Reviews 245 lives of their children. Scott and Hébrard describe Freedom Papers as “an experiment that might be characterized as micro-history set in motion” (4), which began with an unexpected discovery in the Cuban archives of a letter from Édouard Tinchant to Máximo Gómez, leader of Cuba’s struggle for independence. Their extensive study spans the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries and portrays one family’s experience with slavery, oppression, war, and the quest for freedom. It depicts the slave trade, the Haitian Revolution, the French Revolution of 1848, the Civil War, and World War II. The authors’ meticulous archival work shows the critical role that official governmental papers can play in the attainment, or prevention, of freedom. The saga of the Tinchants as “citizens beyond nation” portrays the impact of the slave trade as well as the complicated history of the African diaspora. It is clear that the authors spent an immeasurable amount of time conducting their research, as evidenced by the detailed description of acknowledgements and collaborations. Scott and Hébrard highlight people they interviewed, archives they visited, and partners with whom they collaborated . This rich and intriguing family history will be an invaluable resource for scholars interested in race, slavery, and emancipation. South Dakota State University Molly Krueger Enz Wieviorka, Olivier. Histoire de la Résistance, 1940–1945. Paris: Perrin, 2013. ISBN 978-2-262-02799-5. Pp. 575. 25 a. Wieviorka offers the first“global”history of the Résistance from the point of view of a non-participant, and he deflates somewhat the mythology that surrounds it. For example, the German military did not consider it as a serious military threat, even though their reprisals against acts of sabotage were extremely severe. Moreover, estimates of the number of participants were perhaps inflated at the liberation of France;Wieviorka judges that there were only between 300,000 and 500,000 committed résistants overall (437).The Resistance was far from unified; tension between de Gaulle’s La France libre and the movements within France rendered Jean Moulin’s job of federating the latter extremely difficult. Nevertheless, the fragile unity afforded by his creation of the Comité national de la Résistance in 1943 allowed for a peaceful transition at the end of the war in France, unlike the situation in Italy and Greece where civil war broke out. The C.N.R. also played an important role in persuading the Allies that the French preferred de Gaulle as the leader of Free France, rather than General Giraud. The latter had the favor of the American government after Darlan’s assassination in Algeria, in spite of his support for some Vichy policies. The movements did not, in general, concern themselves with combatting anti-Semitism or protecting Jews. In fact, Henri Frenay, who founded one of the first movements, expressed early support for Vichy’s anti-Semitism and in 1941 chose to side with Pétain, vowing that his movement would never accept money from de Gaulle (89).The various movements showed great diversity from their beginnings, and included both Maréchalistes and anti-Semites.An interesting chapter investigates the class, religious, and demographic origins of the members of the armée des ombres. The younger generation was very active; while the instigation of the S.T.O. (Service du travail obligatoire) forced the réfractaires into a clandestine existence, only about a quarter of them chose to join the resistance (214). The working class was evidently engaged due to the influence of the Communist Party, but Wieviorka demonstrates that all social classes were represented. While women were proportionally under-represented, their participation was “une entrée significative des filles de Marianne dans l’arène civique”(430). The movement’s military capabilities were quite limited until the summer of 1944, when it helped in the liberation of certain areas of France, particularly in Brittany, Paris, Lille, Marseille, Limoges,and Thiers (401).Wieviorka’s“demythologizing”of the Résistance is tempered by his firm insistence in his conclusion that one should judge not only what the Resistance actually accomplished, but also the sacrifice and bravery of those who were tortured or executed. Many died...