Officer Characteristics Research Articles

Структура защитно-совладающего реагирования у сотрудников органов внутренних дел, страдающих соматоформной вегетативной дисфункцией желудочно-кишечного тракта, в связи с задачами психогигиены

The aim of the study was to identify differences of protective and coping behavior and its dynamics in conditions of asthenization and anxiety-depressive response in employees of internal affairs bodies, suffering from somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract. Materials and methods of research. To reveal structural and dynamic characteristics of the protective response and character of the asthenization depression and anxiety influence on the internal affairs employees, 64 police officers with somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (F. 45.3) according to criteria of ICD-10 were investigated. Results of the study and their analysis. The study revealed that the differences were both purely individual and cross-cutting, reflecting a pronounced intrapersonal conflict. This indicates the weakness of the defense system in police employees suffering from somatoform vegetative dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, regardless of gender identity, emphasizing their low adaptive capacity, making it difficult to recognize the problems. The basic socio-professional characteristics of police officers are reflected and their role in protective and coping response is shown. The results of the study are offered to use in psychohygienic work with employees, prone to somatoform reactions.

Chief operating officer characteristics and how they relate to exploration via patenting versus venturing

This article investigates the role of chief operating officers’ (COOs’) characteristics and their relation to the exploration modes of patenting and venturing. It relies on the upper echelons view to explain how COOs’ demographic and professional background features – represented by their career horizon, gender, and functional experience – may influence the path those COOs choose to conduct exploration. Based on a ten-year cross-industry panel of U.S. firms, the results provide support for the notion that distinct COO profiles relate to organizational exploration efforts. While COOs with long career horizons are associated negatively with patenting activity, they positively relate to corporate venturing activity. Female COOs are positively related to venturing, though no relation can be observed for patenting. COOs with backgrounds in development are positively associated with patenting activity and insignificantly related to venturing. This research adds to the debate on how functional top executives matter for firm exploration.

CEO characteristics, management support for internal audit and corporate performance: an analysis of listed Malaysian companies

PurposeThis study aims to advance the discussion on internal audit (IA) findings by empirically investigating the relationship between chief executive officer (CEO) characteristics and the IA function, particularly IA findings and implementing IA recommendations and examining whether CEO and management support for IA moderate the effect of the recommendations on corporate performance.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered from two sources. A survey was conducted, directed at 217 heads of internal audit (HIAs) in listed companies on the Bursa Malaysia, and the annual reports of these companies for the period of 2018–2019 were consulted. A second survey was directed at audit committee chairs to obtain a perspective from other parties.FindingsThe results indicate that although CEO characteristics are not significantly associated with the number of IA findings, only CEO experience has a significant relationship with the level of the implementation of IA recommendations. The study also demonstrates that management support for IA is positively associated with corporate performance. Further, CEO experience and management support for IA increase the effects of the level to which those recommendations are implemented on corporate performance. However, the effect of management support on corporate performance is eliminated when it interacts with the involvement of CEOs in the HIA appointment and when these HIAs report directly to CEOs.Practical implicationsThese outcomes provide implications for policymakers, regulators and researchers. Malaysia’s regulatory authorities, as well as those in other countries, particularly emerging markets where the institutional and cultural environments have similar characteristics, could consider the evidence of the relationship between the CEO’s financial background, management support for IA and IA recommendations when guiding companies about the mechanisms for appointing HIAs. Simultaneously, the results obtained could be useful when auditors are involved in risk assessment and rely on IA recommendations.Originality/valueThis study adds to the literature on the significant relationship between CEO characteristics (particularly CEO experience) and the level of implementing IA recommendations. It advances the research efforts on management support for IA by providing empirical evidence of how such support fosters a greater role for IA in improving corporate performance, as well as moderates the effect of IA in that endeavour. Further, the present study contributes to the developing literature on determinants of corporate performance by considering how these variables perform in the Malaysian setting.

Creativity, change readiness and uncertainty tolerance in law enforcement officers

Change readiness is an important precondition for human activity and a component of the overall professional readiness. At the same time, an important component of a police officer’s personality is his/her creativity, which allows him/her to make decisions successfully and effectively in the changing and uncertain conditions of law enforcement services. The research aimed at establishing the correlation between the resilience of law enforcement officers to perform duties in unforeseen circumstances and their ability to be creative in this activity. The paper empirically examines the level of manifestation and correlation of creativity, change readiness and uncertainty tolerance in law enforcement officers. The study involved a set of diagnostic techniques for assessing the level of creativity, change readiness and uncertainty tolerance. Quantitative and qualitative methods of data processing were used. Strong correlations between indicators of creativity, change readiness and uncertainty tolerance were found in law enforcement officers. The prospect of further research is to clarify the correlation between creative solutions to occupational situations, change readiness and resilience, as well as other personal characteristics of law enforcement officers. This will help to outline a more holistic portrait of law enforcement officers and make their training more effective.

Police Officers’ Presumption of Innocence: History, Contemporaneousness and Possibility to Implement into Ukrainian Legislation


 The article is focused on the analysis of the legal category of police officers’ presumption of innocence. Accordingly, the purpose of the research is to provide comprehensive characteristics of police officers’ presumption of innocence, taking into account international practice of its formation and development. To achieve this purpose, the author has formulated the following tasks: 1) study of the historical aspect of the origin and formation of police officers’ presumption of innocence, including within the qualification immunity of police officers; 2) analysis of the practice of applying qualification immunity in the United States of America; 3) objective reveal of the content and essence of police officers’ presumption of innocence; 4) outlining the possibilities of introducing the police officers’ presumption of innocence into the legislation of Ukraine.
 The expediency of introducing police officers’ qualification immunity (police officers’ presumption of innocence) is based on a number of arguments, in particular: police officers need qualification immunity to perform their professional duties: they perform important tasks that may require immediate decisions in stressful situations, but lack of qualification immunity may lead that police officers do not dare to act when it is most needed; lack of qualification immunity can lead to unjustified police trials, when judges and jurors can review decisions, may lead to significant budget expenditures; police officers do not have absolute immunity and can be prosecuted for violating clearly established constitutional rights, despite the perspective of the availability of qualification immunity; police officers should not be forced to apply “abstract law”, i.e. those provisions that are not explicitly provided in the current legislation, but follow from its provisions, to specific circumstances, we cannot expect from police officers to be scholars in law sphere and use legal arguments during the arrest; police officers should be able to act professionally without worrying about prosecution.

Do Female Loan Officers Mitigate Social-Financial Trade-Offs in Microfinance?

This paper revisits social-financial trade-offs in microfinance. We theorize that workforce diversity mitigates the divergence between social and financial performance levels. We test our prediction by performing fixed-effects generalised least squares regressions on a global sample of 1257 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in 107 countries over the period 2010–2018. Confirming our prediction, the empirical results show that the proportion of female loan officers attenuates the negative relationship between the social performance and the financial performance of MFIs. We attribute our findings to the personal characteristics of female loan officers and the high repayment rates of loans that are disbursed and monitored by them. Our findings draw attention to the uneven manifestation of social-financial trade-offs among MFIs.

Sorting Through the Evidence: A Step Toward Prioritization of Evidence-Based Community Supervision Practices

Studies of implementation of evidence-based supervision policies and procedures often report minimal to moderate adherence to evidence-based models. The few studies that exist examine the degree to which characteristics of probation officers, individuals on supervision, and supervision processes have an impact on rearrest (outcomes). Using administrative data on 7,326 probationers and surveys from 161 probation officers employed by five agencies, hierarchical linear models were used to identify the features of supervision processes that are most important to reduce recidivism. The findings clarify that no one evidence-based supervision feature (i.e., a validated risk and need assessment tool, case planning, treatment, compliance management, etc.) can achieve recidivism reductions. The best results can be achieved by using all features, although a risk-based case management approach that prioritizes employment and/or reducing the criminogenic needs creates similar outcomes. This article discusses the implications of prioritizing which supervision processes are used to impact positive supervision outcomes.

How Does Time Spent Working in Custody Influence Health and Fitness Characteristics of Law Enforcement Officers?

This study investigated the influence of time spent working in custody on the health and fitness of law enforcement officers (LEOs). Retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 48 male and 12 female LEOs, divided into groups based upon time spent working custody: LEO ≤ 24 (≤24 months; n = 15); LEO 2547 (25–47 months; n = 24); and LEO 48+ (≥48 months; n = 21). The following were measured: body mass index (BMI); fat mass percentage; waist-to-hip ratio (WHR); resting heart rate (RHR); blood pressure; grip strength; sit-and-reach; push-ups; sit-ups; and YMCA step test recovery heart rate (HR). A univariate ANCOVA (controlling for sex and age) with Bonferroni post hoc determined significant between-group differences. Select assessments were compared to normative data. The LEO 48+ group completed fewer sit-ups than the LEO 2547 group (p = 0.006); there were no other significant between-group differences. Forty-nine LEOs were overweight or obese according to BMI; 52 were fatter than average or above; 27 had a WHR that increased cardiovascular disease risk. Forty-three LEOs had very poor RHR; 52 had elevated blood pressure. Forty-eight LEOs had average-to-very poor step test recovery HR. Irrespective of time spent working in custody, personnel should be physically active to maintain health and fitness and, where possible, engage in formal strength training and conditioning.

Actual Conditions and Characteristics of Special Army Officers of Anheung, Chungcheong-do Province in the Late Joseon Dynasty

Actual Conditions and Characteristics of Special Army Officers of Anheung, Chungcheong-do Province in the Late Joseon Dynasty

Proximity‐based screening tools and credit rationing: Lessons from a Cameroonian greenfield microfinance institution

AbstractThe link between relationship‐based lending and credit availability has been extensively studied in the banking sector. However, in the context of microfinance, academic evidence of the benefits of proximity‐based lending methodologies for borrowers is scarce. The existing literature stresses only the benefits for microlenders and the effect on loan repayment performance. Therefore, this study investigates whether proximity‐based lending—joint liability contracts (group lending) and relationship‐based lending (relationship intensity, multiple‐borrowing, and proximity)—improves credit availability and therefore curbs credit rationing. Since loans are processed by loan officers, the benefit of applying proximity screening tools likely depends on loan officer characteristics, especially gender. To achieve our objective, we use a unique loan‐level dataset of over 5500 loans approved between 2007 and 2012 by a Cameroonian greenfield microfinance institution and estimate a pooled OLS regression after controlling for borrowers’ characteristics, year and industry fixed effects. The findings suggest that proximity‐based lending methodologies limit credit rationing especially by male loan officers, and that multi‐relationship borrowers tend to be more credit rationed. Our findings also suggest that both types of proximity‐based lending are complementary. Finally, our results are less sensitive to a change in the credit rationing measurement.

Recognizing and responding to Traumatized Youth: preliminary results and implications for police trainings

ABSTRACT This research study analyzed 944 pre-training and 871 post-training survey responses from a youth-specific in-service police training. Before training, police largely had negative views on youth, but are interested in improving their knowledge and interaction skills with youth. Post-training, police demonstrated significant improvement in their self-skill ratings and acknowledged various behavior-related changes they planned to make when interacting with youth. Patterns in responses also emerged based on officer characteristics. Training appears helpful in changing youth-related knowledge, beliefs, and skills in officers and to match the expectations or desires of officers receiving the training. The results from these training surveys highlight unique opportunities for future investigation and practice, such modifications to training content and delivery, and for policy initiatives, including consistently integrating youth training into police education.

Individual-psychological features of law enforcement officers with different professional experience and professional profile

The study of professionally significant individual-psychological features of employees of law enforcement units in relation to the leading type of activity, including taking into account professional experience, is an actual scientific and practical issue. The identification of the requirements of the profile activity imposed on the employee, the assessment of different-level individual-psychological qualities allows to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness and suitability of the employee for the profession. The professional experience of employees of law enforcement agencies significantly affects the features of stress response, decision-making, motives for official activity, and the state of maladjustment. The study aims to identification of individual-psychological characteristics of law enforcement officers with different profiles and professional experience. 179 male law enforcement officers (average age - 30,2±6,2 years, average professional experience - 7,5±6,1 years) were examined. The employees were divided into 3 groups, depending on the type of professional activity. Group 1 consisted of employees of the security profile (n=67), group 2 - of the communicative-informational profile (n=46), group 3 - of the inspector-communication profile (n=66). The subjects were further divided into subgroups with professional experience up to 9 years inclusive and with experience of 10 or more years. The methodological complex includes: Self-control questionnaire; Behavior Activation and Inhibition questionnaire; Test Technology of Psychosemantic Analysis - Semantic Analysis of Activity (Noss I.N., 2009); Test Problem Situation Analysis (Noss I.N., 2009); a modification of the S. Rosenzweig Frustration Toleration Test (Noss I.N., Ignatkin V.N., 1997). The employees of the security profile were distinguished by the predominance of intropunitive reactions and fixation on the obstacle when assessing the conflict from their own position, high physical activity. Individuals of the communicative-informational profile were distinguished by impunitive reactions, fixation on self-defense and satisfaction of needs, high inhibition of behavior to negative stimuli, high activation of behavior, and high efficiency of resolving problem situations when assessing the conflict from an external position. Persons of the inspector-communication profile were distinguished by high rates of extrapunitive reactions in the whole, unrestrained affect of irritation, preference for simple tasks, low inhibition of behavior. The classification in a group of the security profile with high professional experience contribute: a preference for simple tasks, high activation to promote; in the group of communicative-informational and inspector-communication profile - high activation of achieving the goal. The generalized group of law enforcement officers with 10 years or more of experience in assessing the conflict from their own position was distinguished by the severity of extrapunitive reactions and fixation on the obstacle and on self-defense, the predominance of unrestrained affect of irritation, preference for simple tasks, low inhibition of behavior to negative stimuli. The results obtained allow us to conclude that there are differences in the psychological profile of law enforcement officers with different types of official activities and work experience. The profile of employees of communication-information activities was more consistent with the universal personal and professional qualities required for employees of law enforcement agencies in terms of psychophysiological qualities. Least consistent with a universal professional requirements officers of inspector-communication activities, which was reflected in low capacity for learning, reducing the effectiveness of problem-solving, emotional instability. With an increase in the length of professional experience, there is a predominance of externally blaming response strategies and low self-control.

Family Ownership and Accrual-Based Earnings Management: Evidence from Tunisia

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of family shareholding and chief executive officer (CEO) characteristics on earnings management. We use panel data for a sample of 37 Tunisian non-financial listed firms over the period 2007–2017. We contribute to the literature on corporate governance in family firms by testing the effect of the presence of a family or a founder CEO on earnings management in Tunisia. Our results show that the family ownership and the presence of a family CEO (either founder or not) are positively and significantly associated with earnings management practices. These findings suggest that families’ dominance with a significant equity stake and a CEO position under control leads to an entrenchment effect resulting in poor earnings reporting quality.

RESEARCH ON POLICEMAN’S PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFIC TO WORKING CAPACITY SHIFTS

The article is devoted to the issues of a relationship between the specific professional environment and individual personality characteristics of police officers. The findings of the empirical study enabled to demonstrate the relationship type between an individual profile of an officer and a working capacity. It was proved that specific characteristics of policeman’s official activities provoke specific personality changes, predetermining difficulties when becoming an expert and negatively affect the formation of a functional system of his body, personality characteristics and behavioral response, and lead to a reduction in a working capacity, effectiveness and quality of the tasks accomplished. Primarily, the article is focused on the analysis, comparison, systematization and integration of data, obtained as a result of psychodiagnostic testing of personality characteristics and functionality of police officers. Applicability of the empirical study is predetermined by a demand for the comprehensive maintenance of all officer’s health characteristics; by taking into account the relationship between officer’s personality characteristics and the effectiveness of accomplishing professional tasks; by identifying significant indicators in order to timely detect and successfully prevent stresses, conflicts and other risk factors, which constantly go along with their professional activities.

ЖАС ОФИЦЕРЛЕРДІҢ МОТИВАЦИЯЛЫҚ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

The article deals with the issues of professional motivation of young officers. The concepts of motivation and professionalism are clarified, taking into account the professional and personal characteristics of the research subject. The functions of professionalism in the structure of the officer's personality is revealed. The characteristic of professional motivation is given, the components of its structure are revealed. The article shows the results of comparing the personal characteristics of young officers and people who do not work in the military sphere, civilian profession of the same age, i.e. indicators of motivation, self-actualization and resilience. For this purpose, the following methods were used: "Dominant motivation", "Self-actualization" and "resilience"tests. The results of the comparison showed that their professional motivation has a great influence on the activities of young professionals. In addition, only young professionals who have started their professional life with a certain set of motives will be able to effectively carry out their professional activities, solve their professional tasks and successfully perform their functional duties.

Do Female Officers Police Differently? Evidence from Traffic Stops

AbstractPolitical scientists have increasingly begun to study how citizen characteristics shape whether—and how—they interact with the police. Less is known about how officer characteristics shape these interactions. In this article, we examine how one officer characteristic—officer sex—shapes the nature of police‐initiated contact with citizens. Drawing on literature from multiple fields, we develop and test a set of competing expectations. Using over four million traffic stops made by the Florida State Highway Patrol and Charlotte (North Carolina) Police Department, we find that female officers are less likely to search drivers than men on the force. Despite these lower search rates, when female officers do conduct a search, they are more likely to find contraband and they confiscate the same net amount of contraband as male officers. These results indicate that female officers are able to minimize the number of negative interactions with citizens without losses in effectiveness.

A study on Profile Characteristics of Agricultural Officers in State Department of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh

Extension systems in India have played immense role in delivering the services to the farmers there by increasing the agricultural productivity. Agricultural officers (AO’s) working in the State Department of Agriculture had greater responsibilities on them to convey recent advancements to the farmers. The profile characteristics of the AOs shows how well they are equipped and can plan the activities that befit the farmers. The study was conducted in southern zone of Andhra Pradesh by considering 90 respondents. Data collection was done by structured questionnaire and personal interview method. The results revealed that majority of AOs stands at medium category with respect to variables like achievement motivation, perceived workload, morale, job involvement and attitude towards farmers. Whereas, characters like mass media exposure, interpersonal contact and self-reliance were at high category showing us the characters that need to be improved and can be used to our advantage for extension services delivery. Personal characters like age, gender, marital status, family size and type, rural-urban background, education and health were also studied and gave us the information on present status of the AO’s.

CEO characteristics and environmental disclosure of listed firms in an emerging economy: Does sustainability reporting format matter?

AbstractThe study's purpose examines chief executive officer (CEO) characteristics, sustainability reporting format, and environmental disclosure of listed firms in India. Eight hundred firm‐year observations across India's firms applied panel regression with random effect assumptions and general method of moment. The first findings show that reporting format has a positive and statistically significant association with environmental disclosure. The second findings show that CEO age and CEO tenure have an insignificant association, but CEO duality negatively associates with environmental disclosure. The third findings show that CEO characteristics (tenure and duality) × report format is insignificant. However, the CEO age × report format has a positive and statistically significant association with listed firms' environmental disclosure in India. The strategic implication shows that the choice of a stand‐alone sustainability reporting in environmental communication disclosure is a strategic benefit that secures strategic investors and investment in the firm. For the firm to be recognized as a strategic partner in global sustainable development goals, CEOs with longer tenure and aged CEOs engagements are an unsuitable investment, which Indian firms must not pursue. Endogeneity problems across panels are addressed in this study. This study's novelty examines the interactive effect of CEO characteristics and sustainability report format on environmental disclosure in India.

CHARACTERISTIC RELATIONSHIP OF LUNG TB LABORATORY OFFICER PUSKESMAS WITH ERROR RATE RESULTS OF SPUTUM EXAMINATION SUSPECTED PULMONARY TB IN KUDUS REGENCY

English translation. 
 The problem studied in this study is whether there is a relationship between the characteristics of lung tb laboratory officers puskesmas with the error rate of sputum examination results suspected pulmonary TB in Kudus Regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between the characteristics of lung tb laboratory officers with the error rate of sputum examination results of lung TB suspects in Kudus Regency. This type of research is explanatory reseach with a cross sectional approach. The free variables in the study were educational background, training, knowledge of direct microscopic sputum examination, staffing status, working life and workload while the bound variables were error rates. The population and samples in this study were all officers of the Tb Paru Puskesmas laboratory in Kudus Regency numbered 21 people. The instrument used is a questionnaire. Primary data is obtained through interviews. Secondary data is obtained from data in the Holy District Health Office. The data obtained is processed using the chi square test with an meaningful level (α) of 0.05. Based on the results of the study obtained that the characteristics of officers related to the error rate are training (p = 0.012, CC = 0.506), knowledge of direct microscopic examination of sputum (p = 0.004, CC = 0.594), staffing status (p = 0.025, CC = 0.484), working period (p = 0.004, CC = 0.594), and workload (p = 0.025, CC = 0.484). Based on the results of the research advice submitted is that training should be given to all tb laboratory officers of The Puskesmas lung on a regular basis every year because training is one of the efforts to improve the quality of human resources in terms of knowledge, attitudes and skills.

Psychological features of the Police employees

Psychological characteristics of police officers are now thoroughly investigated in legal psychology. At the same time development of the problem was, both in terms of psychological analysis of the structure of professional law enforcement officers, and in terms of the psychological characteristics its inherent set of psychological characteristics. Even the cursory reviews of the basic psychological characteristics and structural elements of the employee’s professional activity shows how complex and multifaceted its activities. It makes them a variety of requirements, among which one of the most important - having developed important professional qualities of the individual.