Official Attitudes Research Articles

Hitler's Jewish Refugees: Hope and Anxiety in Portugal by Marion Kaplan

Reviewed by: Hitler's Jewish Refugees: Hope and Anxiety in Portugal by Marion Kaplan Norman J. W. Goda Marion Kaplan . Hitler's Jewish Refugees: Hope and Anxiety in Portugal . New Haven, CT : Yale University Press , 2020 . 356 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009420000628 Marion Kaplan's study of Jewish refugees in neutral Portugal during the Holocaust is most welcome in terms of both content and method. Studies of refugees generally focus on governmental policy with a sprinkling of lived refugee experience based on poignant moments. Drawing on an array of sources from personal letters to memoirs to Jewish organizational records over the refugees' longue durée in Lisbon and other Portuguese locales, Kaplan provides an everyday history that is darkly colored by the brittle emotions and anxieties of the refugees themselves as they navigated their unsettled status over months and even years in constricted spatial environments. The book informs our understanding of Europe's Jews, even the comparatively lucky ones, on the edge of Hitler's Europe. Along with Arthur Koestler, Hannah Arendt, Lion Feuchtwanger, and other well-known cases, tens of thousands of ordinary European Jews, mostly from [End Page 203] central Europe, fled to Portugal as a singular safe haven. More than 70,000 reached Portugal in the chaos of Germany's 1940 western offensive, 10,000 more as the Vichy government began rounding up foreign Jews for deportation in 1942. The feeling that they were a step ahead of German forces as they moved through the Low Countries and France; confusion over the blizzard of exit, transit, and residence visas that one needed to flee through Spain; despondency over the queues to attain these papers from mercurial bureaucrats in French cities overrun by refugees; anxiety over the quality of forged papers or the lack of certain papers entirely; the ever-changing attitudes of Spanish and Portuguese border officials; the prospect of dangerous treks over the Pyrenees; and the crushing fear of being sent back, represented danger from all sides. Despondency famously drove Walter Benjamin to suicide at the Spanish border. But the confluence of fears, Kaplan shows, was one that many refugees never shook off, particularly as for most, Portugal turned out to be a longer stopover than expected. Lisbon, once reached, represented improvement, but not assurance. Ordinary Portuguese were generous despite their poverty. Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar, meanwhile, never embraced the antisemitism of other European autocrats, a tendency buttressed by his friend Moses Amzalek, a respected academic and Portuguese Jewish leader. But Salazar's acceptance of Jewish refugees was grudging, as seen by the punishment of Portuguese consuls in France who had issued visas contrary to orders. Refugees represented a drain on the economy, they supposedly entertained cosmopolitan tendencies, and the unwillingness of the United States and other countries to take them extended their stay in Portugal despite the efforts of the Jewish, Quaker, and Unitarian relief organizations to support them and put them en route to permanent status elsewhere. Portugal's police authorities, more enamored of the Nazis, were unsympathetic, and the German colony in Portugal was predictably hostile. Living in crowded quarters ("Lisbon is sold out" was an oft-repeated line), unable to work by government order and chronically short on food, worried about loved ones in occupied Europe, and nervous that the Wehrmacht would at some point approach the Portuguese border, refugees were generally on edge. But the greatest immediate worry concerned expiring visas (or the discovery of fake ones) and consequent return to Germany. The October 1941 abduction and handover of German Jewish journalist Berthold Jacob in a Gestapo-inspired police operation, Kaplan says, "reverberated in the refugee rumor mill" (122), and even though the act was not repeated, the Portuguese police raided cafés from time to time, jailing those without papers. More common was police assignment to forced residence in remote towns in order to relieve crowding in Lisbon. The beauty of some places, like Caldas, was offset by their restrictiveness and long train journey back to Lisbon—undertaken only with police permission—where the essential consular, relief, and shipping offices were located. As in her past work, Kaplan is at her best when discussing the individual microhistories...

Свобода как условие формирования личности будущего офицера

Presented is the author’s analysis of the problem of education of a free personality in relation to conditions of military educational organizations of higher education, implemented under condition of ensuring freedom of thought, freedom of speech and freedom of will of cadets. It is noted that voluntary moral assimilation “hypothesis”, proposed by the student teacher, the crystallization in the minds of the personal value system, checking their communication in society and on the personal experience of free will in activities designed to foster stable beliefs and attitudes of future officers.

PENYULUHAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN KESEHATAN PENGGUNA BPJS RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT GRANDMED LUBUK PAKAM

This study aims to determine and describe the quality of BPJS Inpatient Health Services at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital, Deli Serdang Regency, seen from the theory of service quality standards according to Groonros (in Tjiptono 2011), namely professionalism and skills (professionalism and expertise), attitudes and behavior. and Behavior), Accessibility and flexibility (Ease of achievement and adjustment of services), Realibility and trustworthiness (reliability and trust), Recovery (Control of situations and problem solving), Reputation and credibility (good name and can be trusted). The research method used is descriptive qualitative. There are 22 informants, namely patients or patients' families who receive services, the Head of Medical Services as the one who knows all processes and conditions of service by employees at the service counter, one of the staff at the BPJS health service counter at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital, Deli Serdang Regency The data source used is primary data obtained directly from informants while secondary data comes from existing data at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital, Deli Serdang Regency, documents relating to the problem to be studied. The results showed that the quality of BPJS Kesehatan services in Grandmed Lubuk Pakam, Deli Serdang Regency has generally been running well, although there are still some things that need to be improved, such as the unfriendly attitude of young medical officers and new administrative officers, reliability and trust in administrative officers and medical officers is still not maximal, it still needs to be improved.

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH FITNES SERVICES AND EQUIPMENT FACILITIES IN GYM ACADEMIC FACULTY OF SCIENCE OF SCIENCE, JAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY

This study aims to determine the level of customer satisfaction facilities for services and fitness equipment at the Academic Gym, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta. The implementation of this research was carried out at Academic Facility, Faculty of Sport Science, State University of Jakarta. The distribution of questionnaires was carried out in June - July 2020 using Google forms and shared through to the WhatsApp Group. The method of this research using survey and descriptive analysis. It means that the data obtained from the results of distributing questionnaires on forms collected according to the indicators are then analyzed and finally presented in a report in descriptive form. The population used in this study were all users of the Academic Fitness equipment who are members of the network and not members. While the sample was determined using cluster random sampling, namely the sampling technique in groups. The data returned by respondents indicates that the average respondent is satisfied with the facilities, facilities and infrastructure included in the physical evidence indicator which almost reaches 85%. For reliability indicators, customers who are satisfied and almost satisfied are almost 100%, namely 97.8%. The level of satisfaction and very satisfying indicators of the responsiveness of officers at the Academic Gym reached 93.5%. The guarantee indicator offered by the Academic Gym also scored quite high, namely 90.7%. Meanwhile, the indicator of empathy is also quite high, reaching 96.4% for the satisfaction level of the attitude of the Academic Gym officers. Finally, the decision to be taken by customers who will be loyal to use the Akademik Gym as a fitness center is only 68.6%, meaning that the possibility of the indicator will switch to another fitness place is 31.4%.

Police Brutality and Custodial Torture in Technological Era: Need for Anti-Torture Law in India - A Critical Analysis

Police audacity and brutality is not an uncommon phenomenon. It has caught the attention of the publicand the judiciary and eventually a catena of directions was promulgated by the National Human RightsCommissions (NHRC), High Courts as well as the Supreme Court of India right from the ancient era totechnological era. Yet, the menace and inhumane attitude of the police officials have not declined; instead, itis increasing day by day and one step ahead, Tamil Nadu has seen the worst of its effect that has resulted inthe death of an innocent father and his son. This incident has grabbed the attention of not only the State ofTamil Nadu but also the entire Nation. In this situation, the authors intend to analyse the power of the policeto manhandle the public, the liabilities and responsibilities of the police in case of death caused by suchbrutality, and third-degree methods used by the police. This article ponders on the question Does the policehave the power to torture the public for any reasons whatsoever? If so, what are the limitations placed onthe powers of the police while harassing the public? and so on… the authors aspire to analyse the duties ofthe police while making the arrest, the duties of the magistrates while ordering for judicial custody, and theauthors also intend to suggest the remedial measures to curb the menace of lockup deaths.Aim and Scope: To know the powers of the police to torture the public under the guise of investigation, toknow the judicial approach to curtail the menace of torture by the police, and its implications and to knowthe feasibilities of technologies to be implemented during the investigating process.Method: For the purpose of the research, secondary data such as books, articles, news papers, case laws, andlegal provisions of Indian Laws are collected and analysed.Conclusion: In spite of the Constitutional and statutory provisions including International Conventions,decision and directions promulgated by the Apex Court of India and the NHRC, there is a constant increasein the custodial torture, custodial death and custodial ill-treatment which is a disturbing factor that causesdeep anxiety in the society. The Prevention of Anti-Torture Act is the need of the hour

Research of the Motivational Component of Professional Activity of Employees of the Security and Defense Sector

The paper presents a study of the characteristics of the professional motivation of security and defense workers and reveals the relationship between motivation and individual psychological qualities and people's attitudes to various aspects of reality in police officers and servicemen. The logical relationship of correlations between work motivators and personality qualities and the attitude of servicemen and police officers to various aspects of reality is found, which will help the leader (psychologist) to increase efficiency. The article says that adequate and timely stimulation of activities based on personal qualities and attitudes to various aspects of the life of security and defense workers will prevent negative factors (development of emotional burnout, deviant behavior, negative mental states, etc.) and successfully correct them. The article aims to study the statistical motivation of security and defense workers and determine the relationship between motivation and individual psychological qualities and people's attitudes to various aspects of reality in police officers and servicemen.

Tinjauan Pelaksanaan Kerahasiaan Rekam Medis Di Puskesmas Kuranji Padang


 
 
 
 The medical record is also a documentation of the patient's condition and the contents of the medical record are medical secrets, especially in the storage of status in the filling room, which must be kept confidential, secure, and the medical record layout, whether it is appropriate or not by every health worker. The purpose of this study was to determine the Knowledge Review and Attitudes of Officers and Patients on the Confidentiality of Medical Record Files Primary Health Center at Kuranji Padang. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach, the research sample is 90 patients and 4 health center officers using accidental sampling technique with data collection using questionnaires for patients and table cklis for officers. The results showed that there are still officers whose knowledge and attitude in maintaining the confidentiality of medical records (50%) or 2 people are still lacking and more than half of the knowledge (51.1%) and attitudes (52.2%) of patients towards maintaining the confidentiality of record files medical who do not understand and know. It can be concluded that Kuranji Primary Health Center, both patients and officers, is still lacking in maintaining the confidentiality of medical records. It is hoped that the head of the Primary Health Center will prepare Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) on medical records so that officers and patients know about medical records and about the confidentiality of medical records. In implementing the confidentiality of medical records, competent and professional medical record officers should know and understand more about medical records, participate in training and provide information to patients so that the confidentiality of medical records is maintained and can create good service.
 
 
 

Analisis Kelengkapan Formulir A (Evaluasi Awal MPP) Dan Formulir B (Catatan Implementasi) Pasien Rumah Sakit

Completeness of the Inpatient Examination Form is a problem that often causes complaints in several hospitals. The purpose of this study was to conduct a literature review related to the incomplete analysis of filling in form A, MPP Initial Evaluation and Form B Implementation Notes. The collection method is secondary data, the steps are determining keywords, exploration and title selection, reading articles that have not been eliminated. At that stage, the reference list of selected articles is reviewed to determine other related studies. The articles contained in the summary list The results of the literature review, namely, still found incompleteness in filling out medical record forms, the responsibilities and attitudes of officers in filling out medical record files can be said to be still not optimal. The human resources involved are still lacking, for example the assembling officer also serves the file preparation so that the assembly function is not optimal. Based on the literature review of several related articles, further research is needed on other causes of incompleteness in filling out medical record file forms and the obstacles experienced by doctors in filling out medical record files.

Policing Minority Communities: How Perception of Engagement and Level of “Awareness” Influence Officer Attitudes toward Practice

In the 21st century, policing of all citizens requires officers to have an increased awareness of minority communities. Yet in the wake of public complaints and mass demonstrations regarding police misconduct, it is clear that police bias toward minority communities often negatively influences engagement. To better understand police awareness of minority communities and how officers’ levels of awareness and perceptions of policing influence their perceptions of engagement, data were collected from police recruits and protective service officers (N = 1585) training at one of the largest police academies in Australia. The results show significant differences in awareness levels and perceptions of engagement of police recruits and protective service officers toward members of minority communities, as well as the factors influencing awareness during police–citizen engagement. These include the police recruit’s and protective service officer’s gender and sexuality, the frequency of socialization they have with diverse people, as well as the type of social interaction experienced. The results from this study offer suggestions to increase officers’ levels of awareness of minority communities, and how this may improve on-the-job performance overtime.

РОЗВИТОК ЕКОНОМІКИ ІРАНУ В УМОВАХ САНКЦІЙ

The article provides an attempt at complex analysis of the development of Iran`s economy under the sanctions imposed by the USA and other countries. Some background issues in the development of the modern Iranian regime have been considered. The role of the Iranian Revolution in the relations between Iran and the Western world has been analyzed. A brief historic overview of anti-Iranian sanctions has been given. The Iran hostage crisis in 1979 has been mentioned among the first events that lead to sanctions. According to the 1981 Algiers Accords, the USA promised to remove the freeze on Iranian assets and trade sanctions on Iran. Special attention has been paid to the nuclear program of Iran. The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant has been considered as a successful example of Iran’s nuclear program development. The point of view of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran in 2005-2013, as well as opinions of other Iranian officials about nuclear energy have been considered. Also, the attitude of American officials to Iran (e.g. inclusion of Iran to the list of rogue states) has been considered. Iran is one of the few countries in the world that are able to construct nuclear weapons. So, the Western countries including the USA are trying to prevent Iran from achieving this, even though Iranian officials deny any military use of nuclear energy. The importance of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed in 2015 has been underlined. The sceptical attitude of the President of the USA Donald Trump (2017-2021) to CLARIFY Iran’s professions of peace OR plans for peaceful engagement with Iran? has been noted. The Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act has been given as an example of anti-Iranian policy. The cases of attacks on tankers of Iran and other countries in the recent years have been mentioned. The example of the Shetab electronic banking clearance and automated payments system used in Iran and other countries is noted. It is mentioned that Iran’s automotive industry is comparatively successful. It is proved that the country’s economy has in general grown accustomed to the international sanctions. The importance of Iran`s political and economic cooperation with Russia, Syria, North Korea and other countries has been underlined. All of these countries are ruled by extremely authoritarian regimes. Attention is paid to the comparatively closed economic system of Iran that makes its complex study more difficult than it would otherwise be. The article has been written with the use of different scientific methods and the most up-to-date sources. It is of interest for researchers, students and other people who are interested in international economic relations.

עמדות של בעלי תפקיד ברשויות המקומיות בהקשר לתמורות ולצרכי התכנון ביישוב הערבי: אזור המשולש כחקר מקרה <br>Attitudes of Local Authority Officials to the Changes and Planning Needs in Arab Localities: The Triangle Area as a Case Study

תקציר בעברית: מאמר זה מציג עמדות בעלי התפקידים בשלטון המקומי ותפישותיהם בקשר לקיימות השטחים החקלאיים ומצבם כיום, בנוגע לשטחים הלא-חקלאיים ויתרת הקרקע החקלאית עקב הריבוי הטבעי של האוכלוסייה. לכן, עם הצטמצמות הקרקע מתחזקת הנטייה של התושבים לשמור את עתודות הקרקע לדורות הבאים, מאפייני האסטרטגיה שבה נוקטים החקלאים ביישובי המחקר (באקה אל גרביה, ג'ת וביר א-סיכה), הדור הצעיר והמשכיותו בענף החקלאות. בנוסף, מובאות עמדות בעלי תפקידים ברשויות המקומיות בהקשר לתכניות המתאר, קיומם של מטרדים סביבתיים ומדיניות הרשויות השונות בהקשר זה. מטרת מאמר זה ללמוד את התייחסותם ותפישתם של בעלי תפקידים ברשויות ובמועצות לגבי אסטרטגיות ההישרדות של חקלאים ערבים הנמצאים תחת לחץ של התפשטות תהליכי העיור, להבין את החסמים המקומיים והלאומיים - כלכליים, חברתיים ומוסדיים – לפיתוח חקלאי בר-קיימא, במטרה להתגבר על מחסומי ייצור ולהשתלב בכלכלה הלאומית, להכיר את המדיניות שנוקטות הרשויות המקומיות כלפי משאב הקרקע כבסיס לפיתוח נוכחי ועתידי, ולבסוף להבין את התייחסותם של בעלי התפקידים כלפי החקלאות כמגזר פעיל בתחומי הרשות המקומית. השערת העבודה היא שבתנאים הנוכחיים של אופי הלחץ הגובר של ביקוש לפיתוח עירוני, המשך קיומה של חקלאות במרחב היישובי בעשורים הקרובים תלוי במידה רבה בעתודות הקרקע של היישוב. מנתוני הראיונות עם בעלי התפקידים ברשויות המקומיות עולה כי התפשטות תהליך העיור ביישובי המחקר מתבצעת על חשבון השטחים החקלאיים. עתודות קרקע חקלאית מנוצלות לבנייה למגורים ולתעשייה, ואילו ביישוב ביר א-סיכה עתודות הקרקע נשארות ללא שינוי עקב התפתחות היישוב בצמוד לגרעין היישוב הנוכחי.

“…The Noblemen who are Kind to the People”: Representation Reform of 1861 in the Beginning of the Emancipation Reform of 1861 in the Letters of Vasyl Tarnovsky Sr. to Hryhoriy Galagan

The article refers to the letters of Vasyl Tarnovsky Sr. (1810–1866) to Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) as a source for the research of the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which became one of the most important events in the history of Ukraine in the 19th century, as it stimulated socio-economic modernization, and the concepts of “pre-reform period” and “post-reform period” are still relevant to historiographical discourse. The aim of the article is to publish Vasyl Tarnovskys letters to Hryhoriy Galagan, written during February–May of 1861. Due to this, it is possible to investigate more deeply the implementation of the reform in the Left-Bank Ukraine, considering that Tarnovsky and Galagan were named as members from Government to provincial presence of peasant affairs (the first — in Poltava, and the second one — in Chernihiv). The biographical information which was given in the article show that Vasyl Tarnovsky and Hryhoriy Galagan, who belonged to the top of the Ukrainian local nobility, were interested in the “peasant question” for a long time, also were principled supporters of the abolition of serfdom and together took an active part in preparing the Emancipation Reform. As members of the Chernihiv Provincial Committee for Peasant Affairs, and then as members of the Editorial Commissions in St. Petersburg. Vasyl Tarnovskys epistolary heritage, which refers to the first half of 1861, helps to characterise the network of social communications, which played a key role in the implementation of the Emancipation Reform in Poltava and Chernihiv. This correspondence reveals the attitude of local officials and local nobility to the reform, and shows what problems the reformers had to face at this time. The texts of the letters given in the article are accompanied by comments, which were aimed at contextualization these epistolary materials (regarding the characteristics of the personalities mentioned in them, etc.)

DEPRIVATION OF REPRODUCTIVE RIGHT OF SEX OFFENDERS: SOCIAL OPINION AND LEGISLATIVE REGULATION

The aim: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the social demand for the need to discriminate against perpetrators of sexual crimes by depriving them of reproductive rights. Materials and methods: The authors of the research used the legislation of various world countries, scientific papers, caselaw, the provisions of international legal acts, in particular, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The authors of the research used a complex set of general and special methods of cognition such as dialectical, comparative, analytical, generalization method, statistical and sociological method (questionnaire method). Results: The survey conducted by the authors highlights the attitude of physicians and law enforcement officials (100 people) to the sterilization of criminals as a measure necessary to prevent the commission of sexual crimes both by such persons and by others who are prone to committing such crimes but will refrain from their commission due to the fear of sterilization. The questionnaire shows the gap between awareness and recognition of natural human rights such as the right to reproduce and the desire to deprive a certain deviant category of people of this right for their safety. Conclusion: Based on the conducted analysis, the authors have formulated that there is currently a great social demand for radical measures to prevent the commission of sexual crimes by sterilizing those who committed such crimes. At the same time, the legislation of some countries also embodies such a desire of society in the relevant norms and provides the use of sterilization of criminals for special and general prevention of crimes against sexual freedom and inviolability. The research also demonstrates the erroneousness of this approach and proves the inadmissibility and medical inexpediency of depriving perpetrators of sexual crimes of their reproductive rights.

Stavovi policijskih službenika Policijske uprave u Sremskoj Mitrovici o porodičnom nasilju i primeni Zakona o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici

The aim of this research was to examine the attitudes of police officers about some characteristics of domestic violence, with special emphasis on the implementation of the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence. Empirical findings were gathered by the survey encompassing 31 police officers from the Police Department in Sremska Mitrovica who have obtained certificates in accordance with the mentioned law. Following data collection, a statistic method was applied to sort, classify and process them at the level of descriptive statistics and the computer program IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used for this purpose. This research has determined the frequency of various forms of domestic violence, structure of victims and perpetrators, as well as their mutual relations. It has pointed out the scope and some of the reasons for the existence of a dark number of domestic violence, especially in cases in which children exerted violence against parents and in which policemen were in the role of a victim or a perpetrator. The most frequent reasons have been determined for not abandoning a violent partner, recalling criminal charges or misuse of the right to report domestic violence. Given that one of the innovations in the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence is the implementation of urgent measures within the national legal system, frequency of their implementation is also subject matter under research. A particular part of the research is dedicated to examining the current state in terms of cooperation among the police and other competent state organs and institutions in cases of domestic violence, which could be the basis of consideration for direction and extent of its improvement.

Relationship Between Motivation of Professional Activity of Security and Defense Sector Workers with Qualities and Attitudes to Different Parties

The article presents the results of a study of the characteristics of professional motivation of security and defense workers and identifies the relationship between motivation and individual psychological qualities and attitudes of individuals to different aspects of reality in police officers and servicemen. The sample consisted of 109 members of the security and defense sector, who were divided into two groups: the first group - 57 servicemen who had just joined the Armed Forces of Ukraine (52.3%) and the second group - 52 police officers who were first hired in criminal police units (47.7%). Research methods: analysis of scientific literature; psychological diagnosis; statistical analysis. It is established that the main motivators of servicemen's professional activity are: 1) high earnings, 2) diversity, 3) achieving complex goals, 4) interesting, socially useful work. The most significant motivators for police officers are: 1) interesting, socially useful work, 2) structuring of work, 3) high earnings, 4) achievement of complex goals. A number of statistically significant direct and inverse correlations between job motivators and personality qualities and the attitude of servicemen and police officers to different aspects of reality have been identified, which will help the manager (psychologist) to increase efficiency and rational use of personnel.

Attitudes of Russian Officers in the Conditions of the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 Based on Savinkov’s Memoirs

The Polish-Soviet War of 1920 is a key period to understanding the history of Poland as well as Polish-Russian relationships. Despite the amount of research on the topic, there are still many gaps to be filled. One of them is the attitudes and behaviour of Russian officers in war conditions. The main source for this article is Viktor Savinkov’s memoirs written in 1927 and kept in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Viktor Viktorovich Savinkov (1886–1954) was a Russian publicist, writer, and artist; younger brother of Boris Savinkov, a famous writer and revolutionist. During the Russian Civil War, he was a soldier of the Don Army. In early 1920, he was captured by the Bolsheviks and offered to join the Red Army. The article characterises the way Savinkov was concealing his socio-political views, expressing his attitudes towards new authorities, and how he managed to desert during the Polish-Soviet war. The conditions of the offensive of the Red Army on Warsaw are also described in the memoirs, including the sentiments and behaviour of the soldiers. Savinkov’s memoirs make it possible to study the behaviour of other officers and soldiers of the former Russian army, who had been forced to serve in the Red Army.

Policy of the Kuban region authorities in the ethno-confessional sphere: experience of regulating the activities of the Muslim cleric (1880s)

The article examines the historical experience of regulation of the issues of spiritual authorities of Muslim communities in 1880s by the authorities of the Kuban region, as well as appointment of aul mullahs, increasing the role of qadis in mountain verbal courts. The issue of spiritual governance of Muslim communities is important for understanding the process of Russian civil governance formation in the North Caucasus, which was associated with overcoming both the biased attitude of officials towards the Caucasian peoples and fears, for example, of the Adyghs (Circassians) of losing their ethnic identity and connection with the Muslim the world. Such a negative state of the Circassian population of the Kuban region manifested itself in their permanent desire to move to Turkey for permanent residence. And in the context of examining the Russian-Caucasian relations, it is relevant to study such a positive experience in regulating the issues of spiritual governance of the Muslim communities of the North Caucasus. In the article the author followed scientific principles in conducting the research and used a wide range of references on the history of the Adyghs (Circassians), which also included a large amount of archival material, suggesting a comprehensive coverage of historical facts on the issue. The author's adherence to the principle of historicism made it possible to examine the activities of the civil authorities of the Kuban region in dynamics from actual events in specific historical conditions to reasoning about their causes and consequences. The author concludes that the Russian authorities raised the issue of improving the organization of the activities of the Muslim clergy, while trying not to create an overloaded bureaucratic apparatus. The Muslim clergy in the districts of the Kuban region that needed control spiritual power, obtained it in the person of qadi of the district Gorsky verbal courts.

Організаційно-штатна структура Одеської портової митниці у XІХ ст.

Introduction. Study of the activities of the Odessa port customs of the XІX century. Is an important task, the solution of which contributes to understanding the features of the occurrence and unified structure of the customs business in Odessa, the reasons for the dominant role of the state in this domain. This paper discusses the issues of organizational and staffing the structure of the customs authorities, which provided direct impact on the quality of performed state tasks in the field customs. Studying this question until now has not become a subject complex research. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and study the customs documentation of the XІX century to study the historical features of the formation of the organizational and staffing structure of the Odessa customs. Achieving the stated goal requires the following tasks in the study: based on the analysis of archival sources to investigate the positive and negative sides of the transformation of management relations in customs, to analyze the attitude of officials to caretakers, artillerymen and rowers, to trace whether mass complaints and dissatisfaction, what problems the customs service faced. Formulate scientifically sound recommendations for the prospects of further research. Results. The history of formation and development of the management structure of the Odessa customs began to be formed from the end of the XVІІІ century. Thanks to the preserved documents for the XІX century in the State Archives of Odessa region, modern researchers have the opportunity to trace in detail the arrangement of Odessa customs, staffing, logistics of workers, the attitude of officials to subordinates, and more. The study of the history of transformation of the management structure in the customs throughout the XІX century in order to identify ways of its possible improvement – is an important area of scientific analysis of business management for the modern organizational and staffing structure of the Odessa customs. Originality. Study this question has not become a subject so far comprehensive research. It is possible to name a number of works where features were considered organizational and staffing structure of the customs authorities in some historical periods, but for all the importance of these scientific work, which would comprehensively study the organizational and staffing structure of the customs authorizes Odessa to this day no. Meanwhile, a huge customs experience structure of Odessa has not lost its scientific and of practical significance. Undoubtedly, modern customs authorizes can use it use this rich experience for yourself their practical activities. Conclusion. Thus, in Odessa by the end of the XІX century there have been significant changes that have become a significant step forward in securing the status of a customs officer. The system of the customs service now clearly traced: formal internal organization and official subordination, and the status of an employee acquired all necessary attributes: rights, obligations, guarantees and responsibility. It should be noted that the registration of the status of individual customs officials took a long time period of development – from the regulation of general functions before the official consolidation of all elements of the status, which was of great importance in general for the development of “customs cases” of Odessa, because the presence of the fixer status of officials allows government bodies to effectively implement their tasks and achieve their goals.

Understanding the Culture and Subcultures of Nakedness in Antarctica

Depictions of nakedness in Antarctica are rare, although there are many sub-cultures and traditions there that involve nakedness – often as an expression of the human body confronting or overcoming the extreme environment. An examination of some of the sub-cultures of nakedness, shows that there are markedly different attitudes to nakedness “off-station” and “on-station”, with official attitudes sanctioning nakedness as not appropriate behaviour “on-station”, but with less rigidity as to what happens “off-station”. There is also a strong sense that naked behaviours, or depictions of nakedness, from earlier eras having a sense of cultural heritage, which can be at odds with contemporary needs of stamping out sexism, as more and more women take up positions on Antarctic stations – often in roles of management. And while no longer condoned in contemporary practice, that such former depictions of nudity can be seen as worth preserving - demonstrated in the reaction to the destruction of the nude pinup pictures on the ceiling of a heritage hut in Australia’s Mawson Station (mainly due to their inherent sexism and objectification of women) shows that views of nakedness can be seen as both heretical or heritage, from different perspectives.

Narcan cops: Officer perceptions of opioid use and willingness to carry naloxone

BackgroundOpioid use has emerged as a significant public health crisis in cities across the United States. In Arizona, opioid overdose deaths increased by 65% from 2016 to 2018, leading the Governor of Arizona to declare a State of Emergency. Because police are often the first to arrive at the scene of an overdose, officers are central to an effective response to the opioid crisis in Arizona and elsewhere. However, many police officers do not carry naloxone, which can immediately reverse the life-threatening effects of an opioid overdose. Few studies examine officer perceptions of opioid use or their willingness to carry and administer naloxone. The degree to which officers accept this public health responsibility remains unclear. MethodsThe authors administered two waves of a survey to patrol officers in the Tempe (AZ) Police Department. The officers completed wave 1 approximately three months before the start of a program that trained and outfitted patrol officers with naloxone. Officers completed wave 2 of the survey several months after the program started. Relying on the Opioid Overdose Knowledge (OOKS), Competence, Concerns, and Attitudes (OOAS) of People who Overdose, and Naloxone-Related Risk Compensation Beliefs (NaRRC-B) scales, the survey captures officer attitudes regarding opioid use, willingness to carry and administer naloxone, and perceptions of their role in responding to the opioid crisis. ResultsAt wave 1, officers conveyed moderate levels of confidence in recognizing an overdose and providing life-saving care. Officers indicated strong support for carrying naloxone and responding to opioid overdoses, and they recognized the value of treatment for users. At wave 2, officers reported significantly greater confidence and competence in responding to overdoses, and their support for carrying naloxone also increased. Both before and after program start, there was little variation in attitudes across gender, race/ethnicity, education, and length of service. ConclusionOfficers accept this public health responsibility as part of their mission. Given that officers are frequently first on scene at overdoses and a matter of seconds can determine life or death, police-led naloxone programs will save lives in Tempe and elsewhere.