Official Interpretation Research Articles

Chomsky's generative theory and its use in legal translation (Models between Arabic and Persian)

The research deals with the scientific and academic necessity in the field of contemporary linguistic research and translation studies called for new and advanced scientific theories in line with technological developments and modern information in the world, using different letters between the fields of science and knowledge, and thus resulted in new research methods with the linguistic phenomenon to vary its communicative functions. the overview, theories, the appearance of the formula in its wide form and the legal translation in a narrower form. Research aims: discuss the most important content of legal language and its translation methods, equivalence and translation equivalence, translation transformations such as rearranging, addition, deletion and replacement, legal linguistic levels, including the level of legal discourse, and its relationship to other legal linguistic levels. The research adopts the qualitative field-experimental approach by benefiting from the researcher’s experiences in addition to studying a number of official translations of documents, documents, legal texts and contracts between the Arabic and Persian languages. The course of the study should be from the general to the specific, i.e. a review of the general translation, then the sworn translation, down to the problems associated with it

A Critical Analysis of Saudi Legal Terms and their English Translations

The differences between the Arabic and English linguistic systems and legal cultures have long been a fundamental challenge in legal translation. Examining how the dissimilarities between the Saudi and English legal cultures affect the Arabic-English legal translation has received little attention from researchers. Therefore, this critical analysis aims to examine the Arabic-English translation of 12 Saudi legal articles to identify the linguistic and cultural factors involved in the translation process. Since research that addresses the difficulties and challenges of translating the legal discourse is of undeniable significance and studies that examined the Saudi legal discourse and its translation are scarce; therefore, this study attempts to contribute to the literature by analyzing several Saudi Legal Articles and their English translations to define the challenges of translating legal terms from Arabic into English. The study adopted Šarčević’s (2000) functional equivalence framework to study the Saudi Legal Articles and their official English translations. This framework was selected because it is well suited to examine the equivalent level of the legal terms and their translations, which is the main objective of this study. This study attempts to analyze different legal terms that characterize the selected Saudi legal articles and their official English translations. The investigated legal terms include religious, culture-specific, archaic, and doublets. This study revealed that translating Arabic religious and culture-specific terms and doublets is challenging, whereas translating Arabic archaic words is much easier.

Burden of Proof in Cases of Hidden Employment Relationships

Formulation of the problem. The paper examines the issues of proving hidden labor relations in law enforcement practice. Purpose and objectives: to determine how effective the application of the general rule for the distribution of the burden of proof between the parties to a litigation in cases of this category. Methods: based on the content analysis of judicial acts posted on the site "Judicial and regulatory acts of the Russian Federation", it is concluded that the evidentiary presumption, which is reflected in the official interpretation of the law, today allows to protect the rights of the weak party in labor relations at the proper level. Conclusions: the evidentiary presumption is applicable in litigation both in the case of actual admission to work without concluding an employment contract, and in the case of actual admission to work with the conclusion of a civil contract. However, this does not mean that the employee is exempted from presenting evidence to substantiate his claims in cases of this category.

Replotting and recharacterisation in dubbing: Renarration of audiovisual fiction

ABSTRACT This research takes advantage of Constructive Narrative theory to investigate the strategies of ‘replotting’ and ‘recharacterisation’, as manifestations of renarration in Persian dubbed foreign fictions. To this end, five Persian dubbed foreign fictions were purposefully selected for a contrastive analysis of source text content and their target language renderings. Taking the four core inter-related features of narrativity including temporality, relationality, selective appropriation, and causal emplotment, the study argues how audiovisual (AV) translator(s) participate in the re-construction or reframing of the events and characters in the target audiovisual text, which in turn would both influence the audience’s interpretation and understanding of the narrative and help circulate the desired version of the original. The findings of this research are assumed to contribute to the clarification of the politics of official dubbing and translation in broadcasting in Iran.

"CONSIDERATIONS ON THE TRANSLATION OF COMMUNITY TERMINOLOGY INTO ROMANIAN "

The increasing number of official translations by the European institutions has been determined lately by specific communication requirements between Member States and third parties, the European area being characterized by a spectacular information exchange within the European Community policies (in economic, monetary, financial, social, environmental, or research areas). Translating texts and Community documentation represents a job that requires special skills, training, experience, and a sense of language; also, translating such texts implies familiarity with the legal system and the historical and cultural background of a country.

Exploring critical factors affecting sign language knowledge and motivation for sign language learning in nurses: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: In times when the term inclusion, rights of patients, and the patient as a subject in health care are used more often, the limited availability of written material or sign language interpreters at health services is still a key barrier to health services for people who are hearing-impaired. The aim of this study is to examine nurses’ knowledge of communication skills with hearing-impaired patients, their preferred methods, and the possibility of using translation services. Methods: The study was cross-sectional, and data were collected in September–October 2019. The study included 407 nursing students. A demographic data form and questions divided into three parts, namely, communication skills (six questions), communication methods (three questions), and interpretation services (five questions), were used to collect data. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: The questionnaire was administered among 424 students, and total of 407 students completed the questionnaire. Most of the respondents were female (320 [78.6%]) with 0–5 years of work experience (227 [55.8%]) in the tertiary level of healthcare (184 [45.3%]). The results showed that 326 (80.1%) of the respondents encountered a person with some form of hearing impairment during their work. Sign language was used by 56 (13.8%) of the respondents, but 74 (18.14%) nurses did not communicate when meeting with hearing-impaired patients. Two-thirds of the respondents never had the opportunity to learn sign language, and 43 (10.54%) respondents would choose an official interpreter as support. Male respondents were aware of the importance of communication with hearing-impaired patients and the use of an application for pain assessment (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed regarding the department in which the respondents work (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed insufficient knowledge and skills of nurses to communicate with hearing-impaired people.

Normative Study on English Translation of Metro Public Signs in China under the Cognitive Translatology

With the acceleration of its internationalization, China is faced with epochal task of optimizing its international-standard linguistic environment, which is especially impending for Chengdu, the host city for the Universiade. The neo-analysis, at first, sorts out and analyzes different versions of official translation norms for toponyms through document research, as well as from the first-hand resources on public signs of rail transit from TFL and MTA, and then, continues the empirical case study under the theoretical guidance of Cognitive Translatology. This paper has proposed several translation principles and a new method - Conceptual Motivation Mapping - for public signs, attempting to explore the way to build up its international discourse system consistent with the status of Chengdu as a global hub.

Food media in China’s convergence culture: A Bite of China and digital poaching

Since its debut on China Central Television (CCTV), Shejian shang de Zhongguo (舌尖上的中国, known as ‘ A Bite of China’, hereinafter Shejian) has met with great fanfare, home and abroad, and become a celebrated geographical brand name of Chinese culinary culture. Shejian marks a distinctive attribute of China’s contemporary food media, which deploys glamourized food images, from ordinary staple food to lavish celebratory meals, to reify social prosperity and personal happiness. This article aims to demonstrate how despite its state-sponsored production and distribution, Shejian is more than an ideological artefact. The cultural phenomenon has thrived at the intersection of China’s media convergence and participatory culture. On the one side, Shejian’s unprecedented success and influence should be attributed to CCTV’s convergence strategies against the backdrop of media reforms. On the other, audience participation and re-creation on the Internet have invigorated the formation and spread of the Shejian phenomenon while problematizing the official interpretation and ideological construction of the documentary. Shejian’s savvy viewers and cynical imitators poach the florid documentary script to write their versions of reality, albeit disguised with profanity and laughter. How the widespread egao practices play with the establishment culture and how such online expressions are tolerated by the authorities shed new light on China’s Internet culture and censorship.

MEANS OF COMBATING MORAL THREATS AND THEIR POSSIBILITIES

The article analyzes the classification based on the nature and manifestations of moral threats aimed at the national security and social stability of Uzbekistan in the Internet environment. Various approaches to threats, their scientific and official interpretations are also presented. At the moment, the nature, effects and mechanisms of prevention of external and internal moral threats to our country have been studied.

"May 4th Movement" of 1919 in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders

Object of the study is the image of the May 4th Movement of 1919 in the official interpretation of history of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in PRC. The goal is to trace changes in the interpretation of the Movement in speeches of Chinese Communist Party's leaders on the occasion of its anniversary. To do this, author conducts qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the relevant speeches of 1979, 1989, 1999, 2009 and 2019. There are five main conceptual blocks present in every speech: attitude towards tradition, assessment of past mistakes of CCP and role of Mao Zedong, "spirit of May 4th Movement", development goals and youth policy. In the course of analysis, changes in content of these blocks are traced. Thus, ideological transformation of PRC is viewed in the context of changes in official interpretation of a significant historical event. Memory of this event in China is filled with various meanings, including themes of democracy and youth rebellion, inconvenient for the ruling Communist Party. Author comes to the conclusion that at least since late 1990s CCP has begun to rely on nationalism as a new source of legitimization of its power. In the analyzed speeches it can be seen how, with a greater emphasis on the patriotic component of the "Movement", other meanings associated with it, primarily democracy and science, have fallen by the wayside. At the same time, there has been a transition from rejection of traditional culture to its acceptance.

Методичні підходи до визначення рівня продовольчої безпеки держави

The article examines theoretical and methodological approaches to the definition of the concept of "food security", but it is noted that there is no official interpretation of this concept at the legislative level. A number of criteria for assessing the level of food security are substantiated, the use of which is provided in aggregate, while the level of food security can be assessed as satisfactory based on the overall positive result of the evaluation criteria. The level of self-sufficiency in the main types of food in Ukraine was studied. It was determined that despite the fairly high level of self-sufficiency of Ukraine at the current stage of development, when consumption approaches rationally recommended norms, the state may face problems of significantly increasing food production. The level of sufficiency of food consumption was analyzed. It was found that Ukraine is significantly behind in 2020 both from rationally recommended consumption norms and from the level of consumption of economically developed countries of the world. An indicator of insufficiency (inferiority) of nutrition is proposed, which should be called the deficit of food consumption and calculated as the difference between the actual and rational levels of food consumption both for the entire set of food products and for its individual components. It was studied that the lack of consumption of high-calorie products such as meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, fish and fish products was mainly replaced by lowcalorie products, vegetables, namely potatoes and melon food crops. It is proposed to divide countries into groups depending on the level of caloric content of food consumption. The level of availability of food consumption was analyzed. The low price availability for the population of highcalorie food products was determined, as well as a significant percentage of expenses in the structure of household incomes for food products, which indicates the poverty of the country compared to European countries.

The Urgency of Regulating Injunctions In Indonesian Civil Procedure Bill

The concept of injunction in common law countries is similar to the concept of provision, confiscation, and provisional determination so that the concept of injunction can be used to complete the deficiencies of provision, confiscation, and provisional determination. This research examines injunction arrangements in common law countries, in this case, the United States and Singapore, which are then transplanted into Indonesian law through the Indonesian Civil Procedure Bill. The research method was carried out normatively and then explained descriptively accompanied by a prescription on how provision, confiscation, and provisional determination should be regulated in Indonesia. Arrangements for provision, confiscation, and provisional determination are still scattered in various laws and even most of the Dutch colonial legacies are used without an official translation. This condition causes legal uncertainty that can be detrimental to justice seekers. The state’s efforts in establishing a unique Indonesian civil procedural law can be seen through the Indonesian Civil Procedure Bill. This bill also contains a concept similar to an injunction. The bill, which is expected to eliminate legal uncertainty for justice seekers, still does not specify a concept similar to the injunction in Indonesia.

Expanded and Independent Spanish Validation of the MDS-Non Motor Rating Scale.

The Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Non-motor Rating Scale (MDS-NMS) assess the severity and disability caused by non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD). This article encapsulates the formal process for completing this program and the data on the first officially approved non-English version of the MDS-NMS (Spanish). The MDS-NMS translation program involves four steps: translation and back-translation; cognitive pre-testing to ensure that raters and patients understand the scale and are comfortable with its content; field testing of the finalized version; analysis of the factor structure of the tested version against the original English language version for the nine domains that could be analyzed in a confirmatory factor analysis. To be designated an "Official MDS translation," the confirmatory factor analysis Comparative Fit Index had to be ≥0.90. The Spanish MDS-NMS was tested in 364 native-Spanish-speaking patients with PD from seven countries. For all subjects with fully computable data with all domains of the MDS-NMS (n=349), the Comparative Fit Index was ≥0.90 for the nine eligible domains. Missing data were negligible and moderate floor effect (42.90%) was found for the Non-Motor Fluctuations subscale. Item homogeneity coefficient was adequate, and the correlation of the MDS-NMS domains with other measures for related constructs was acceptable (r s ≥ 0.50). The Spanish version of the MDS-NMS followed the IPMDS Translation Program protocol, reached the criterion to be designated as an Official Translation, and is now available on the MDS website.

RIYĀḌ AL-ṢĀLIḤĀT AND THE CIRCULATION OF GENDER CONSERVATISM AMONG URBAN MUSLIMAH IN INDONESIA

In 2014, a musḥaf named Ummul Mukminin was published by a Quran publisher in Bandung, Indonesia. It targets female Muslim, as its cover suggested by self-claiming “Qur’an Terjemah untuk Perempuan”. It contains official translation of the Quran by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (2009 edition) and some additional texts in the back, including a “chapter” under the title “20 Wasiat Rasulullah untuk Perempuan”. This part contains text and translation of twenty hadiths from the Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥāt Quṭūf Tarbawiyya min Bustān al-Nubuwwa by Badawī Maḥmūd al-Sheikh. This research shows that out of twenty hadiths, only seven come from the Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥāt while the rest have no roots in the very book. It also finds that the gender narrative conveyed the chapter in particular and the paratext as a whole, contains subordination, domestication, and attempts to maintain certain stereotypes on women—all being part of conservative gender paradigm. Observation and interviews I conducted shows that the narrative has successfully penetrated the minds of urban Muslimahs. This research also raises a hypothesis that Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥāt is likely to be part of a bigger family of popular Islamist literature.

К вопросу о видах интерпретационных актов

Introduction. The official interpretation of the norms of law occupies an important place in the legal regulation mechanism. Despite this, its system is not well studied today. This is especially true of interpretative acts whose totality currently needs considering. Purpose is the generalization and analysis of specific ideas about the types of interpretative acts, taking into account the latest changes that have occurred in the legal sphere of society. Methods. The methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific cognition, among which the main ones are consistency, analysis, comparative legal, formal legal, historical. Results. The analysis carried out in the work allows not only identifying various interpretative acts according to the specific criteria, but also revealing their essential characteristics. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it has been found that the analysis of interpretative acts contributes not only to the formation and subsequent development of their individual varieties, but also causes the need for their systematization. That is why it is worth distinguishing not just the types, but the groups of types of interpretative acts. The identification of the groups of types of interpretative acts will allow determining the specifics and analysis of problematic issues in the study of specific areas of the official interpretation of the norms of law, as well as proposing the ways to overcome in the future the difficulties encountered.

Saving Face of the ‘Saviour’: The Translations of the Thai Prime Minister’s 2015 Press Interview and the 2020 National Address

Thailand became a military dictatorship in May 2014, after the army deposed the democratically elected government. After being chastised for his lack of legitimacy and appeasing his opposition, Prime Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha began to give official interviews to the international press in his second year in office and intermittently delivered the mandatory live broadcast address to the public. This paper focuses on English translations of Prayut’s 2015 interview with Al-Jazeera and his 2020 televised address. The former is characterised by an impromptu speech that demonstrates his informal speaking style, whereas the latter is a well-scripted address. Using the appraisal framework (Martin & Rose, 2007; Munday, 2012) to analyse both translations, the paper proposes negotiator as an additional resource for examining the speaker’s attitude and the translator’s evaluative choices in the English written version. This investigation demonstrates the translator’s active mediation in both subtitles for media presentation and official translation for national address: maintaining applause for the ruling government while negatively evaluating its critics; modifying the force of attitude; removing any improper features in the premier’s manner of speaking. Despite differences in time and commission, the study argues that both translations support and sustain the Thai government’s aspiration of gaining international attention in order to improve their post-coup image or save the face of the nation’s ‘saviour’, who staged the coup to help the Thai people from the political dispute. Furthermore, the findings on negotiator can be used to inform quality translation training and practice, particularly the translator’s decision-making regarding spoken features in political speeches.

Objective Limits of the Institution of Punishment in the Context of the General Theory of Law

The paper is devoted to the examination of a general theoretical problem concerning understanding of the limits of the legal institution of punishment. The paper defines that from ancient times and the first sources of law to the present, punishments have been improved implementing their potential as means of intimidation, manipulation, elimination of harm, achieving justice and many other functions, striving for systematization. The study describes general patterns of the formation of the system of punishment. The author relies on the fact that the complex of legal norms, containing punishments as sanctions and elements of illicit acts as their hypothesys, constitute an independent intersectoral institution of punishment. The limits of the punishment show the degree of permissible interference of legal norms in the system of public relations, the limits of administrative (judicial) discretion, the limits of official interpretation of legal norms and systematization of legislation and improvement of law enforcement methods. Based on the analysis of doctrinal sources and jurisprudence, the author substantiates that the limits of the institution of punishment can be subjective (directly dependent on the will and actions of people, their associations, as well as on specific social relations associated with the subject of legal regulation) and objective (not related to subjective and implementing the true socio-legal purpose of punishment and related to the sphere of legal regulation). The author classifies and defines socially significant legal circumstances to be taken into account when establishing the objective limits of the institution of punishment. The conclusions are formulated.

Китайская судьба творчества Б. Л. Пастернака (рецепция и переводы)

The article details the background of translation and perception of B. Pasternak’s legacy in China. The translation of B. Pasternak’s works can be divided into three stages: limited circulation of the translations before 1980s, when B. Pasternak gave a narrow circle of Chinese youth a unique opportunity to get acquainted with the outside world; official translations and publications of his works in the last 20 years of the 20th century, when B. Pasternak, and especially his novel "Doctor Zhivago", were read throughout the country; B. Pasternak as a modern classic in the new century, with his poems being translated and reinterpreted by the modern Chinese poets. The work of B. Pasternak is also analyzed in the context of the self-development of the Chinese writers and poets.

Cultural Networks of the Chungin : Chosŏn Interpreters' Participation in Poetry Societies

Abstract: This paper illuminates the cultural performance of Chosŏn (1392–1910) interpreters in the nineteenth century, with a particular focus on interpreters' participation in poetry societies ( sisa 詩社). The study aims to explore the cultural status of interpreters by examining the networks they built within poetry societies and to investigate whether engagement in cultural activities contributed to their social mobility in the late nineteenth century. Existing scholarship on the social mobility of the chungin (中人, "middle people") heavily relies on the influence of demographic expansion and position monopoly, at the expense of other indicators reflecting the chungin's social position such as economic, cultural, and political standing. To bridge this research gap, this research uses the cultural life of Chosŏn interpreters as a lens to examine how the chungin interacted with other groups. I use Kang Wi's (姜瑋 1820–1884) Kohwandang such'o (古歡堂收艸, "Collected Works of Kang Wi") as the primary source to extract social connections between the Poetry Society of the Sixth Bridge (Yukkyo sisa 六橋詩社), of which most members were official interpreters and medical doctors living in Hanyang, and the South Poetry Society, which was a poetry community organized by the yangban . Through analyzing clusters and patterns based on the concurrence of the participants, this study concludes that the cultural status of the chungin did not fully align with their categorization in the social hierarchy, and the social gap between the yangban and the chungin did not cease because of cultural exchanges.

«Ищем денег всюду, где есть друзья русского искусства, русской поэзии»: В.Ф. Зеелер и Комитет по ознаменованию 50-летия литературной деятельности К.Д. Бальмонта

In 1935–1936 Konstantin Dmitrievich Balmont (1867–1942) suffered a serious nervous disease that interrupted his literary activity. The treatment, which required large expenses, deprived him of his livelihood, and Russian emigrants joined in helping the sick poet. A well-known public figure Vladimir Feofilovich Zeeler (1874–1954), secretary of the Union of Russian Writers and Journalists in Paris, the driving force and treasurer of the Committee to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Balmont’s literary activity (official English translation: the Committee for the Recognition of the 50 years long literary activity of Constantin Balmont) established at the end of 1935, was particularly active in fundraising. The history of his relationship with the poet is generally known from Balmont’s published letters and poems addressed to Zeeler, and from Zeeler’s memoirs. This paper complements it with the text of the Committee’s appeal, most likely compiled by Zeeler, re-printed in full for the first time, and with the materials of Zeeler’s correspondence with sponsors published for the first time.