used salts solutions especially sodium salts. Finally, the optimum concentrations of salts under the experiments study conditions for inhibiting of growth of Ulocladium chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium semitectum, and its spores. Geotrichum candidum were 4, 3, 3, 3% (w/v) for sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, respectively. Conclusively, the optimum concentrations of salts in this study for inhibiting growth of some fungi were 4, 3, 3, 3% (w/v) for sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium nitrate and calcium chloride, respectively.

Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., and the phyto-compounds, delta-carene and alpha-pinene mediate cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) is widely used in folk and traditional medicine for inflammation-related diseases due to its anti-oxidant and wound healing properties. Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. is a widely distributed perennial herb belonging to the Poaceae family and has been extensively consumed for its traditional and ethnomedicinal, cosmetic, and nutritional effects for centuries.Aim of the study: Budding yeast is a valuable system to study cell-cycle regulation, which is the underlying defect in cancer cells. The aim of the present study was to characterize the antiproliferative effect of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (lemon grass) and their effect on cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Materials and methods: Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. essential oil was extracted from leaves and characterized by GC–MS, TLC and FTIR. The antiproliferative activity of essential oils and their major compounds, delta-carene and α-pinene was studied by liquid growth assay. Microscopic examination of yeast cells was done to determine the budding index. Flowcytometry analysis of DNA content was analyzed to confirm the G2/M arrest of cell cycle of budding yeast.Results: Both the essential oils mediated a dose-dependent inhibition of yeast growth in liquid assays. Analysis of budding index and DNA content by flowcytometry revealed that R. officinalis L. and C. citratus (DC.) Stapf. essential oils mediate the arrest of yeast cells at G2/M phase of cell cycle. GC/MS analysis of R. officinalis oil revealed the presence of two major compounds, delta-carene (7.75%), and α-pinene (15.1%). Both delta-carene and α-pinene showed antiproliferative activity (92% and 95% of growth inhibition, respectively) and caused the arrest of yeast cell cycle at G2/M phase.Conclusions: The essential oils of R. officinalis and C. citratus, delta-carene and α-pinene can be validated in animal model for cell cycle inhibition and cancer therapeutics.

Screening and testing potential inhibitors of sulphide gas production by sulphate-reducing bacteria.

Sulphate-reducing bacteria are commonly associated with biological causes of oil well souring. Biosulphetogenesis can directly affect oil quality and storage due to the accumulation of sulphides. In addition, these microorganisms can create bio-incrustation that can clog pipes. Sulphite reductase (SIR) is the enzyme responsible for converting ion sulphite into sulphide and several substances may interfere or control such activity. This interference can hinder growth of the sulphate-reducing bacteria and, consequently, it reduces sulphide accumulation in situ. This work focuses on molecular modelling techniques along with in vitro experiments in order to investigate the potential of two essential oils and one vegetable oil as main inhibitors of sulphite reductase activity. Docking simulation identified several substances present in Rosmarinus officinalis, Tea tree and Neem extractable oils as potential inhibitors of SIR. Substances present in Neem vegetable oil are the most potent inhibitors, followed by Rosmarinus officinalis and Tea tree essential oils. The Neem oil mixture showed a superior effectiveness in intracellular SIR inhibitory effects.

Toxicity of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil to the Pest Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its Predator Phytoseiulus Persimilis Athias-Henroit (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

This study aims to determine the chemical composition of Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and its acaricidal effect on the pest mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). and its predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted was carried out on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Three major compounds found in the essential of R. officinalis were α-pinene (32.64%), β-Humulene (8.71%), and Camphene (5.95%). The toxicity of R. officinalis oil was performed using inhalation bioassay on both T. urticae and its predator P. persimilis. The results obtained showed high toxicity on the mite than to its predator with a mortality rate of 80% and 16.11% respectively at the dose of 4%. The fertility of females, the hatching of eggs, and the emergence of adults in T. urticae were also studied using contact bioassay where a total reduction of all three biological parameters was recorded at the dose of 4%. Besides, the application of this oil will also allow the conservation of P. persimilis. Altogether, the combination of toxicity on T. urticae and preservation of its predator gives R. officinalis essential oil a propitious potential for the control of the pest mite T. urticae and maintenance of environmental balance.

Evaluation of essential oils as an ecological alternative in the search for control Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a significant problem for livestock, causing losses of billions of dollars per year. This work aimed to determine the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Laurus nobilis and Copaifera officinalis and evaluate activity against engorged R. microplus females. Chemical composition analyzed by GC-MS revealed the presence of 39 components accounting for 95.38% of the oil in L. nobilis, the most abundant being 1,8-cineol (25.7%), trans-sabinene-hydrate (20.8%), and α-terpinil acetate (15.0%). Chemical analysis of C. officinalis oil identified 25 components corresponding to 80.5% of the total constituents, where the major compounds were β-caryophyllene (21.1%), caryophyllene oxide (10.7%), and α-trans-bergamotene (9.3%). Adult immersion test (AIT) showed that L. nobilis essential oil at 5% or 10% caused 80.5% mortality of engorged females after 24h and reached 96.9% and 100% mortality on the third day after treatment, respectively. While the essential oil from C. officinalis caused 84.7% mortality after six days at 10% and at 5%, achieved approximately 100% mortality rate at the end of the experiment (day 15). Both essential oils and the combination significantly inhibited egg-laying; however, the combination treatment showed higher effectiveness than the isolated oils at 2.5%. A possible synergic action of L. nobilis and C. officinalis against the cattle tick R. microplus is therefore suggested. The present work introduces a potential alternative for the development of a formulation environment-friendly (green pesticide) used to control cattle tick infestations.

Composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cold-pressed and distilled essential oils of Origanum onites L. and Lavandula officinalis L. relationships evaluated by SEM microscopy

Summary Introduction: In order to prevent increased bacterial resistance, it is important to use herbal medicines with less side effects. Objective: In this study, the chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and SEM images of Lavandula officinalis and Origanum onites oils obtained in two different ways were determined. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the oils was determined against reference and multiple strains of foodborne and pathogenic bacteria. The each essential oil sample were analyzed by GC–MS. Antioxidant activities of the samples were examined through DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging and FRAP assays. Results: The results indicate that the oils of obtained from Origanum onites and Lavandula officinalis exhibited relatively strong antibacterial and antifungal activity. In addition, the antioxidant activities detected were remarkable. Morphological changes in bacterial cells treated with essential oil samples were demon- strated with SEM images. In addition, the chemical components of the oil samples obtained by both water steam and cold press were revealed by GC-MS analysis and compared. Conclusion: When all the obtained results are evaluated together; these plants could be suitable for using as antimicrobial and antioxidative agents in several industries such as food, cosmetic, etc.

INSECTICIDAL EFFECT OF THREE ESSENTIAL OILS AND BEAUVERICIN NANO GEL ON SITOPHILUS ORYZAE AND SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (COLEOPTERA :CURCULIONIDAE)

Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera :Curculionidae) harmful insects cause a damages to stored product seeds. These pests controlled by chemical materials which pollute the environments. Essential oils are a natural compound used as insecticide to a lot of pests. In our research we controlled these pests by essential oils, Cinnamomum zeylancium, Zingiber officinale, Cuminum cyminum and Beauvericin nano gel 2%. Results showed that, the LC50s of S. Oryzae were 38, 44, 151 and 18 ppm for Beauvericin nano gel 2% C. zeylancium, C. cyminum and Z. officinale, respectively. Also LC50s for S. granarius obtained by the corresponding treatments were, 41, 144, 11and 29ppm. The accumulative of S. oryzae significantly increased after 48 (H) by 2.8 fold after application of Cinnamomum zeylancium oil. When Zingiber officinale Oil applications the accumulative mortality increased by 3,3fold. The Beauvericin nano gel 2% showed that the accumulative increased by increasing the exposure time.Cinnamomum zeylancium showed a higher effect on the wheat weevil S. granarius, where the accumulative mortality recorded 91 after 48 (H). The lower accumulative mortality after Beauvericin nano gel 2%, recorded 38 after 48(H). The repellency test showed that, the highest repellant found among the Beauvericin nano gel 2% treatments. Data presented show that the persistence effectiveness of oil significantly decreased by increasing the storage time. The potential of the insecticidal oils was high after 45 days of storage, against S. oryzae and S. granarius. The potential of the insecticidal effect of oil recorded the lowest percentage at the end of storage after 100 days to both S. oryzae and S. granarius.

Comparison and survey of chemical composition and antimicrobial effects Hyssopus officinalis and Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) oils against some of food infectious and spoiling microorganisms In Vitro

Comparison and survey of chemical composition and antimicrobial effects Hyssopus officinalis and Frankincense (Boswellia carteri) oils against some of food infectious and spoiling microorganisms In Vitro

Effect of Melilotus Officinalis Oil on Knee Joint Pain and Stiffness in the Elderly With Primary Knee Osteoarthritis

Objectives: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases among older people which is one the most important causes of disability and heavy socio-economic burden on the elderly and society. This study aimed to investigate the effect of melilotus officinalis oil on knee joint pain and stiffness among older adults with mild to moderate primary knee osteoarthritis. Methods & Materials: This is a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial (registration code: IRCT2016082129461N1). Participants were 61 eligible older adults (35 females and 26 males with a mean age of 78±7.79 years) residing in one of the nursing homes in Tehran, Iran who had mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis clinically diagnosed by an orthopedic physician. Then they were assigned randomly into two groups of intervention and control received melilotus officinalis oil and diclofenac gel, respectively, using a randomization table based on balance block randomization. The data were collected using a demographic form and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for evaluating knee joint pain and stiffness at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 23 software. Results: There was no statistically significant different between the intervention and control groups in terms of sociodemographic variables (age, education, marital status, occupation, smoking, physical activity, chronic illness, and medication) at baseline. Knee pain (F1,58=119.07, P<0.001) and joint stiffness (F 1,58=19.9, P<0.001) reduced significantly in both groups, where the effect size was higher in the intervention group. No considerable side effect reported during the study. Conclusion: Compared to diclofenac gel, melilotus officinalis oil can reduce knee joint pain and stiffness in older people with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is suggested for treatment of people with knee osteoarthritis. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanism of melilotus oficinalis oil in reducing knee pain and stiffness and determine its effective dosage.

The anti proliferative effects of rosemary oil on keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT

This study aims to investigate the action of rosemary oil on the immortalized keratinocyte cell line. Samples of Rosmarinus officinalis that were growing uncultivated in central Turkey were harvested during flowering in May 2016. The rosemary oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation of the dried ground material in a Clevenger-like apparatus. Human cells from the immortalized nontumorigenic keratinocyte cell line were seeded at a concentration of 5000 cells/well on 96 well plates. Cell viability was measured at the 24, 48, and 72 h. Five different doses of 1.25% to 20% Rosmarinus officinalis oil, 20% DMSO (for toxic examination), and 1 negative control were prepared. Highly significant differences were found between the doses (P < 0.01) as well as at different time points (P < 0.01).That is to say that at 72 h, the results for mean ± SD cell vitalities for doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, DMSO 20%, and the control were 0.099 ± 0.018, 0.077 ± 0.008, 0.038 ± 0.011, 0.022 ± 0.005, 0.011 ± 0.000, 0.009 ± 0.000, and 0.174 ± 0.011, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the mean vitality from baseline (3.4%) to 48 h (2.0%) followed by a substantial increase at 72 h (6.1%) (P < 0.01). This study shows that rosemary oil used in cell culture inhibits cell proliferation, which might be via the apoptotic pathway. We concluded that rosemary oil at a concentration of 1.25% may help the organism to inhibit excessive cell proliferation in tissues covered with keratinocytes, which may contribute to a healthy digestive system by stopping excessive cell proliferation and may be utilized in both animal feed and human nutrition, via the apoptotic pathway.

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of Osteocalcin to Evaluate The Effect of Local Application of Symphytum Officinale Oil on Bone Healing on Rat

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of Osteocalcin to Evaluate The Effect of Local Application of Symphytum Officinale Oil on Bone Healing on Rat

The potential of Salvia officinalis as a suppressor of cell proliferation in animal feed and human nutrition: an experimental study

The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activities of Salvia officinalis sage oil on human immortalized keratinocyte HaCaT cell lines by using an [3- 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] MTT cytotoxicity assay after the Salvia officinalis oil administration in different doses and time-points. In vitro cytotoxic activities of Salvia officinalis oil on HaCaT cell lines were assessed, and MTT assays were used to determine cell viability. The HaCaT cells 100 µL were cultured in 96- well plates at 2 × 104 cells per well and treated with different concentrations of Salvia officinalis oil 25 µM, 50 µM, 100 µM, 150 µM, and 200 µM for durations of 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell death was determined by collecting and staining with 0.4% Trypan blue for 5 min at room temperature before microscopic examination. At 24 h, there was a significant difference between the 25 and 200 µM doses P = 0.034 . For the 72 h Salvia officinalis oil application, there was a significant difference between the 50 and 200 µM doses only P = 0.002 . On the other hand, for 48 h Salvia officinalis application, there were significant differences between 25 and 150 µM, 25 and 200 µM, 50 and 150 µM, 50 and 200 µM, 100 and 150 µM, and 100 and 200 µM doses P = 0.003, P = 0.000, P = 0.005, P = 0.001, P = 0.028, and P = 0.003, respectively . We concluded that Salvia officinalis oil may help the living organism to have a healthy digestive system by stopping excessive cell proliferation via the apoptotic pathway in the gastrointestinal system and, thus, may be used in both animal feed and human nutrition.

Methylcellulose Hydrogel with Melissa officinalis Essential Oil as a Potential Treatment for Oral Candidiasis.

Candida spp. are the most prevalent fungi of the human microbiota and are opportunistic pathogens that can cause oral candidiasis. Management of such infections is limited due to the low number of antifungal drugs available, their relatively high toxicity and the emergence of antifungal resistance. Therefore, much interest in the antimicrobial potential of natural compounds has recently been evident. The use of hydrogels in the delivery of biocides has been explored due to their biocompatibility, ease with drug encapsulation, and due to their potential to confer mechanical and structural properties similar to biological tissue. Methylcellulose hydrogels (10% (w/v)) with 1% (v/v) and 2% (v/v) Melissa officinalis oil were synthesised. The rheological properties and gelation time of the hydrogels were evaluated. Antimicrobial action, the antifungal potential and ability to displace Candida were determined. Rheological tests revealed that the hydrogel jellified in three minutes at 37 °C. Loaded hydrogels successfully inhibited Candida albicans growth as evident by zone of inhibition and time-kill assays. A significant reduction in retained C. albicans was demonstrated with the hydrogel at 2% Melissa officinalis concentration. This work demonstrated that an essential oil-loaded hydrogel had the potential to provide a novel antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Evaluation of Wound healing and Antiinflammatory Activities of New Poly-herbal Formulations

Present investigation evaluated the impact of poly-herbal formulations comprising extracts of Zingiberofficinale, Curcuma longa, Aloe barbadensis, Citrus aurantium, Emblica officinalis and castor oil on wound healing activity using excision wound model and antiinflammatory activity using formalininduced pawedema method. Ointments containing 2, 4 and 6 % w/w of extracts were made and used in wound healing action and all the formulations significantly (p<0.01) reduced the wound area. Ointment of 6 % w/w has shown better results than 2 and 4 % w/w. These results were compared to that of the standard framycetin. Poly-herbal formulation-1, poly-herbal formulation-2 and poly-herbal formulation-3 were prepared and used at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg to determine antiinflammatory activity. All poly-herbal formulations significantly (p<0.01) inhibited formalin-induced rat paw edema. Poly-herbal formulation-3 displayed greater inhibition than poly-herbal formulations 1 and 2. These results were comparable to that of the standard diclofenac. Present work and previous studies on poly-herbal formulations corroborates that these are safer and effective in treating inflammation and wounds.