Official Work Research Articles

Yakut Language in Modern Education System of Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Actors, Debates, New Challenges

The issues of the Yakut language functioning — the native language of the majority of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) inhabitants — in the field of education are considered. The authors proceed from the fact that, being one of the key areas (along with such regulated areas of communication as the sphere of official office work, the media, science, etc.) necessary for the preservation and sustainable development of the language, the education sector is able to reflect the current language situation in the region, identify risks and threats to the existence of a particular language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that we are on the eve of the International Decade of Indigenous Languages (2022—2032), proclaimed by the UN General Assembly. The results of a comparative analysis of the status of the Yakut language de jure and de facto based on the analysis of relevant legislative acts and the results of surveys among residents of Yakutia in 2021 are presented. It is concluded that the analysis carried out makes it possible to judge the negative dynamics, which manifests itself in a moderate but continuous decrease in linguistic competence among native speakers of the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. It is noted that this situation at the present stage is noticeable only to experts and philologists, but it poses a certain threat to the existence of the language in the long term.

ВИСВІТЛЕННЯ ПОДІЙ У TELEGRAM: ВЗАЄМОВПЛИВ АМАТОРСЬКИХ І ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ ПІДХОДІВ

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the study is to reveal how appropriate it is to expand the toolkit of official meta-media work on the Telegram messenger platform by borrowing certain elements from the work style of bloggers.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> In the process of searching for empirical material and studying the content of Telegram channels, the following methods were used: monitoring and observation; probability sampling method, descriptive method; methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, induction, systematization, generalization.</em></p><p><strong><em>The results.</em></strong><em> It was found that the Telegram channels of bloggers and official mass media occupy different niches and are equally needed by society, and there is an active interaction between them. The founders of news channels rely on the advantages of amateur or professional journalism and at the same time tend to optimize informing, borrowing some work methods – bloggers from professionals and vice versa; in particular, bloggers try to work according to the schedule, to achieve clarity and evidentiality of messages, professional journalists – to strengthen the communication component, to refuse a too dry style. Taking this into account and logically continuing the indicated trend, the article suggests journalistic Telegram channels to publish news reviews more often – informational ones that summarize the news in a thesis for a certain period of time, and excerpts of analytical author reviews with a link to the entire material on the mass media website.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> The fact that both amateur and professional meta-media journalism is in demand by the audience has been established; the phenomenon of their mutual influence has been revealed; supplemented by scientific ideas about changes in professional approaches to the production and distribution of news occurring as a result of the use of messenger Telegram.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical meaning.</em></strong><em> The results of the research will be useful in practical journalistic activities related to providing Telegram channels with news content.</em></p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> meta-media, messenger, Telegram channel, news production, professional</em> <em>journalism, amateur journalism, bloggers.</em>

Efforts To Improve Village Administration Services Through The Digital Mail Information System

The development of technology is currently growing so rapidly and is able to affect all aspects of human life, one of which is the administration of the Kambingan Village which must provide effective and efficient services to the community. This service activity aims to provide convenience for the Kambingan village community so that the management of correspondence can be faster and more precise. The service method used is using a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation studies. Based on the results of observations and interviews, it is known that the correspondence technology used so far is considered to be less effective and efficient where the processing of correspondence takes a long time. Therefore, as an effort to improve village administration services, a Macro Vba Excel-based correspondence administration information system was developed which can provide faster correspondence services than the technology used previously. The resulting product has proven to be effective in facilitating the work of village officials, especially in the process of managing correspondence. In addition, village officials do not have to worry about filling in the wrong data because the resident's biodata is filled in automatically.

Spousal support and work performance during the COVID-19 pandemic among elected women representatives in rural Bihar, India: A cross-sectional, mixed-methods study.

This study examines family support for professional work and domestic labour among Elected Women Representatives' (EWR) in rural Bihar, India, and associations of this support with EWRs' professional performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a cross-sectional, mixed-method study, surveying 1338 EWRs and conducting in-depth interviews with 31 EWRs (Oct 14- Nov 6, 2020). Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. Our team has been working for more than a decade with EWRs across 10 districts in Bihar, providing them with capacity building and community interventions. All EWRs are part of our network, and around 2000 were reached out for the survey. Of these, 1338 consented to participate. Four survey participants from each district were randomly selected and invited for the in-depth interviews. Independent variables for our quantitative analysis included help from husband and other family members on a) EWR work and b) domestic work. Dependent variables, dichotomised as yes/no, assessed EWR workload, COVID-19 work, intervening on violence against women or child marriage, and belief EWRs can have impact. Separate multivariate logistic regression models assessed the hypothesised relationships. All models were adjusted for socio-demographic variables and indicators related to EWR's work experience and community perception or respect. Most women (76%; n=1016 EWRs) received help from their husbands with EWR work while 39% reported husband help with domestic labour. Receipt of help from husband with domestic work was associated with increase in official work since the pandemic (aOR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.84-3.71), arrangement of needed services during COVID-19 (aOR: 2.54; 95% CI:1.65-3.90), and self-belief regarding possibility of EWR impact (aOR: 3.49; 95% CI: 2.25-5.43). Husband's help with EWR work was related to increased odds for intervening to stop violence against women only (aOR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.32-3.60). In-depth interviews with the selected 31 EWRs underscored an increase in their EWR work under COVID-19. The increase in EWR workload under the pandemic created time constrictions for EWR's domestic labour responsibilities, even as domestic labour responsibilities increased. Our study highlights the importance of husband's help and support in strengthening EWRs outcomes at work in India, with help in domestic work being related to a relatively wider range of outcomes that are indicative of EWR's performance, compared to husband's help with EWR work. These findings emphasize the need for building male responsibility for domestic labour, to improve women's professional performance and outcomes. Our study has few key limitations such as lack of causal interpretations due to reliance on cross-sectional research design, potential for social desirability bias in self-reported data, and absence of information related to changes in patterns of spousal and family support received by the EWRs as a result of the pandemic. Nonetheless, our findings are important, particularly for the context of Bihar, India, where appalling gender gaps still persist in all social and economic aspects of society. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: 2017, OPP1179246 and EMERGE COVID-19 (2019, OPP1163682); David & Lucile Packard Foundation: 2017- 66202.

16세기 양반의 稱念 수수와 그 인적 배경

This paper attempted to examine the status of the acceptance of titles in the 16th century aristocratic society based on Lee Moon-gun''s 『Mukjae Diary』 as well as 『Miam Diary』, and 『Saemirok』. This is because these data have different authors, but all three use the term “praise” in the same meaning. However, “Mukjae Diary” focuses on receiving and “Miam Diary” and “Scharmilok” focuses on the process of printing the fugitive slaves. Here, we tried to pay attention not only to the status of receiving praise but also to the personal background between receiving praise. This is to reveal an aspect of the 16th-century form of friendship by tracking the relationship between the characters who receive praise. The 16th century titles can be divided into slave titles that print out one''s slaves, plant titles that supply goods, and other personal titles. Slavery concept is a method of managing slaves by mobilizing government authority, and was used in an effective way to track down runaway slaves or receive slave credit. There is a negative aspect that was recognized as it resulted in the free bankruptcy of the people who were aggregated to take individual gains. The next plant concept is the process of asking after each other and delivering expressions that officials have not forgotten each other even if they are far away. The problem is that the number of items is so excessive that it is difficult for local governments to handle, and the goods paid are based on the support of the local government. In that sense, plant decoration was one of the factors that pressured local finances. The following other titles refer to the rest of the personal requests, regardless of whether the slave is cured or the plant is accepted. This is based on the premise of support from local officials in the process of fulfilling their private requests. In that sense, other titles were bound to result in increasing the work of local officials. He human connection of this document is divided into one''s ties to government office, Presumably a relationship with a government post, blood relation, school ties. Among these human connections, one''s ties to government office, Presumably a relationship with a government post accounted for an overwhelming proportion. Here, one''s ties to government office, Presumably a relationship with a government post, refers to a personal connection between superiors, colleagues, and subordinates while living in government posts together. On top of that, people who are connected by blood and school ties are basically people who have government positions or can be connected to government officials. In other words, it can be seen that the title is basically accepted against the background of government posts. As a result, in the 16th century, the welcome that led to the life of government officials was one of the important human connections. Here, a relationship formed during one''s official life[宦緣] refers to a personal connection between superiors, colleagues, and subordinates while living in government posts together. n there, the figures connected to blood smoke and academic studies are also the characters that can be connected to the perspective. That is, it can be seen that it is basically commissioned by the background. Accordingly, the 16th century was one of an important human connection, which led to the official living in the 16th century. Humans have various personal connections and live in them. Until now, blood ties, delays, and academic ties have been mentioned, but the welcome relationship formed based on official life in the 16th century was also an important human connection. While living in a government post together, it is one of the categories that attracts attention as a personal connection betweensuperiors, colleagues, and subordinates.

The reasons for health practitioners dropping out of administrative work and its impact on work performance in health facilities in the city of Mecca

The study aims to know the reasons for the dropout of health practitioners (technicians, specialists, and doctors) of all categories to practice administrative work instead of their official work, whether by commissioning or through study (specialization), and the extent to which work is affected by health facilities in the city of Mecca, An electronic questionnaire was distributed to all categories of health practitioners (technicians, specialists, doctors) of both sexes, through the use of social media (WhatsApp), for ease of obtaining data and secondly to avoid overcrowding as the Corona Virus pandemic is not yet completely over, And responses were obtained from 550 people to this questionnaire only.

Using behavioural insights to inform budget policy making: Eight Israeli case studies

This article summarises the Israeli experience with utilising behavioural insights in the work of budget officials and aims to assist budget officials in other OECD countries with integrating behavioural economics tools and evidence-based policy-making methods in their work. Behavioural economics has grown in recent years to become increasingly integrated in the work of public institutions, particularly those in the forefront of policy making. In the context of public budgeting, behavioural insights tools had initially focused on improving tax compliance. In this article we widen the scope of budget officials’ perspective, and responsibility, to develop behaviourally informed policies that are primarily citizen-focused. This approach harmonises and aligns the work of ministries of finance with public policy objectives more generally, and provides actionable “know how” based on the experience of the budget department in the Israeli Ministry of Finance.

The Organizational Commitment of Public Administrative Leaders and Their Subjective Career Success: Case of the Saudi Irrigation Organization

Organizational commitment is a vital topic in the management field. This quantitative study aims to gain insights into the main factors that affect a leader’s subjective career success and its relations with the level of commitment. The data in this study include all Saudi leaders who work at the Saudi Irrigation Organization. About 120 managers participated in this study. Primary data were collected through Mayer’s questionnaire, which was sent through the official work email. The questionnaire consists of 5 scale items to measure subjective career success, 8 scale items to measure affective commitment, 6 scale items to measure continuous commitment, and 8 scale items to measure normative commitment. This study used the quantitative survey research design. The findings show significant relationships between affective commitment and normative commitment and subjective career success. It also found no significant relationship between continuous commitment and subjective career success.

SISTEM SURAT-MENYURAT BERBASIS WEB DI KANTOR DESA BALE MUSARA

Mailing is one of the Web systems that is now widely used in modern administrative systems. The correspondence system is a system related to administration that virtually concentrates the components of an organization, where data, information, and communication are made through telecommunication media with the aim of building a system that is able to accommodate each element. This correspondence system is built using the SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) method with the Waterfall Model software development technique. For the use of the correspondence system, a study was conducted entitled "Web-Based Correspondence System at the Bale Musara Village Office". This research uses quantitative research methods. The results of testing the Web-based Correspondence System are in accordance with the system proposed and expected by system users, especially for village operators and secretaries. Based on the research and creation of the system that has been carried out, there are several conclusions, namely the Making of a Correspondence Information System at the Bale Musara Village Office can be used to facilitate the work of village officials.

Pharmacist authors of emergency medicine organization work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy.

Despite the expertise that emergency medicine (EM) pharmacists bring to multidisciplinary teams in the emergency department (ED) setting, they are not commonly present on writing groups for guidelines, policies, or task forces pertaining to EM pharmacotherapy. The purpose of this article is to quantify EM pharmacist involvement on author bylines of guidelines, position statements, and other official documents that specifically encompass EM pharmacotherapy. Official work products released between January 1, 2010, and May 1, 2021, were collected from the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), and American Academy of Emergency Medicine (AAEM) and the table of contents of the following journals: Annals of Emergency Medicine, Academic Emergency Medicine, and Journal of Emergency Medicine. A modified Delphi approach was used to gain consensus amongst the authors on which work products to include in the initial review and which works pertained to pharmacotherapy. The primary endpoint was the percentage of pharmacists listed as authors on EM work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy. Overall, 76 EM work products were identified. Forty-seven work products with a total of 248 authors contained at least 1 recommendation pertaining to pharmacotherapy. Of these 47 EM work products, 23 (49%) were from AAEM, 16 (34%) were from Annals of Emergency Medicine (published on behalf of ACEP), 5 (11%) were from Journal of Emergency Medicine (published on behalf of AAEM), and 3 (6%) were from SAEM. The median number of authors per work product was 4. There were 5 pharmacists listed on work products (2% of the total of 248 authors). Additionally, there were 9 nonpharmacist/nonphysician authors (4% of the total). Pharmacist inclusion on author lists of recently published EM work products pertaining to pharmacotherapy is extremely low. Given their unique knowledge pertaining to EM pharmacotherapy, an effort should be made to increase inclusion of pharmacists as authors of EM work products with recommendations that pertain to pharmacotherapy.

Architectonics of the Kazakh official business style: features of written communication

The problems of functional stylistics have been comprehensively studied in Kazakh linguistics. The researchers focus mainly on the style of fiction and journalistic style and their genre branches. Among the classification of functional styles of the Kazakh literary language is also called "official style, the style of official office work". In the first works on functional stylistics, only simple types of official documents used in everyday labor relations are considered in these terms. This fact can be explained by the fact that in previous periods of the most complex official, legislative documents and their genre types were carried out in another language. In recent decades, along with everyday labor relations, texts of official content and their genre forms used in state internal and external management have increased to the maximum, and they have become more complicated in terms of the organization of language units. Complex forms of texts of official content, performing managerial, regulatory, directive, regulatory activities, had an official business content. Firstly, their architectonics have become stable. Secondly, the texts of the official content have become an important stylistic functionally significant type in the modern dynamics of the Kazakh literary language, reflecting changes in literary norms, the advantages of written communication. Thirdly, the methodology of teaching the Kazakh language is also oriented towards the architectonics of texts of official content. In connection with this, an official business style has been formed in a number of functional styles, so it is relevant to study its compositional integrity and compositional structure, the patterns of organization of individual linguistic units (architectonics), the place and role of this style in written communication. The article, based on the analysis of complex and important genre types of Kazakh official business style – legislative documents, defines the features of the language and style of texts of Kazakh official business content, their advantages in modern written communication.

Architectonics of the Kazakh official business style: features of written communication

The problems of functional stylistics have been comprehensively studied in Kazakh linguistics. The researchers focus mainly on the style of fiction and journalistic style and their genre branches. Among the classification of functional styles of the Kazakh literary language is also called "official style, the style of official office work". In the first works on functional stylistics, only simple types of official documents used in everyday labor relations are considered in these terms. This fact can be explained by the fact that in previous periods of the most complex official, legislative documents and their genre types were carried out in another language. In recent decades, along with everyday labor relations, texts of official content and their genre forms used in state internal and external management have increased to the maximum, and they have become more complicated in terms of the organization of language units. Complex forms of texts of official content, performing managerial, regulatory, directive, regulatory activities, had an official business content. Firstly, their architectonics have become stable. Secondly, the texts of the official content have become an important stylistic functionally significant type in the modern dynamics of the Kazakh literary language, reflecting changes in literary norms, the advantages of written communication. Thirdly, the methodology of teaching the Kazakh language is also oriented towards the architectonics of texts of official content. In connection with this, an official business style has been formed in a number of functional styles, so it is relevant to study its compositional integrity and compositional structure, the patterns of organization of individual linguistic units (architectonics), the place and role of this style in written communication. The article, based on the analysis of complex and important genre types of Kazakh official business style – legislative documents, defines the features of the language and style of texts of Kazakh official business content, their advantages in modern written communication.

Fuzzy Type-2 Trapezoid Methods for Decision Making Salt Farmer Mapping

The need for domestic salt every year has increased, both for consumption and industrial salt. Some of the fisheries service programs include providing assistance to people's businesses, providing geomembrane, and online marketing training. A large number of salt farmers and official work programs have caused the implementation of the program to be less than optimal, resulting in low salt production. This study uses a type-2 fuzzy method by integrating two methods, namely type-2 Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP (FAHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Fuzzy type-2 has higher accuracy than fuzzy type-1 and is more efficient and more flexible in determining the linguistic scale for criteria. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP (FAHP) interval is used to determine the weight of the salt farmer mapping criteria. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS), used to determine. The findings of this study are that the indicators that most influence the mapping of salt farmers are land area, marketing, and market. The results of the mapping of salt farmers are the classification of salt farmer class groups and recommendations for improvement for each salt farmer. Hybrid type-2 Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process AHP (FAHP) method and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), can be used for mapping salt farmers based on the consistency ratio value below 10 percent, 37 percent enter high class, 28 percent enter the middle class and 35 percent enter low class

The Perceptions of Aging among Iranian Migrants: Evidence from Nevsehir, Turkey

The paper looks at perceptions of aging among elderly Iranian migrants in Nevsehir, Turkey. The author explores how socioeconomic and cultural factors and the transit migrant status of these migrants affect their perceptions of aging. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire to conduct in-depth interviews. It suggests that wage discrimination plays a significant role in determining the respondents’ perceptions of aging due to the lack of official work permits for Iranian migrants. It also explores how the transit migrant status of elderly Iranian migrants and the uncertainty of their stay in Turkey restrict their social networks and access to social protection, sharply shaping their perceptions of aging.

FEATURES OF THE FUNCTIONING MECHANISM OF THE ENTRY SUMMARY DECLARATION IN UKRAINE

The article examines the issue of the introduction of the institution of the Entry Summary Declaration in Ukraine and reveals the peculiarities of the mechanism of its functioning. It has been established that the implementation of the procedure for the submission of the Entry Summary Declaration by carriers for passage through the customs border of Ukraine corresponds to the understanding of its tasks and place in ensuring the security of international supply chains accepted in European practice, and the provided data format fully meets the requirements of European customs legislation. The structural and logical scheme of the procedure for the passage of cargo through the customs border of Ukraine using the Entry Summary Declaration is characterized. It was concluded that the main difference between the Entry Summary Declaration in relation to other customs declarations is that the information from it is subject to processing through risk analysis for the purpose of protection and security before the goods arrive on the territory of Ukraine, and not for calculating the amount of customs payments. Based on the analysis of domestic legal acts, it was established that the implementation of such a tool in the national customs legislation is aimed at identifying batches of goods with a high degree of risk, automating customs procedures to reduce subjectivity, facilitating the work of customs officials in order to achieve greater predictability and predictability of the system customs risk management. Attention is focused on the gradual implementation by the customs authorities of format-logical control (automated verification) of the correctness of filling in the data of the Entry Summary Declaration. It was found that currently, customs authorities apply a limited number of risk profiles, in particular security risks for non-tariff regulation: goods from the Russian Federation (conducting an inspection); non-tariff methods – drugs, precursors, waste. The need for further research in the direction of the development of tools for the detection of cases of violation of customs legislation and assessment of customs risks under the Entry Summary Declaration by profiling customs risks in the automated system of customs clearance is emphasized.

Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Inactivated Vaccine to Address COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Evidence From Randomized Control Trials and Real-World Studies.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV) in China using existing international clinical trials and real-world evidence.MethodsThrough a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI, studies investigating the effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were identified, and a meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize the vaccine efficacy and effectiveness data. Moreover, a decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of inactivated vaccines for combating the COVID-19 pandemic in the Chinese context from a societal perspective. Results of the meta-analysis, along with cost data from official websites and works of literature were used to populate the model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the model results.ResultsA total of 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In comparison to no immunization, the effectiveness of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and death were 65.18% (95% CI 62.62, 67.75), 79.10% (95% CI 71.69, 86.51), 90.46% (95% CI 89.42, 91.50), and 86.69% (95% CI 85.68, 87.70); and the efficacy against COVID-19 infection and hospitalization were 70.56% (95% CI 57.87, 83.24) and 100% (95% CI 61.72, 100). Inactivated vaccine vaccination prevented more infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths with lower total costs, thus was cost-saving from a societal perspective in China. Base-case analysis results were robust in the one-way sensitivity analysis, and the percentage of ICU admission or death and direct medical cost ranked the top influential factors in our models. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, vaccination had a 100% probability of being cost-effective.ConclusionInactivated vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and avoiding COVID-19 related death, and COVID-19 vaccination program is cost-saving from societal perspective in China.

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Among the Teachers Working in Various Arts and Science Colleges in the Kanchipuram District

The behaviour of employees in an organisation can be of two types, namely defined role behaviour and extra role behaviour. Defined role behaviour means performing as per their official duties and rights, whereas extra role behaviour means doing something beyond their official work, out of their own interest without expecting any benefit in return. This means they will neither get recognition nor any monetary benefit for such behaviour. This kind of extra role behaviour is called organisational citizenship behaviour. Many of the researches have proved that this kind of behaviour of employees help the organisation achieve its objectives and maintain healthy organisational climate. Much research has been done on the determinants of organisational citizenship behaviour. This study is being carried out with the aim of finding out the relationship of emotional intelligence and the organisational citizenship behaviour among the college teachers working in arts and science stream. A total of 288 teachers working in various aided colleges, government colleges, self-financing colleges and deemed-to-be universities offering arts and science stream at Kancheepuram district have been chosen for the study. Self-assessment report of emotional intelligence based on Daniel Goleman’s mixed model and organisational citizenship behaviour based on the concept of Podsakoff have been adapted in this study. Statistical tools used in this study are correlation, one-way ANOVA and multiple linear regression. This study has divulged a moderate positive relationship among the various dimensions of emotional intelligence and the organisational citizenship behaviour. It is also perceived that emotional intelligence dictates 41% variance of organisational citizenship behaviour among the college teachers.

A study on the impact of occupational stress on the performance of teachers of pavaratty, thrissur

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought changes in several sectors, the notable among that is working from home and usage of electronic gadgets for official work. Along with this, the methodology of teaching has gone in to drastic change, chalks and boards are replaced by electronic gadgets and the teachers are forced to adapt the changes. This compulsion to change and challenges in conducting online classes gives enormous occupational stress to the teachers. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of occupational stress on teaching performance of the teachers. An analytical research design is adopted and for this purpose 103 respondents from various institutions in Pavaratty were selected by means of convenience sampling technique. IBM SPSS and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis and inferences were drawn from it. The study reveals that, teachers does not sacrifice their performance due to occupational stress. And stress management techniques helped them to reduce their stress. The study also throws light on the fact that occupational stress is quite a personal matter and that the perception of the situation enables one to cope with it effectively, being aware of the causes of occupational stress and monitoring it properly.

납세자권리보호제도의 실효성 확보 방안 연구

It has been many years since the taxpayer rights protection system was introduced and implemented. Korea’s taxpayer rights protection system seems to be a strong system for protecting taxpayer rights at first glance due to its diverse aspects and wide legal scope, but in fact, the way current system works is a question of whether the form and substance are equal. This study consisted of examining the current status and operation of the taxpayer rights protection system, comparing it with other country systems, analyzing problems arising in the process of implementing the system, and presenting improvement resolutions. The problem with Korea’s taxpayer rights protection system is that it has become a decorative mechanism for taxpayers’ protection. The duties and authority of National Tax Advocate guaranteed by law seem to be wide and strong, but in reality, there is little space for National Tax Advo- cate to be directly involved and the role is limited, making the system nominal. Second, the Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers and the taxpayer protection committee are subordinate to the head of the tax office. Most of the decisions related to taxpayer protection are granted to the head of the tax office, resulting in Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers and the taxpayer protection committee having only the status of a procedural operator subordinate to the head of the tax office. Third, the taxpayer rights protection system has various procedures, and the approval or decision makers of various systems are different, and the deadline and process are also different. Due to the complexity of these systems, it is difficult for taxpayers to use the system properly, while the head of the tax office, who has the authority to form and make decisions of the taxpayer protection committee, is mainly concerned about controlling the independence, procedural, and substantive rationality. Fourth, under the Korean system, National Tax Advocate’s involvement in tax investigation procedures is institutionalized, but due to restrictions on the scope of their involvement, it is difficult to say that National Tax Advocates are playing a role in the tax investigation procedures where taxpayer rights are most frequently violated. In order to prevent the Korean taxpayer protection system from becoming a nominal system with insufficient actual authority compared to its appear- ance, first of all, the work of Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers must be carried out independently from the head of the tax office. To this end, each tax office’s Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers should also maintain an open position, have the personnel rights of the National Tax Advocate, and allow the National Tax Advocate to intervene in requesting rights protection or handling complaints. Second, taxpayer protection committee should be reorganized into an organi- zation with final decision-making authority, not a preliminary review institution. The right to organize and hold the taxpayer protection committee should also be granted to the National Tax Advocate, not the head of the tax office. Third, it is also reasonable to consider simplifying the method of the taxpayer rights protection system and giving primary judgment authority to the National Tax Advocate(or Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers) by focusing on the nature of the ombudsman. Fourth, the taxpayer protection (in charge) officer should participate in the process of selecting a person subject to tax audit. For fairness in selecting subjects for investigation, it is necessary for the National Tax Advocate(or Officials in charge of protecting taxpayers) who has independence from the head of the National Tax Service to be involved in the procedure. Finally, if a taxpayer is selected as a subject of a tax audit and is investigated, economic and time costs are consumed.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors of Imams on Prostate Cancer in Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

Imams are Muslim religious leaders in Turkey, who have a significant influence on society's healthcare attitudes and behavior, and all of them are male. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of Imams toward prostate cancer (PCa) in order to evaluate their contribution to the fight against PCa in one part of Turkey. This study was carried out on 287 Imams serving in Kahramanmaraş Province in Turkey. A questionnaire investigating the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants and their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on PCa was conducted. The mean age of Imams was 40.46 ± 8.93 (min = 22, max = 60). Of the participants, 266 (92.7%) said they had heard of PCa, and 16 (5.6%) had heard of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. The majority of Imam's had poor knowledge regarding PCa. The knowledge score of Imams did not change according to marital status (p = 0.304) or education level (p = 0.16), but the knowledge score significantly increased with age groups (as age increased) (p = 0.010). Results of the present study revealed that Imams lack significant knowledge on PCa. Training on PCa should be organized for Imams, and the issuance of fatwa for PCa should be encouraged. The coordinated work of media, medical personnel, religious officials, and religious schools on PCa will be an important factor in the fight against PCa.