Offal Components Research Articles

Performances, carcass characteristics, and economic benefit of yearling Hararghe highland rams fed diet containing concentrate mixtures and sugarcane bagasse or rice husk treated with Trichoderma viride and effective microorganisms.

The productivity of small ruminants in Ethiopia is low due to a shortage of feed supply throughout the year, both in terms of quality and quantity. This problem leads to the utilization of locally available lignocellulose by-products, which encompass high cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. It is known that the nutritive value of these lignocellulose by-products can be improved through biological, chemical, or a combination of both treatments This study was aimed at evaluating body weight change, carcass characteristics, and economic efficiency of rams fed a total mixed diet containing biologically treated rice husk (RH) or sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Thirty-six sheep, weighing an average initial body weight of 18 ± 1.8 kg were used. Two feeds (SCB and RH) and three biological treatments (Control, Trichoderma viride [Tv], and effective microbes [EM]) were used with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in 2 × 3 factorial arrangements. Ram fed on RH containing diets had higher dry matter intake (DMI) (g/h/day), DMI (% of BW), DMI (g/kg BW0.75), average daily gain (ADG) (106 vs. 53 g/day), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (0.107 vs. 0.076) than SCB containing diets. Ram fed diets containing biologically treated roughages had significantly higher (p < .05) DMI (g/h/day), DMI (% of BW), DMI (g/kg BW0.75), ADG, and FCE. However, no significant differences were observed between sheep fed diets containing EM and Tv in DMI (g/h/day), DMI (% of BW), DMI (g/kg BW0.75), ADG, and FCE. This study also revealed that significantly (p < .05) higher carcass weight, dressing percentage (DP), rib eye muscle area, total non-carcass fat, and total edible offal components had been recorded for rams fed diets containing RH as roughage source related to rams fed diets containing SCB. While other parameters were unaffected by treatments, sheep fed diets containing biologically treated feed had a higher hot carcass weight plus DP. However, no significant (p > .05) difference was found between diets based on biologically treated roughage. Profitability analysis indicated that sheep fattening on a diet containing RH and by-products treated with Tv and EM showed greater profitability than untreated SCB. The authors had concluded that fattening sheep on diets containing RH results in higher feed intake, better body weight gain, more carcasses and higher profits, but optimum inclusion levels need further research, for either treated or untreated SCB.

Consequences of Selection for Post-weaning Growth Performance Traits on Fat Partition Traits in Rabbits

Genetic and phenotypic parameters, using multi-trait animal model, for weaning weight (WW), slaughter weight (SW) and daily gain (DG) from weaning to slaughter were applied on 218 New Zealand White rabbits to improve post-weaning growth traits using selection indices. The specific objective was to improve profitability of rabbit producers through increasing body weight at slaughter and daily gain from weaning to slaughter. Expected impacts of selection for post-weaning growth traits on fat partition traits were also investigated. The fat partition traits included weights of subcutaneous fat (SF) and intermuscular fat (IF) as carcass components and heart fat (HF), kidneys fat (KF), mesenteric fat (MF) and caul fat (CF) as offal components. Growth traits showed low to moderate heritability estimates (h2,0.03 to 0.37), while fat partition traits had higher h2 estimates (0.72 to 0.93), except for SF (h2=0.27). Application of the reduced index considering WW and DG was as efficient as full index in terms of accuracy of selection (rTI=0.66); it provided higher improvement in aggregate genotype represented in SW (+170.72gm) and DG (+2.41gm/day) for each round of selection. This improvement in post-weaning traits was accompanied by unfavorable expected impact in fat traits SF, HF, MF and CF (+45.32, +12.77, +56.50 and +12.25%, respectively) and favorable expected impact on IF and KF (-32.16 and -59.47gm, respectively). The single trait selection index (I6) with SW was found to be useful for rabbit meat consumers, as it decreased the undesirable fat gain in fat depots compared to the other indices, with some reduction in accuracy. In conclusion, it is possible to improve the post-weaning growth traits through selection programs, taking into consideration the undesirable changes in fat partition traits of New Zealand White rabbits.

Carcass characteristics and sensory analysis of Abergelle goat breed and Abergelle crossbred goat fed hay supplemented with concentrate mixture.

The experiment was conducted using 36 intact yearling males of Abergelle breed and Abergelle cross bred goats (50%) with initial live weight of 18.92 ± 0.72 kg (mean ± SE). The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation on carcass parameters and meat sensory quality of genotypes. Goat genotypes were blocked based on initial body weight and were randomly assigned to dietary treatments. The experimental design was 2 by 3 factorial in randomized complete block design. The treatments included local grass hay as basal diet and supplementation with concentrate (184, 368, and 552 g/d on DM basis). Effects of genotype and diet were significant on the main carcass parameters (P < 0.05) but genotype did not show effect on edible offal components (P > 0.05). Diet had a significance effect on meat flavor (P < 0.05) but not on tenderness, juiciness, and soup flavor (P > 0.05). Genotype had no effect (P > 0.05) on all sensory attributes. Goats feeding on higher level of concentrate had heavier total edible offal components (P < 0.05) than feeding on lower level of concentrates but not difference between genotypes (P > 0.05). The cross breed goats feeding on higher level of concentrate showed higher percentage of nonedible offal (P < 0.01) particularly gut content, foreleg, and hind leg than pure breed and lower level of concentrate. The digestibility and chemical composition of meat of the genotypes were not addressed in the experiment and hence need to be studied further.

Analysis of Technological and Consumption Quality of Offal and Offal Products Obtained from Pulawska and Polish Landrace Pigs.

Simple SummaryIn many countries, offal is an important culinary and technological raw material used for the production of offal dishes and products. Given the growing popularity of such products, as well as insufficient knowledge about the technological and nutritional value of offal, it is important to determine the properties of some pork offal and offal products. The study material consisted of 100 fattening pigs: 50 Pulawska pigs and 50 Polish Landrace pigs. The offal components (tongue, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys) were analysed for physical traits, basic chemical composition and energy value. Offal products (pate, liver sausage, brawn) were made from the offal and their physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters were evaluated. The results, obtained in our study, indicate a high technological and consumption quality of offal from Pulawska and Polish Landrace pigs. The organoleptic quality of the evaluated offal products was higher for Pulawska than Polish Landrace pigs, in particular with regard to aroma and flavour. We suggest that our study could influence consumer awareness of the consumption of pork offal and offal preparations while increasing the use for production of the Pulawska breed, and thus, other native breed characteristic of many other countries of the world.The aim of the study was to determine technological and consumption quality of some offal components obtained from Pulawska and Polish Landrace fattening pigs, and to analyse the eating quality of the offal products. The study material consisted of 100 fattening pigs: Pulawska (PUL) and 50 Polish Landrace (PL) pigs. The offal components were analysed for physical traits, chemical composition and energy value. Offal products were made from the offal and their physical, chemical and organoleptic parameters were evaluated. Our study showed that breed had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on pH45 of the tongue, heart (PUL > PL), lungs and kidneys (PUL < PL), and on the fat content of the tongue, heart (PUL > PL), liver and kidneys (PUL < PL). A highly significant effect of breed (p ≤ 0.01) was observed for protein content of the lungs, liver (PUL < PL) and kidneys (PUL > PL), for collagen content of the kidneys (PUL < PL) and liver (PUL < PL), and for energy value (p ≤ 0.01) of the heart (PUL > PL) and liver (PUL < PL). Moreover, our results indicate that the organoleptic quality of the evaluated offal products was higher for Pulawska than Polish Landrace pigs, in particular with regard to consistency (p < 0.05) and flavour (p < 0.01) of the liver sausage.

A method development for improving the stability of vegetable polyphenol complexes for semi-finished minced meat products with antioxidant effect

Polyphenolic vegetable complexes are active antioxidants and play an important role in the processes of free radicals quenching in the human body. The aim of the work was to develop an immobilization method as a way for improving the stability of polyphenols in dried cowberry squeezing extract (DCSE) and to develop semi-finished minced meat products with antioxidant effect without changing their nutritional value. Experiments were carried out to study the nutritional value of DCSE. The presence of a large number of polyphenolic compounds in DCSE and a high radical-binding ability of the extract were revealed. Based on the mathematical planning method, an offal paste composition was obtained, which was used to obtain pellets, and the formulation of semi-finished minced meat products with pellets was optimized. It was established that preliminary immobilization of DCSE on offal pellets components allows to increase the level of total antioxidant content in the minced meat. Subsequent heat treatment of semi-finished minced meat products produced from such minced meat showed an increase in stability and, thus, bioavailability of antioxidants and the possibility of obtaining a finished product with antioxidant effect. The antioxidant effect of cowberry squeezing extract in the meat system is proved: accumulation of lipid oxidative decomposition products in the meat system during storage of frozen semi-finished minced meat products was inhibited to a greater extent when using offal pellets with immobilized compounds of cowberry squeezing extract. This work was carried out as part of the State Assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 19.5486.2017/BCh and the «Young Scientists of ESSTU‑2019» grant.

Carcass characteristics of draught cattle released for beef in Eastern Ethiopia

Most cattle used for beef production in Ethiopia are Zebu breeds. Usually released for beef when they are aged for plowing and in poor body condition. However, there is little available information on carcass yield and percentage earned from these cattle. Therefore, the study was conducted to evaluate the carcass yield and the percentage of cattle released for beef after used in draught power. This study used 280 heads of male indigenous draught cattle released for beef. Each cattle were randomly measured for carcass and noncarcass components. Body weight was recorded as animals arrived. Hot carcasses were weighed and cold carcasses were estimated at 0.98 of the hot carcass weight. Dressing proportions were calculated from the ratio of hot carcass weight to slaughter weight. Descriptive statistics for carcass yield, edible and offal components were analyzed by SPSS. The average slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, dressing and shrinkage percentage recorded in this study was 247.93+5.27, 90.98+ 2.11, 36.98+0.94 and 0.74+0.02, respectively. The amount of total deboned lean meat was 60.38kg (24.35% of the slaughter body weight). The price of live animals and the amount of carcass and other edible parts attained from it, is not worthy of comparison and there was a loss of 402.66+ 0.29 Birr per each cattle. Therefore, draught cattle released for beef after draught power should be fattened either by farmers or beef farm to recover their body weight loss due to agricultural work load.Keywords: Carcass; Drought cattle; External offal; Internal organ

English

The study was conducted with the objective of determining the carcass characteristics of Begait sheep fed hay basal diet and supplemented with different levels of Tsara (Pterocarpus lucens) leaves, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) leaves and concentrate mixture on iso-nitrogenous basis to supply 66.60 g/day crude protein on dry matter (DM) basis. Twenty five yearling male Begait sheep with initial body weight (BW) of 24.2&plusmn;1.1 kg (Mean&plusmn;SD) were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) based on their initial BW. The hay was fed on ad libitum basis to all sheep. Treatments were hay alone (T1) or supplemented with 400 g DM Tsara leaf (T2), 320 g DM pigeon pea leaf (T3), 360 g DM&nbsp; mixtures of Tsara and pigeon pea leaves (T4) and 300 g DM concentrate mixture (75% rice bran and 25% sesame seed cake; T5). The study consisted of 90 days feeding trial and carcass evaluation at the end. The average final body weight was 32.2, 31.6, 27.76, 28 and 26.88 kg (standard error of mean, SEM = 0.38) in the order of T5 &gt; T2 &gt; T3 = T4 &gt; T1. Hot carcass weight of 14.9, 14.3, 11.3, 11.2 and 9.5 (SEM = 0.33) followed almost a similar trend to that of the final body weight except that values for T2 and T5 were similar. In conclusion, based on the biological performance results supplementation of concentrate mixture (T5) and Tsara (T2) induced a comparable response and were better than the supplemental regimes that contained pigeon pea and are therefore recommended. Key words: Begait sheep, dressing percentage, edible offal components, empty body weight hot carcass weight, non-edible offal components, rib eye muscle area, slaughter weight. &nbsp

Carcass Composition and Yields of Wild Fallow Deer (Dama dama) in South Africa

Although wild fallow deer (Dama dama) are abundant in South Africa, they remain overlooked as a potential protein source and little is known about their carcass production potential. Our study aimed to determine the carcass characteristics, meat yields and offal contributions of fallow deer harvested in South Africa, as well as the effect of sex thereupon. Slaughter weights, warm carcass weights and cold carcass weights were higher in male (n = 8) fallow deer versus females (n = 14), and in pregnant females (n = 5) compared to non-pregnant females (n = 9). Similarly, dressing percentages were higher in males (62%) than females (59%), but were comparable to, or surpassed, those of other African game species and domestic livestock. Consumable offal (excluding stomach and intestines) contributed 10% and 9% to the slaughter weights of males and females, respectively, with some significant sex and pregnancy effects on certain offal components. The individual weights of seven muscles (longissimus thoracis et lumborum, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, psoas major) did not differ between males and females. However, male fallow deer had significantly higher total meat and bone weights than females even though no differences were observed for the meat-to-bone ratios between males and females. These baseline data should provide the impetus for increased utilization of fallow deer by the South African game meat industry and strengthen the contribution of these animals to domestic food security.

Carcass and non-carcass characteristics of Tigray highland lambs fed mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal at different supplementation levels

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Tigray highland lambs. The experiment consisted of five treatments; and conducted in a randomized complete block design using thirty intact yearlings Tigray highland male lambs. The experimental diets were 300g concentrate mix alone, 225g concentrate mix + 86.55g mulberry leaf, 150g concentrate mix + 173.1g mulberry leaf, 75g concentrate mix + 259.7g mulberry leaf and 346.2g mulberry leaf alone with barley straw ad libitum to all treatments. The mix was prepared from Noug seed cake and wheat bran at ratio of 1:2, respectively. Higher weights of total edible offal component, empty body weight, rib eye muscle area and slaughter weight were observed as a result of high level of mulberry leaf meal supplementation than the sole concentrate mix treatment. On the other hand, the dressing percentage on slaughter weight base as well as empty body weight base and hot carcass weight showed less difference (p&gt;0.05) between sole mulberry leaf meal and sole concentrate mix treatments. The result of the present study indicated that substitution of mulberry leaf meal for concentrate mix can be used effectively without affecting the results of growth parameters as well as edible or non edible offal components that can be achieved by sole concentrate supplementation. Hence, the finding revealed that feeding mulberry leaf meal alone to Tigray highland lambs could substitute the costly and even less accessible commercial concentrate mix to resource poor farmers and could result in reasonably better performance of lambs.

Carcass Yield and Composition of Supplementing Hararghe Highland sheep with &lt;i&gt;Ficus sur&lt;/i&gt; (cv. Forssk.) Fruits to a Basal Diet of Natural Pasture Hay

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the supplementary value of dried and groundFicus sur fruits (FSF) mixed at different proportions with oats grain (OG) on carcass yield,carcass composition, and pH concentration. Thirty Hararghe highland lambs with initial live weights of 14.32±0.25kg (mean±SEM) were used for the experiment. The experimental sheep were grouped into 5 based on their initial body weight. Thus, the experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 5 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments were: ad libitum natural pasture hay (control); 100%FSF:0%OG [100FSF]; 67%FSF:33%OG [67FSF]; 33%FSF:67%OG [33FSF]; 0%FSF:100%OG [0FSF], which were randomly assigned to the sheep in each block. Noug seed (Gizotia abysinica) cake (NSC) was supplemented at isonitrogenous levels to all treatments and control diets. No significant (P&gt;0.05) effect of the dietary treatments was observed on carcass parameters and most of the edible and non-edible offal components. The carcass of lambs fed 100FSF diet consist the highest (P&lt;0.001) moisture and crude protein (CP), but the least ether extract (EE) as compared to those consumed 0FSF diet. The pH of the carcass consistently declined from the initial measure taken at 45 minutes post-evisceration to measurement taken at 24 hours. Carcass of lamb fed treatment diets 67FSF aand 100FSF have better maintained pH value within the desirable range. Hence, it can be concluded that feeding FSF to Hararghe highland sheep as a supplement to natural pasture hay based diet with sufficient protein supplement improved carcass yield and pH as compared to oat grains.

Assessment of Offal Components of Lagunaire, Borgou and Zebu Fulani Bulls Raised on Natural Pasture and Analysis of Macroscopic Lesions Associated with Potential Hazards for the Consumer

The offal is well appreciated by consumers in sub-Saharan Africa and viscera are sold at the same price as the carcass meat. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess on the offal components yield of Lagunaire, Borgou and Zebu Fulani bulls raised on natural pasture and to examine the macroscopic lesions associated with potential hazards for the consumer. Offal was collected from the slaughterhouse of Cotonou-Porto-Novo in 40 Lagunaire, 71 Borgou and 110 Zebu Fulani bulls. The Zebu bulls offal weight and offal components weight were significantly higher than those of the Borgou bulls (p<0.001), whereas the Lagunaire bulls level were the lowest (p<0.001). The Zebu Fulani offal percentage was heavier, followed by the Borgou bulls whereas the Lagunaire had a higher head percentage and a higher offal percentage in the carcass. During the rainy season, the viscera weights of Borgou and Zebu bulls were higher than during the dry season; they were characterized by a higher external offal weight. Nevertheless, the Lagunaire bulls were weakly discriminated whatever the season. The offal components were condemned for 20 affections or diseases at the post mortem inspection. The main causes of lungs seizure were tuberculosis (43.04%) and pulmonary emphysema (21.41%). The diaphragm was also affected by tuberculosis (93.3%) and scarcely by abscess (3.70%). Livers were affected by fascioliasis (41.43%), dicrocoeliasis (22.92%) and tuberculosis (15.77%). Spleen's seizure was mainly due to congestion (56.99%) and to tuberculosis (32.26%). Nephritis (49.79%), tuberculosis (33.75%) and hydronephrosis (13.81%) caused kidneys seizure. Tuberculosis (76.09%) and oesophagostomiasis (23.91%) were main causes of intestines seizure. Abscess (87.5%) and tuberculosis (12.5%) were the major responsible of tongue's seizure. Owing to affections or diseases frequency in slaughtered animals, it could be suggested a strengthening of the veterinary care during cattle breeding.

Relationships between carcass traits and offal components in local poultry populations (&lt;i&gt;gallus gallus&lt;/i&gt;) of Benin

Objectives: The current work was carried out to determine the relationships between live weight, carcass traits and the offal components traits in Holli, Fulani, Sahoue, North and South indigenous chicken ecotypes of Benin. Methodology and results: 260 indigenous chickens of which 52 cockerels of each ecotype were slaughtered at 24 weeks old and used for carcass and offal composition study. Data collected were live weight, carcass weight, Carcass yields and the weights of breast, thigh-drumstick, wings, back, liver, gizzard, heart, tarsi, neck and head. It comes out from this study that in North chickens, except heart weight and carcass yields, slaughter weight was highly and positively correlated with hot carcass weight, breast weight, thigh-drumstick weight, wing weight, tarsi weight (P<0.001; 0.62 C r C 0.99), weakly and positively associated to the heart weight (P<0.05; r = 0.44) but negatively correlated with the carcass drip loss (P<0.01, r= -0.51). The breast weight was moderately and positively correlated with gizzard weight (P<0.01, r= 0.61) while the thigh-drumstick and wing weights were highly and positively associated with gizzard weight (P<0.001, 0.67 C r C 0.78). Similar relationships were also observed in Holli, Fulani and Sahoue ecotypes between live weight, carcass traits and offal components except carcass yields and the weights of heart, liver, head and tarsi. Contrary to North, Holli, Fulani and Sahoue chickens, heart weight and liver weight in South chicken weren’t associated with the other carcass traits. However, the drip loss was negatively correlated with all other carcass traits evaluated in all chicken ecotypes. Holli and Fulani chickens were characterized by higher live weight, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, breast weight, wing weight, rest of carcass weight, neck weight, head weight, tarsi weight, thigh

Feed Intake, Weight Gain and Carcass Yield Characteristics of Intact Hararghe Highland Male Goats Fed on Different Hay to Concentrate Ratios

Feed intake, live weight gain and carcass yield characteristics were studied using twenty-five yearling intact Hararghe highland male goats (17.6 ± 0.11 kg body weight) fed diets containing different hay to concentrate ratios, viz., 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50% for T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively, in a randomized complete block design experiment with five animals per treatment that lasted for 90 days. The amount of CP supplied was 3.73, 10.15, 13.36, 16.57 and 19.79% per kg DM and the ME (MJ/kg DM) was 6.64, 7.51, 7.95, 8.38 and 8.82 for the respective treatments. Dry matter and nutrient intakes were measured daily, while live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were recorded at the weekly interval. At the end of the feeding trial, all goats from each treatment were fasted for 12 h and slaughtered after taking the slaughter weight of each goat. Measurements were also taken on empty body weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage (DP) and rib eye muscle area. Concentrate supplementation of goats resulted in high (P < 0.05) dry matter, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake, which was reflected in increased (P < 0.05) average daily weight gain (ADWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE). The empty body weight, hot carcass weight, DP and rib eye muscle area were higher (P < 0.05) for concentrate supplemented groups compared to those fed on hay alone. Goats on equal hay to concentrate ratio (T5) had higher empty body weight, hot carcass weight and rib eye muscle area when compared to those on T2 and T3. Different proportions of hay to concentrate did not affect the DP, but carcasses dressed from goats offered with concentrate feeds had higher (P < 0.05) percentages of lean and boneless meat, and lean: bone and lean + fat: bone ratios, but lower percentage of bone than the carcasses from goats fed hay alone. The percentage of boneless meat was similar between goats on T2, T4 and T5, while the percentage of total edible offal components was similar between supplemented and un-supplemented groups. The proportion of the gut content and total non-edible offal components decreased with the increasing concentrate level, while the percentage of the total saleable components increased. Correlation and regression analysis revealed a positive and significant (P < 0.01) relationship between dry matter intake (r = 0.67), slaughter weight (r = 0.89), hot carcass weight (r = 0.90), dressing percentage (r = 0.70), lean meat (r = 0.95) and rib-eye muscle area (r = 0.92) with the level of concentrate supplementation. However, there was a non-significant (P > 0.05) weak negative correlation (r = -0.16) between ADWG and the level of concentrate supplementation. Considering ADWG, FCE, DP and percentage of boneless meat, the diet with 20% concentrate level could be recommended for optimum live weight gain, feed conversion efficiency and carcass yield characteristics of goats. Keywords: Body Weight Gain; Carcass Yield; Feed Intake; Hararghe Highland Goats; Hay to Concentrate Ratio East African Journal of Sciences Vol. 1 (1) 2007: pp. 45-54

Effects of underfeeding and refeeding on offals weight in the Barbary ewes

The influence of long-term (161 days) underfeeding and refeeding (154 days) on the weight of offal components, and digestive content, was studied in 26 adult Barbary ewes. Effects on the protein and mineral content of offals were also measured. Animals were split in three groups: one was fed hay at maintenance level (M), another also received vetch–oat hay to cover 0.2 of maintenance energy requirements (L), and the third one was fed at 0.2 of maintenance requirements during 161 days, then refed at 1.3 times of energy requirements with a diet of hay and barley grain (LH) during 154 days. Underfed animals body weight (BW) at slaughter was 31 kg. Animals of groups M and LH were slaughtered at similar BW (50 kg). Underfeeding reduced empty BW by 38% and the weight of most metabolically active organs: skin (40%), blood (31%), rumen (34%) and liver (19%), but not others (small intestine). Total offals weight was reduced by 27%. Overfeeding of previously underfed animals (LH) induced a significant increase in liver weight in comparison to M group (18%), owing to a higher nutrient supply. The amount of protein in offals and their fat-free weight were decreased by underfeeding, whereas the amount of minerals was significantly modified only in components rich in bone. These results showed that splanchnic organ mass decreases with underfeeding which leads to energy requirements decrease and contributes towards resistance of Barbary ewes to harsh food conditions.

Patterns of change with growth for muscularity and other composition characteristics of Southdown rams selected for high and low backfat depth

Male Southdown sheep ranging in age from birth to near maturity (c. 28 mo) from genetic lines selected for about five generations for increased (n = 40) and decreased (n = 40) weight‐adjusted ultrasonic backfat depth were used to investigate patterns of change in muscularity and other composition characteristics. Measures of muscularity in terms of muscle depth relative to bone length were greater for the high‐backfat line in anatomical areas around or beside the femur, tibia, total pelvic limb, humerus, and scapula, but not the radius/ulna. Levels of muscularity increased at a decreasing rate with increasing carcass weight from about 1 to 36 kg in all areas. Where there was a genetic line effect on muscularity, this tended to be greater at higher carcass weights, with minimal differences at birth. Muscle to bone ratios corresponding to these measures of muscularity showed similar patterns of change and line differences. Leg bone weight was higher for the low‐backfat line; for the same femur length, a number of femur dimensions were greater for that line. Carcass length at a set weight was greater for the low‐backfat line, and the allometric growth ratio (AGR) for length declined with increasing carcass weight. Greater measures of fatness for the high‐backfat line only became apparent at carcass weights above about 10 kg and AGRs for measures of fatness increased with increasing carcass weight. Some non‐carcass offal components (liver, spleen, heart) were heavier in rams of the low‐backfat line at the same carcass weight, and AGRs for liver and spleen decreased with increasing carcass weight. It is concluded that, in addition to decreases in fatness, selection for lower backfat depths in these Southdown rams has led to a number of other undesirable composition changes including lower levels of muscularity and muscle to bone ratios, changes in the shape of the femur, and greater weights of some non‐carcass components. Generally these changes were more apparent at higher liveweights.

Comparación de toros Holando, Charbray y Cebú para producción de carne bajo pastoreo rotacional II. Componentes del animal muerto y composición de la canal

Cuarenta y siete toros de las razas Holando, Charbray y Cebú (mayormente Brahman) engordados bajo pastoreo rotacional se procesaron para carne a un peso vivo promedio de 545 kg para determinar diferencias en los componentes del animal muerto y las características y composición de la canal. A un mismo peso vivo de matanza (PM), los toros Holando tuvieron pesos mayores (P &lt; 0.05) de la cabeza (3.33% del PM), extremidades (2.47% del PM), hígado (1.11% del PM), riñones (1.29% del PM) e intestinos (5.18% del PM) que los toros Cebú y Charbray y una mayor longitud de pierna (53.0 vs. 48.90 cm; P &lt; 0.05) que los toros Charbray. Los toros Cebú tuvieron el cuero más pesado (P &lt; 0.05) y el peso menor de estómago (P &lt; 0.05). Las carcasas de los toros Holando tuvieron porcentajes significativamente mayores (P &lt; 0.05) de hueso (21.60 vs. 16.63, 17.46%) y un contenido menor de grasa separable que las de los toros Charbray y Cebú, respectivamente. Los toros Charbray presentaron mayor (P &lt; 0.05) área del músculo Longissimus, cantidad total de músculo, razón de músculo a hueso+grasa y peso y porcentaje de los músculos Biceps femoris, Gluteus y Cuadriceps femoris del cuarto trasero izquierdo, que los toros Cebú y Holando. Además, los toros Charbray y Cebú tuvieron un mayor (P &lt; 0.05) ancho de pierna (26.03, 25.85, vs 24.03 cm) porcentaje de rendimiento, peso de carcasa caliente y cuarto trasero izquierdo, razón de músculo a hueso y peso de los músculos Semimembranosus, Psoas major, Longissimus dorsi y Semitendinosus que los toros Holando. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las razas para el espesor de grasa subcutánea, peso promedio del tejido conectivo, músculo de descarte, merma de la carcasa en nevera y para el peso y porcentaje del cuarto delantero de la canal izquierda.

Relationship of Sex, Strain, and Body Weight to Carcass Yield and Offal Production in Turkeys

Three strains of male and female market turkeys (British United Turkeys, Hybrid, and Nicholas) were grown under commercial contract production conditions and slaughtered at a range of BW (4,200 to 17,640 g) and age (13 to 22 wk) that covers the range of commercial market weights in use at the time of the study. During processing, the weight of blood, feathers, head, neck, feet plus shanks, heart, liver, gizzard, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, water uptake, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, fat pad alone, tail, wings, drumsticks, thigh meat, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, scapula meat,lower back, upper back with ribs, breast skin, thigh skin, thigh bone, and hind half (legs, thighs, and saddle) were determined. The data were subjected to least squares analyses using models that included strain and sex effects relative to live BW.Significant differences in yield between the sexes but not among strains were found for feet plus shanks, gizzard, hot and chilled carcass with fat pad, and scapula meat. Similarly, significant differences in yield among strains but not between sexes alone were found for blood, feathers, heart, and hind half. The relationships of live BW with all other variables showed both strain and sex differences in yield. Whereas whole carcass yield as a function of BW was affected by sex alone, most other components varied by both sex and strain. Thus, choice of strain, sex, and age at slaughter affect the projected production of edible carcass and offal components.

Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and sensory attributes of boars administered porcine somatotropin by sustained-release implant for different lengths of time.

We investigated the effect of sustained-release implant administration of porcine somatotropin (pST) (4 mg/d) to male pigs for different lengths of time before slaughter. Crossbred white boars were assigned to six groups (n = 10/ group); B0, non-implanted boars; B6, boars implanted from 22 to 28 wk of age; B12, boars implanted from 16 to 28 wk of age; B18, boars implanted from 10 to 28 wk of age;C0, non-implanted castrates; and C18, castrates implanted from 10 to 28 wk of age. Castration was at 65 d of age. All pigs were slaughtered at 28 wk of age, and measures of offal and carcass components were recorded. Loin chops were collected for sensory evaluation. During the trial the pigs were maintained in individual pens with ad libitum access to water and a 19% CP corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.08% calculated lysine. Although pST reduced feed intake in castrates (P < .01), the effect in boars was nonsignificant. Slaughter weight was increased in a linear (P < .04) manner with length of pST treatment of boars, and slaughter weights of castrates given pST were greater (P < .01) than those of control castrates. The product of the changes in feed intake and gain resulted in greater efficiency of gain in pST-treated pigs than in control pigs (P < .01). A linear effect (P < .06) of length of pST treatment on trimmed lean cut weights of boars was noted. The weights of trimmed lean cuts produced by castrates treated for 18 wk with pST and boars treated for 12 or 18 wk were similar. Boars given pST for 18 wk had improved (P < .10) boar taint scores compared with untreated boars. Boars and castrates given pST for 18 wk had a similar rates of gain and weights of trimmed lean cuts. Efficiencies of gain were greater in pST-treated boars and castrates than in untreated boars, which were superior to untreated castrates in efficiency of gain.

Offal components, body fat partition, carcass composition and carcass tissues distribution in Danish Friesian cull cows of different age and body condition

Quantification of offal components, carcass composition and partition of major tissues (fat, lean and bone) in cull cows of different age and body condition class is the goal of this study. For this purpose 98 Danish Friesian cull cows were divided according to their chronological age into three groups: “very young” (<3 yrs), “young” (3 to 4.5 yrs) and “mature” (> 4.5 yrs) and three body condition classes: “thin”, “normal” and “fat”. After slaughter offal components including emptied gut were weighed and the carcass was jointed into first, second and third quality cut groups. They were dissected into lean, fatty tissue and bone. “Very young”, “young” and “mature” cows, independent of their condition class showed little variation in their carcass composition, body fat partition between carcass and offals and bone and fat distribution between categories of major cuts (P>0.05). However, “mature” cows had significantly lower percentage of total lean in the first quality cuts and greater percentage in the third quality cuts. Independent of the cow's age, improvement of body condition resulted in a lower percentage of total fat in the carcass but more around the kidneys and intestines. The carcass has less lean and bone and more fat with proportionally less lean and fat occurring in the first quality cuts.

Estimates of maturing rates and masses at maturity for body components of sheep.

Weight data for fleece-free empty body, carcass and offal components, and their chemical constituents (protein, water, lipid, and ash) were collected via serial slaughter techniques. Rams sired by a sheep breed of high genetic merit for growth were slaughtered from birth through 48 mo of age. Approximately six rams were killed at each of 13 slaughter ages. The data were fit with a nonlinear function Yt = A(1-Be-kt) to provide estimates of rates of maturing (k) and weight at maturity (A) for components of interest. Except for the testes, all tissues met the convergence criterion. The proportion of offal components relative to empty BW was greatest at birth and steadily declined after this time. Rates of maturing for visceral organs (except for the heart) and the protein constituent of the offal were of greater magnitude than the carcass and nonprotein constituents of both the offal and carcass. Estimated maturing rate and weight at maturity for lipid of the carcass exceeded corresponding estimates of the offal lipid. Evidence was provided suggesting that the developmental patterns of body components may be established by functional demand.