Official Forms Research Articles

Los nombres de Vasconia y de las provincias vascas

RESUMEN En este artículo se analizan las denominaciones de Vasconia y sus siete provincias, una labor compleja debido a la ausencia de una entidad política duradera que las abarcara a todas. Usando una metodología más histórica que filológica, se explican brevemente su origen y la evolución de su significado a lo largo de los tiempos y se da para cada una de ellas una etimología verosímil y otras, que sin serlo, han conocido cierto éxito. El objetivo final ha sido intentar acabar con vacilaciones en una cuestión que, por sus implicaciones, supera los planos meramente lingüístico e histórico y preparar el camino para un Diccionario de los nombres de los pueblos de Vasconia. LABURPENA Artikulu honetan Euskal Herriaren eta haren zazpi probintzien izenak dira aztergai. Lan nahasia da, ez baita inoiz denak bildu dituen entitate politiko iraunkorrik izan. Gehiago metodologia historikoa erabiliz filologikoa baino, haien jatorria eta haien esanahiak denboran zehar izaniko bilakaera azaltzen dira laburki eta haietako bakoitzarendako etimologia sinesgarri bat ematen da, baita, sinesgaitzak izanik, arraskatsuak izan diren beste batzuk ere. Azken helburua duda-mudekin bukatzen saiatzea izan da. Izan ere, afera honek, dituen ondorioengatik, maila linguistikoa eta historikoa gainditzen ditu. Horrez gain, Euskal Herriko herrien izenen hiztegi baterako bidea urratu nahi izan da. ABSTRACT This paper analyses the names for Basqueland and its seven provinces, a complex task due to the absence of a lasting political entity that would incorporate them all. Using historical rather than philological methodology, their origin and evolution of meaning over time are briefly explained and a plausible etymology is given for each, as well as other etymologies that, without being so, have been partly successful. The ultimate goal has been to try to end confusion in a matter that, due to its implications, goes beyond mere linguistic and historical levels, and to pave the way for A Dictionary of Town Names in Basqueland.

Ograniczenia dopuszczalności złożenia wniosku o przyznanie prawa pomocy przed sądem administracyjnym

The right to a fair trial remains a common heritage of European legal culture. Such a standard has been guaranteed under the functioning system of human rights. Equally, the right to a fair trial was confirmed in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It does not mean unlimited access to justice without bearing the costs of the initiated proceedings. As a result, mechanisms were created to bear the costs of proceedings and to release certain categories of citizens from such an obligation. In proceedings before administrative courts, it is possible to apply for the right to assistance in order to maintain the right to judicial control of public administration activities. However, the relevant request from the person involved is subject to certain formal requirements. Among other things, it should be submitted using the appropriate official form, and the information contained therein may also indicate the manner in which the request was submitted. An application for granting the right to assistance may be submitted in the course of court proceedings or before their initiation. However, such a statutory definition of the moment for submitting an application for the right to assistance requires clarification. In fact, such a requestcannot be made before the individual has been entitled to submit the appropriate appeal to the administrative court. Failure to comply with such a requirement results in the fact that the application submitted for the right to assistance does not generate any legal effects. A person applying for aid from the state is not yet obliged to bear court costs. There is also no need to provide such persons with professional legal assistance in proceedings before administrative authorities. This situation makes it impossible to grant the right to assistance due to the systemic limitations. In effect, such a procedure under the application for granting the right to assistance is discontinued as being deemed redundant. Moreover, premature submission of an application for the right to assistance may also reveal additionally that the substantive examination of the complaint or objection is inadmissible.

The Years of the Potential Life Lost due to Breast Cancer Assessment Results in St. Petersburg Population

Abstract. Data analysis contained in the official forms of medical statistics allows us to state that in St. Petersburg in 20112012 yr. 8% breast cancer incidence increase and 6% mortality rates decrease in women were noted. Years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in 2012 yr. among St. Petersburg female residents in aged 30 to 64 years decreased 8% compared with 2011 yr. data (2632 and 2435 in 20112012, respectively). Years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in 20112012 yr. decreased 16% (1101 and 948 in 20112012 yr. respectively) in St. Petersburg women aged 50 to 59 years (group of maximum incidence rate among patients with malignant neoplasms of the mammary glands). The results of medical care assessment providing to breast cancer patients in St. Petersburg over the past 9 years has allowed to state the positive dynamics in the anticancer fight effectiveness. In 20112018 yr. the incidence of breast cancer in women in St. Petersburg increased by 28,2% (from 45,670/0000 in 2011 yr. to 58,580/0000 in 2018 yr.), and the 5-year survival rate of patients with breast cancer in St. Petersburg increased by 4,9% (from 60,4% to 63,4% in 2011 and 2018 yr. respectively). Considering these data the number of years of potential life lost due to breast cancer in the analyzed period decreased. This circumstance can be regarded as one of the indicators of the medical care quality in breast cancer patients and as an indicator of the proper organization of oncological service functioning in the administrative and industrial center of Russia.

“To Extract from It Some Sort of Beautiful Thing”: The Holocaust in the Families and Fiction of Nava Semel and Etgar Keret

In literary narratives by Nava Semel (1954–2017) and Etgar Keret (b. 1967), both Israeli children of Holocaust survivors, readers encounter the kinds of searching questions about inheriting the burden of traumatic inheritance, witnessing, and postmemory frequently intrinsic to second-generation literature in other national contexts. However, their works are further distinguished by acute examinations that probe the moral fabric of Israeli society itself, including dehumanization of the enemy through slogans and other debased forms of language and misuses of historical memory. In addition, their fiction measures the distance between the suffering and pain of intimate family memory (what Semel once dubbed their “private Shoah”) and ceremonial, nationalistic forms of Holocaust memory, and the apartness felt by the children of survivors who sense themselves somehow at odds with their society’s heroic values. Semel’s numerous articles, and fiction as well as nonfiction books, frequently address second and third-generation trauma, arguably most impressively in her harrowing five-part novel And the Rat Laughed (2001) that spans 150 years but most crucially juxtaposes the experiences of a “hidden child” in a remote wartime Polish village repeatedly raped with that of her grandchild writing a dutiful report for her class in contemporary Israel. Elsewhere, in a distant future, a bewildered but determined anthropologist is set on assembling a scientific report with coherent meaning from the fragmented “myths” inherited from the barbaric past. Over the years, Keret (generally known more for whimsical and surreal tales) has often spoken in interviews as well as his memoir about being raised by survivors. “Siren”, set in a Tel Aviv high school, is one of the most acclaimed of Keret’s realist stories (and required reading in Israeli high schools), raises troubling questions about Israeli society’s official forms of Holocaust mourning and remembrance and individual conscience. It is through their portrayals of the cognitive and moral struggles of children and adolescents, the destruction of their innocence, and gradual awakening into compassionate awareness that Semel and Keret most shine, each unwavering in preserving the Shoah’s legacy as a form of vigilance against society’s abuses, whether toward “internal” or “external” others.

Investigation of Registered Work-related Accidents for Urban Sanitation Workers of Kashan Municipality from 2015 to 2018

Introduction: Urban sanitation workers, including waste disposal workers and street cleaners, are exposed to a wide range of occupational hazards and accidents. No study regarding such accidents has been carried out so far in Kashan city. Therefore, the incidents that occurred for this group of workers at the Kashan municipality from 2015 to 2018 were examine in this study.
 Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Demographic data and injury data were collected through periodic medical examination reports of workers who were injured in a work-related accident during the period of this study. Also, official accident forms completed by authorities were used for gathering information about the accidents. Descriptive and analytical statistics were utilized to analyze data.
 Results: Two out of 95 occupational accidents resulted in death. Garbage collection workers (69.5%) had the highest amount of accidents. Among those, individuals who were involved in accidents, those who had work experience of one year (45.26%), those who had primary school education (43.2%), those having two children (32.6%), and were in the age group of 30 to 39 years had the highest number of accidents. The most common cause and type of accidents were the sharp objects injuries into hands and feet (26.3%) and sprains/strains (50.5%). Most accidents injured limbs (hands and feet). There was a statistically significant correlation between the cause and effect of accidents (P = 0.001).
 Conclusion: The results demonstrated that urban sanitation workers suffer from occupational injuries more commonly from bruises and sprains/strains that require medical interventions. The application of personal protective equipment (PPE) is widely accepted as an essential factor in preventing occupational injuries. Therefore, the application of this equipment is recommended.

Racial States and Re-making Race: Exploring Coloured Racial Re- and De-formation in State Laws and Forms in Post-Apartheid South Africa

The nation-state is one powerful entity that makes race. For instance, the mid-twentieth-century South African apartheid racial state cultivated a triracial hierarchy through officially naming three groups into law: White, Black (native African), and Coloured, with Coloured being defined and situated in the “racial middle” as neither White nor Black African. Yet because race is a social construction that is adaptive and dynamic, the state’s role in making race is also malleable and changing. This study offers a case study of how modern racial states re-make racial categories by focusing on the potential for re- or de-formation of the Coloured racial category since the end of apartheid in 1994 and 25 years into democracy. In conducting a critical race discourse analysis of official state forms and laws, the author finds that the post-apartheid nation-state challenges Coloureds’ racial categorization and position in the racial middle. It does this by simultaneously supporting nonracialist (i.e., color-blind racist) strategies and rewriting Coloured as Black as a means for racial redress. Moreover, the author argues that contemporary South Africa practices coloured blindness through both de-formation and then re-making of the Coloured racial category, thus contributing to the potential shift to a dichotomous racial hierarchy. This project demonstrates how the racial middle can be re-made to uphold state racial projects transformed by changes in the sociopolitical context.

Establishments and organizations promoting exports in the Russian Empire (the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries)

The purpose of the article is to describe the state institutions and public organizations promoting exports in the Russian Empire in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as to highlight the activities of similar structures on Ukrainian lands. Research methods: systemic, structural-functional, typological, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, statistical, analytical-synthetic. Main results. In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the implementation of the export promotion measures was primarily among the tasks of the state bodies of trade and industry (agencies within the structure of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Railways, as well as consuls, government commercial agents, etc.), public representative associations were gradually involved in this process entrepreneurs (industry, territorial and all-imperial unions of the representatives of trade and industrial status), special binational chambers of commerce (Russian-English, Russian-Italian, Russian-French, etc.) are formed, as well as the Russian Export Chamber, as the final part of the system of protection of the export trade interests. Concise conclusions. The system of institutions and export promotion organizations in the Russian Empire, which emerged during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, turned out to be very colorful and diverse: on the initiative of creation – the government, public, joint (public and governmental); according to its competence – diplomatic, specialized export, a wide range of trade and economic tasks. All of them became an integral part of the economic development of the country, had a significant influence (especially private associations of entrepreneurs) on the formation of the civil society on the basis of self-organization, enterprise, initiative and responsibility. Practical significance. The materials of the article can form the theoretical basis for developing effective mechanisms for the development of modern domestic exports, increasing the turnover of Ukraine in the world market at the expense of organized representation in the form of binary chambers of commerce and industry, the creation of special export structures and the reformation of existing export missions. Originality. On the basis of the sources of the government and social origin, a wide array of materials of periodicals of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries organization forms of export promotion in the Russian Empire were generalized and structured, their typology is presented; the peculiarities of institutional processes on the issues of export on Ukrainian lands were traced, their place in general imperial processes is determined, and the high degree of activity of representative organizations of entrepreneurs of Ukrainian lands is shown. Scientific novelty. The look at the organization of foreign trade from the point of view of the activities of state and public institutions is suggested, their development from official forms through the public to the joint public-governmental entities of export promotion is offered. Article type: explanation.

Epidemiological Analysis of Outcomes of Small Obstetric Operations

Relevance Тhe Priorities in the field of the state demographic policy of our country are to improve the reproductive health of the population, improve the system of obstetric care and the quality of medical care. An urgent problem is the quality of life of women in the postpartum period after injuries of the soft tissues of the birth canal and the use of obstetric in natural delivery (episiotomy, vacuum extraction of the fetus, the imposition of obstetric forceps, manual placental separation and manual examination of the uterine cavity). High rates of non-communicable complications confirm the need for further study of long-term effects and ways to improve the quality of care for women in the postpartum period. There is insufficient information on the dynamics of health indicators in the postpartum period, on the relationship of violations with various socio-hygienic, behavioral, medical and organizational factors acting in relation to the woman in this period. Obstetric operations and soft tissue injuries of the birth canal are also a risk factor for the development of purulent-septic infections in the postpartum period. For a comprehensive analysis of the factors determining reproductive behavior in women during rehabilitation, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness of measures in the postpartum period, the risks of long-term consequences for women after small obstetric operations. Aims. Summarize the available literary data and present modern views on the problem of the quality of life of women in the postpartum period after obstetric operations with natural delivery. Materials and methods. Analysis of publications on the quality of life in the postpartum period in the databases PUBMED, E-Library, Google Scholar, etc. from 2013 to 2019. The study includes sources in Russian and English, containing information on the frequency of various obstetric benefits for natural delivery, infectious and non-infectious complications after their implementation. Results. Birth canal Injuries (ruptures of the cervix, vaginal walls, perineum and vulva) account for up to 40% of cases [1,2]. Noted that in nulliparous they occur in 73%, while the performance of obstetric benefits (episiotomy, forceps, vacuum extraction) reach 90%. The frequency of perineal ruptures of the III degree ranges from 0.4 to 5% [3]. The frequency of ruptures of the perineum I-II degree does not have an official form of accounting and registration, also refers to injuries of the birth canal. According to official statistics, the frequency of application of vacuum extraction of the fetus in the European countries ranges from 2.8% to 16.7% of the total number of births, and in our country according to the Department of monitoring, analysis and strategic development of health, Ministry of health of the Russian Federation, the frequency of execution of vacumm extraction of the fetus and the imposition of obstetric forceps is the 11.04 and 0.56 per 1000 births. The number of women who have had these situations in childbirth is very high. At this stage, epidemiological monitoring of the postpartum period of women is reduced to monitoring infections in the field of surgery and predictors of the development of the infectious process. However, given the multifactorial nature of the problem, monitoring the quality of life in the postpartum period after these operations remains without due attention. First of all, they note negative changes after obstetric operations, such as a feeling of pain when walking, sitting, lifting weights. Unpleasant sensations in the sutures remain in the postpartum period for 2–3 weeks after discharge. After 3–4 weeks, the feeling of pain is replaced by itching and burning, which also gives discomfort to the woman. The situation is complicated by the lack of women's psychological support in this matter from the doctor. Many patients are afraid to address and ask questions about personal feelings and sexual life at the reception. Sexual dysfunction may be formed after performing obstetric benefits or injuries to the soft tissues of the birth canal, actually should be regarded as maternal morbidity. The introduction of epidemiological surveillance of the psychophysiological state of women after small obstetric operations will allow timely work with patients about the features of the postpartum period, to increase the percentage of satisfaction with the quality of services provided in obstetric institutions. The study of risk factors for the development of non-infectious diseases in women after childbirth allows us to calculate the degree of effectiveness of the planned medical and social measures for the prevention of negative consequences. Conclusions: The Development and implementation of epidemiological surveillance of women who have received obstetric benefits or had soft tissue injuries of the birth canal will allow to form an understanding of the rules and tactics of postpartum management, as well as to improve the quality of life of women during rehabilitation.

Legal doctrine as a source of legal argumentation in the process of human rights protection

The article is devoted to determining the place of legal doctrine in the system of sources of law and substantiating its importance in the process of protection of human rights as a legitimate basis for legal argumentation. An analysis of current scientific research suggests that today there is no single unified perception of the category of legal doctrine among both legal theorists and law enforcers. The author points out a number of conflicting points that need to be finally resolved. In particular, there is no understanding from which point an idea, concept or view of law can be considered doctrinal. In this case, it is possible to use the experience of Western jurisprudence, which uses a variety of citation indices, which indirectly testifies to the authority of one or another scientific source, as well as informal lists of authoritative among judges of books of lawyers. Also open today is the question of securing binding reference to a specific scientific source by law enforcement entities in the process of reasoning of the decision. According to the author, the doctrine is a source of law in every case where law-makers or law-makers use scientific concepts, ideas, views when making legally significant decisions. The Constitution of Ukraine in Art. 129 by declaring that "the judge is independent and governed by the rule of law", in fact, enshrined the obligation to apply legal doctrine in the law enforcement process. In making its decision, a judge, when substantiating a certain legal position, has the right to refer not only to national legislation, but also to use the results of scientific papers, the findings of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, etc. At the same time, the problem of recognizing the legitimacy of decisions based on doctrinal approaches is important. Based on the thesis that law is a product of society, an expression of the public perception of justice, then the public will itself will be the primary source of law. No matter which of the official forms of law prevails in a particular legal system, it must be legitimized (recognized) by society, and therefore endowed with a high degree of authority. When analyzing a legal rule, it is necessary to distinguish its textual expression and its actual content. Legal doctrine, as a more dynamic phenomenon than official legal regulation, is able to formulate algorithms for finding the actual content of a rule of law in the context of its application. Given the tendencies in the evolution of legal regulation in the direction of deformation and decentralization, the phenomenon of legal doctrine can be explained using a differentiated approach to sources of law, distinguishing between "hard law" and "soft law" (soft law). By analogy, legal doctrine can be considered as an informal authoritative source of law, which is the intellectual basis of legal thinking and argumentation, formed within the jurisprudence and represents a set of scientifically sound ideas, concepts, views, which formulate effective models and standards for solving current problems of legal practice. Keywords: legal doctrine, human rights, sources of law, legal argumentation.

Keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: treatment in the experiment

The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of treatment of keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using official ophthalmic forms of antibiotics, which are effective against the pathogen. Materials and methods. Adult 36 rabbits weighing 3–3.5 kg were undergone the causing of purulent keratitis by applying a clinical strain of P. aeruginosa as a suspension of one-day culture of the microorganism at a concentration of 5×10 8 CFU/ml on the partially de-epithelialized (approximately 1 cm 2 ) cornea followed by coating for 24 hours with soft contact lens made of belafilcon A (water content: 36 %, oxygen permeability DK/t:110.0). In half of the cases, microbial biofilms were pre-grown on the contact lens surfaces via incubation into the broth culture of P. aeruginosa strain. The treatment of keratitis was performed with ocular official forms of antibiotics: levofloxacin 0.5 % (5 mg/ml), ciprofloxacin 0.3 % (3 mg/ml), tobramycin 0.3 % (3 mg/ml). Their effectiveness against the strain of P. aeruginosa was previously proven in vitro. The animals were divided into three corresponding as for severity of keratitis groups, in each of which treatment was performed with one of the three above antibiotics. In half of the cases within each group, the antibiotic was combined with the ocular official form of decamethoxine 0.02 % (0.2 mg/ml). The antibiotics were used in the mode of the most frequent instillation for the first 2 days after the onset of purulent keratitis, then 5 and 4 times a day. The assessment included evaluation of clinical signs, culturing, ophthalmological examination of the cornea with fluorescein test and photofixation. Animals were removed from the study on days 7 th , 10 th , 14 th (depending on the term of epithelialization of the affected cornea). Results. Totally, 36 cases of purulent keratitis caused by P. aeruginosa in rabbits were modelled: 8 moderate (22.2 %), 13 semi-severe (36.6 %), 15 – severe (41.7 %). Regardless of the chosen antibiotic, 10-12 hours after removal of the infected contact lens and the start of treatment, there was mostly a burst enhancement of the inflammatory process. Subsequently, the inflammatory signs showed a gradual attenuation with complete corneal epithelialization for 7 th –8 th days (for moderate keratitis), 10 th –12 th days (for severe and semi-severe in Group I and Group III) and (12 th –14 th days for severe and semi-severe in Group II). In comparison with the Group I (levofloxacin 0.5 %), the reducing of the corneal inflammation and lesion epithelialization within the Group II (ciprofloxacin 0.3 %), was 1–2 days delayed. The use of 0.3 % tobramycin (Group III) provided the highest control of purulent inflammation during the first three to four days, but further there was a slowdown in the positive dynamics and delayed epithelialization compared with Group I. For all study groups, the use of combination antibiotic therapy with decamethoxine was accompanied by acceleration in regression of purulent-inflammatory lesions, especially due to a decrease in conjunctival response and pyorrhea. Among the outcomes, in most of cases (69.5 %) there were areas of corneal opaque turbidity of various sizes. Total leucoma was noted in more than a third of cases; always due to severe keratitis. It was managed to avoid the complications that could lead to eye loss (corneal abscess, perforation, malacia) in all animals. The culturing from the surface of the eye has shown a decrease from 100 % to 63.9 % in presence P. aeruginosa after 48 hours and the whole pathogen disappearance after 3 days of treatment. However, in 11 of 15 severe keratitis (30.6 % of total observations) microbiological tests of the cornea, obtained after removal of animals, were positive as for P. aeruginosa even after complete lesion epithelialization. Conclusions . Treatment of experimental keratitis caused by P. aeruginosa, with antibiotics, to which the sensitivity of pathogen is proven, in the mode of the earliest and most frequent instillations on the first 48 hours in combination with removal of purulent masses provides reducing of inflammation, restoring of cornea surface and prevents the most serious complications, e.g. corneal perforations and keratomalacia. Early and active antimicrobial treatment with effective drugs led to the elimination of P. aerugenosa from the ocular surface in the first 2–3 days. However, in 30.6 % of cases there was no complete eradication of the pathogen from the cornea. The choice of antibiotic from those, to which the sensitivity of P. aerugenosa is proven, did not have a significant influence on treatment outcome. Concomitant use of decamethoxine makes better effect and somewhat improves the results

Effectiveness of an Automated Error Checking and Feedback System to Improve Text Message Reporting for Disease Surveillance in Viet Nam.

Purpose: Viet Nam currently relies on a manual paper-based system to track and monitor 28 major infectious diseases. This inefficient system takes 2 or more months to complete. Method: We designed and pilot tested the use of text messaging to report certain infectious disease symptoms in rural areas of northern Viet Nam. The project was divided into three 6-month phases carried out in two provinces. The current analysis focuses on the implementation of a two-way feedback system between Phases II and III, which aims at (1) evaluating whether this system improves efficiency by determining the number of correctly (vs. incorrectly) formatted text messages; (2) assessing this system's influence on accuracy by comparing text messages with their respective official paper-based documented forms; and (3) determining whether the amount of information required to report through text messages influences the efficiency and accuracy of the text messages. Results: Between Phases II and III, results revealed a significant improvement in correctly formatted texts in comparison to incorrectly formatted texts. As the number of fields required to report increased, the number of correctly formatted texts (efficiency) as well as the number of matched text messages (accuracy) decreased. Conclusion: Our research demonstrates that an automated error bidirectional feedback system can significantly improve both the efficiency and accuracy of a Short Message Service-based method for disease surveillance. Also, our data may suggest that two-way communication has better engaged health care staff to follow reporting protocols as well as to maintain accuracy from their clinic's own data.

Влияние хлорорганических соединений питьевой воды на здоровье населения

The authors carried out sanitary-hygienic assessment of the concentration of organochlorine compounds in drinking water distribution network and morbidity of the population. To analyze the current situation, monitoring data on the con- centrations of chlororganic compounds determined by gas-liquid chromatography and medico-demographic indicators of population health were used according to the official form of statistical reporting No. 12 (ICD 10). The results of 380 tests for the contents of three chlororganic compounds – chloroform, trichlorethylene and carbon tetrachloride – are presented in the article. Morbidity was represented by 10 classes of diseases: diseases of the digestive system, musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, genitourinary system, neoplasm, circulatory system diseases, endocrine system diseases, eating disorders and metabolic disorders, skin and subcutaneous tissue, nervous system, blood and blood-forming organs, respiratory system diseases. A method for assessing the risk of exposure to chemicals in environmental objects for public health is applied. It has been established that in case of chronic oral intake of chlororganic compounds with drinking water, unacceptable levels of non-carcinogenic risk are formed in respect to target organs such as the liver, kidneys, skin and nervous system in adults and children. Nevertheless, the individual carcinogenic risk for children and adults caused by the effects of high concentrations of chlororganic substances, the largest contribution to which belongs to trichlorethylene, today does not exceed the permissible level.

Narracje o świeżej traumie

Recent trauma Narratives: commemorating terrorist attacks in Everyday cityscape Contemporary city incidentally becomes a non-accidental target of acts violating the primary sense of security and safety. The fundamental assumptions about so- cial and interpersonal interactions that guarantee social life are severely disturbed. These events, primarily the ones related to terrorist attacks, leave in social memo- ry traces associated with everyday places scattered in urban landscape. Should the trace of a catastrophe be preserved and exhibited, or should it be interpreted to give a new meaning to endangered places? What significance can one attribute to trauma narratives in everyday landscape?To what extent can spatial and ephemeral narratives related to dramatic events address the social need of coping with trauma and constructing a new approach to a given place? Spontaneous and official commemorative forms are created in response to terrorist attacks in Europe and the U.S.A. Official memorials are created over just a few years and sometimes even one year, which corresponds to a natural closure of mourning process leading to the acceptance of loss and reconstructing life. However, other representations – spontaneous memorials created in the aftermath of attacks, composed of objects left in urban space to honour victims and survivors – become an important element of collective mourning ritual and constitute a transition from informal commemoration to top-down representations. The article discusses how different forms of trauma narratives constructed in urban space can enhance trauma recovery.

Morbidity with temporary disability as an integral part of the national profile on workers’ health

The main morbidity indicators with temporary disability of the population of the Samara region for 2018 are considered. The data of the official Statistical form No. 16-VN are used. Differences for urban and rural population are identified, Differences for the urban and rural populations are identified, leading causes in the morbidity structure are highlighted

‘Loving Capitalism Disease’: Aids and Ideology in the People’s Republic of China, 1984–2000*

Abstract This article examines how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) interpreted HIV/AIDS in the period from 1984, when the Chinese government first introduced policies reacting to the disease’s emergence, to 2000, when China’s devastating epidemic began to receive worldwide media attention. Important new sources show how the CCP cast HIV/AIDS as a staging ground for debates about the risks of liberalization and an evolving metaphor for deviance from socialism even in an era of capitalistic changes. Just as anti-capitalist ideology shaped official understandings of HIV/AIDS, so too did HIV/AIDS shape official views about the perils of China’s ‘reform and opening’ and the risks of capitalism to China. This two-way flow of meanings, which carried epidemiological and human consequences, illustrates the need for scholars of this period to foreground the evolving official ideology and forms of resistance to global capitalism — in politics, culture, society and even public health — rather than only the more common and sanguine narrative of rapid growth and economic development. Far more than previously understood, the interplay between AIDS and CCP ideology in this period reveals crucial dynamics in the evolution of China’s ongoing encounter with global capitalism.

Papered spaces: clerical practices, materialities, and spatial cultures of provincial governance in Bengal, Colonial India, 1820s–1860s

British colonial governance in India was built upon global technologies of writing produced through European mercantile colonialism; the extraction of the embodied Mughal administrative knowledge from a Persianette (or Tamil-proficient, as in Southern India) Indian clerical class, and its materialisation into official paper-based forms, as shown by Christopher Bayly; and a scribal-clerical ‘habitus’ as described by Bhavani Raman. This research focuses on the architecture, spaces and material culture associated with the paper-bureaucracy of the colonial government of Bengal that Jon Wilson calls one of the world’s earliest modern states. It argues that this paper-/ writing-oriented habitus also mandated a chain of materialities and spatialities (paper-records, furniture, spaces, and architectures of colonial governance). Focusing on the colonial cutcherry (office), the nerve-centre of Bengal’s zilla sadar (provincial administrative) towns, I analyse such ‘papered spaces’ as record rooms and clerical offices. The work is conceptualised around paper as a key agent of colonial governance, including the expanding spheres of its logic, which profoundly permeated the cutcherry’s material-spatial culture and experiential ‘lifeworld’. I also reflect on how colonial paper-practices intersected with other more immaterial and mobile circuits of knowledge and information spread over the town and country, and how such paper-governance was fed, for example, by spatial geographies of paper supply and printing. For the research, I combined extensive on-ground documentations of the material fabric of the buildings with archival research (governmental papers, period literature and art) in India, Bangladesh and Britain.

Testament w prawie lubeckim — praktyka na przykładzie Elbląga w XV– początku XVI w.

The article presents the practice of making testaments in towns governed by the Lubeck Law, illustrated with the mediaeval Elbląg (Elbing). The research was based on 145 surviving testaments of burghers from the 15th–early 16th c., five of them from the New Town and the rest form the Old Town of Elbing. On the basis of those documents, the author describes the practice of making and authenticating last wills, including also their physical shape, the circumstances (time and place) and the official form. The analysis has revealed that testaments made in Elbing usually followed the same two-part scheme. The first part concerned pious bequests (ad pias causas), while the second — be-quests to distant relatives and friends. The article also discusses the issue of choosing testament executors and witnesses. The analysis has shown that the 145 known last will from Elbing mention 327 executors in total. In 1/5 of them at least one of the executors was an alderman. Only some of the aldermen of that period were witnesses, some of them many times. 45 aldermen were noted only once as wit-nesses, 20 were noted twice and 10 — three times. The same persons acted as witnesses for many years, holding various offices in the municipality. Those observations may be influenced by the particular body of documents that have survived. The analysis indicates that the making and executing of last wills in Elbing in the researched period was largely controlled by the municipal council. The practice, including the custom of writing last wills by clerks, developed over time, resulting in similar forms and arrangements of contents, which in turn led to a certain conventionalization of dispositions. This, however, did not fully erase the individual character of testators’ dispositions.

Intermittences: Memory, Justice, & the Poetics of the Visible in Uruguay by Ana Forcinito

Reviewed by: Intermittences: Memory, Justice, & the Poetics of the Visible in Uruguay by Ana Forcinito Inela Selimović (bio) Ana Forcinito, Intermittences: Memory, Justice, & the Poetics of the Visible in Uruguay (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018) ISBN: 13: 978–0–8229–6566–4, 257 pages. As one of the leading scholars in her field, Ana Forcinito has made another significant cross-disciplinary contribution with Intermittences: Memory, Justice, & the Poetics of the Visible in Uruguay. The book's cross-disciplinary spirit remains intact and multidimensional throughout, helping us to understand the complexities of the recent Uruguayan dictatorship, both from within and beyond Latin American memory studies. Forcinito's book begins with a layered question that involves, above all, "the meaning of what is remembered—both individually and collectively—and the disputes over those meanings" after state terrorism and during Uruguay's transitional justice period.1 Focusing on cultural production in eight chapters, the author coins the term "intermittences of memory" in order to dissect the processes during which official mnemonic outcomes and forms of remembrance become questioned, countered, and interrupted. According to Forcinito, "intermittences of memory are precisely those attempts to make visible (and audible) the battles over oblivion and silence, and thus to construct an alternative narrative about the past and to expose the blind spots of the model of peace and reconciliation."2 As an epistemic core of her book, the notion of "intermittences of memory" spotlights the role of mnemonic subjects and the ways in which they engage with remembering, forgetting, and "framing" their past in the Uruguayan post-dictatorial context.3 The book's chapters insightfully engage certain theoretical specificities from multiple discursive vantage points, including those related to human rights, law, cultural studies, memory studies, history, and philosophy. Forcinito sets the book's theoretical tone in its introduction, as she elegantly intersects several key concepts that have been instrumental for generating the notion of "intermittences of memory." We trace the author's interactions with Jacques Rancière's "the ethical turn," Pierre Nora's "sites [End Page 986] of memory," Andreas Huyssen's "places of memory," and Maurice Halbwachs's "social frameworks of memory," but also with other cultural and theoretical texts by Walter Benjamin, Julia Kristeva, Paul Ricoeaur, Roland Barthes, Susan Sontag, Judith Butler, Debra Bergoffen, and Gilles Deleuze. The Introduction primarily contextualizes the subsequent analyses within broader frameworks of human rights, memory, and transitional justice. The ensuing chapters build on and further expand the initial theoretical discussions, displaying rigorous research and rich analyses of cultural production that range from testimonio, installations, videos, photography, film, essays, and literary texts to court rulings and other evidencebased documents. While calling into play a mélange of genres, Forcinito traces the ways in which "intermittent images" ultimately "are residues or spillovers from more visible and established memories."4 Such images function as politically available catalysts for usurping the mnemonic norm in symbolic and concrete ways. Chapter 1, "Transitional Justice and the Visual Politics of Memory," connects human rights violations with cultural production "in order to rethink what becomes visible and invisible in the official cultural politics of memory."5 The chapter juxtaposes tensions between memory and transitional justice through cultural expressions that are based on evidence but also on "poetic gestures."6 The author's discussion of mnemonic inscriptions—and re-inscriptions—of the recent past through architecture is particularly insightful. In examining the transformation of the Punta Carretas penitentiary into a shopping center, for instance, Forcinito underscores the ways in which such reconstructions entail remembrance-oriented contradictions, just as they perpetuate dictatorship-driven injustice. Chapter 2, "Disappearance: Evidence and Poetics," builds on the sociopolitical and cultural context Forcinito unveils in the first two chapters and further focuses on the making of individual and social memory in order to revisit the phenomenon of "disappearances" through documentaries, novels, photography, installations, and testimonies.7 Forcinito links certain evidence-based claims to artistic endeavors in order to tackle the inevitable clashes between remembering and forgetting of Uruguay's tumultuous past. Although differently tackled, the theme of prison survivors' voices and their reinstituted subjectivities interconnects the next two chapters. Chapter 3, "Visible Voices: Testimony and Justice," centers on "the testimonial subject as a...

Phonological acquisition and development in Putonghua-speaking children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

ABSTRACT Poor phonological development adversely affects language development and interpersonal communication abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the characteristics of phonological development in children with ASD who speak Putonghua (the official standard spoken form of modern Mandarin Chinese) remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate phonological acquisition and development among Putonghua-speaking children with ASD. Data were collected from participants recruited in Shanghai, China. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, phonological acquisition was compared between 16 children with ASD aged 3–6 years and 16 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. In experiment II, phonological acquisition was compared between 26 children with ASD over 6 years old and 26 receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Picture naming was applied to measure participants’ phonology – the 21 initials, 36 finals and four tones of Putonghua. Paired-samples t-tests and Fisher’s exact tests were applied. In experiment I, scores on initials, finals, tones and total phonology of children with ASD aged 3–6 years were significantly lower than those of age-matched TD children. The pronunciation accuracy rates for initials such as/x, th, l/, finals such as/jaʊ, joʊ, wo/ and Tone 3 (the low-rising tone) in the ASD group were significantly lower than in the TD group. In experiment II, there was no significant difference in overall phonological developmental level between children with ASD over 6 years old and receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Phonological development of Putonghua-speaking children with ASD was significantly lower than that of age-matched TD children but closer to that of receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Further, participants with ASD showed atypical development sequences in both initials and finals.

The modern state of specialized psychiatric service for the population of the Moscow region

Aim. To perform the analysis of psychiatric service of the Moscow region and to determine the basic targerts to improve the availability of psychiatric service for the population of the Moscow region. Methods. The study included the methods of retrospective statistical observation based on the data from the official statistical forms of annual reports (forms №14, №30, №36) of psychiatric institutions of the Moscow region in 2013-2017. Results. The Moscow region is a territory of sustainable social economic development. In terms of fertility it takes the 1st place among the subjects of the Central Federal district, and 27th place in the Russian Federation. Specialized psychiatric care for the population of the Moscow region is provided in neuropsychiatric dispensaries, hospitals, day hospitals of psychiatric clinics, based on three principles: a differentiated approach to assist different patient cohorts, stepwise and continuity of care at different stages. Despite the restructuring of the psychiatric service and the widespread reduction of the number of beds in the Russian Federation, bed capacity of psychiatric hospitals in the Moscow Region remains at the same level, although there has been a negative dynamics in the work of the hospital bed from 354.3 days in 2013 to 329 in 2017. At the same time, the efficiency of day hospitals has increased: the length of stay of patients in the day hospital has decreased from 51 in 2013 to 39 days in 2017, the day bed turnover rate has increased from 5.5 to 5.9. In five years, the number of patients discharged from day hospitals has increased: 2 200 in 2013 and 2 521 in 2017. In the outpatient service there is a steady decrease in the number of dispensary patients (decreased from 71 413 to 69 364 in 5 years), and vice versa, the number of patients provided with counseling and treatment increased from 79 023 to 93 697. The number of diseases-related visits to a psychiatrist is decreasing. In 2013, 781 243 disease-caused and home visits occured, in 2017 - 496 540. Conclusion. The results of the conducted study indicate both positive tendencies and negative sides of psychiatric service for the population of the Moscow region, which should be taken into account when planning reorganization and optimization of functioning of psychiatric service in the modern conditions: increased number of day beds, establishing medical rehabilitation departments, reduction of inefficient hospital beds.