Oesophagostomum Radiatum Research Articles

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free-Ranging Bantengs (Bos javanicus) and Domestic Cattle at a Wildlife and Livestock Interface in Thailand

Impact of human activities on conservation of endangered species is significant due to the creation of wildlife-livestock interfaces (WLI), which increases the likelihood of disease transmissions. Protected wildlife populations may suffer from diseases caused by gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, potentially impacting conservation efforts. A population of ~100 wild bantengs inhabits the Lam-Pao non-hunting area, which is adjacent to human communities, animal farms and the Pao River, making this WLI suitable for a study of prevalence of GI parasites in the bantengs and domestic cattle. This research examined the prevalence and diversity of GI parasites and explored the associations between the parasitic species identified in the 2 animal groups. Formalin ethyl - acetate concentration technique (FECT) identified overall prevalence of 26.2, 17.4, 53.3 % for both animal groups, bantengs and domestic cattle respectively. The following prevalence of parasitic eggs were identified in the bantengs (N = 46) and the domestic cattle (N = 15) respectively: 1) 8.7 and 46 % of strongyle-type; 2) 4.3 and 6.7 % of Moniezia spp.; 3) 2.2 and 0 % of Fasciola spp.; 4) 6.5 and 6.7 % of Rumen flukes; 5) 0 and 13.3 % of Toxocara spp.; 6) 0 and 6.7 % of Capillaria spp.; 7) 0 and 6.7 % of Strongyloides spp.; and 8) 0 and 6.7 % of Trichuris spp. The combination of coproculture and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) was used to identified common strongyle-type species. We determined Oesophagostomum radiatum in 2 cattle (13.3 %) and 3 (6.5 %) banteng samples, Cooperia onchophora in 1 (6.7 %) cattle sample and Ostertagia ostertagi in 1 (6.7 %) cattle sample. The results present in this study would enable management to proactively strategize and prepare for parasitic diseases that can endanger such a population. HIGHLIGHTS FECT indicated that strongyle-type eggs were the most observed in bantengs and domestic cattle. Overall prevalence of 26.2, 17.4 and 53.3 % for bantengs, domestic cattle and both groups combined were reported, which were relatively low. The prevalence of strongyle-type and Toxocara eggs differed statistically between the 2 groups, potentially due to farming, leading to re-infections and high prevalence in domestic animals. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Resistência anti-helmíntica em nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos no Brasil e Argentina - situação atual e perspectivas globais

Abstract This review outlines the current state of anthelmintic resistance (AHR) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) among cattle in Argentina and Brazil, emphasizing the economic repercussions, animal health and welfare. The analysis explores factors associated with AHR and proposes a potential solution: the use of drug combinations. Both countries are grappling with a severe AHR scenario in cattle, having progressed through incipient, established, and advanced phases, leading to extreme cases of animal mortality due to ineffective control strategies. Genera such as Cooperia and Haemonchus have the highest reports of resistance, with Oesophagostomum radiatum also posing significant problems. While oral benzimidazoles and levamisole remain effective in most herds, moxidectin is entering an advanced resistance phase, and avermectins are increasingly deemed ineffective. The review explores the impact ofclimate, mixed grazing, animal movement and other husbandry practices, and the relationship between ectoparasite control and the emergence of resistant helminths. Notably, the discussion includes the strategic use of drug combinations as a valuable approach to address resistant GINs control in livestock, highlighting its significant potential to mitigate the challenges posed by AHR in the cattle industry of these countries.

Toltrazuril + fenbendazole for cattle: Pharmacokinetics and efficacy against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes

The present work evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the association of 15cmg/kg toltrazuril +5cmg/kg fenbendazole against Eimeria spp. and gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in calves of different regions of Brazil (Center-West, Southeast, and South). A total of seven experiments were carried out, five of which determined formulation efficacy against Eimeria spp., considering the following aspects: therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic, and residual efficacy. Therapeutic efficacy experiments for GINs were carried out by parasitological necropsy. The toltrazuril + fenbendazole association demonstrated ≥95% efficacy against Eimeria spp. for 21 days post-treatment (DPT). When used preventively and metaphylatically, the same association demonstrated ≥97% efficacy against E. zuernii, E. ellipsoidalis, E. cylindrica, E. bovis, E. wyomingensis and E. auburnensis. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole administered seven days before challenge was 100% effective against all these Eimeria species. Results of therapeutic, preventive, metaphylactic and residual efficacies can be related to the pharmacokinetic results, especially considering toltrazuril sulfone, which was detected in animal plasma for a longer period than the parent compound. Toltrazuril + fenbendazole achieved 100% anthelminthic efficacy against the GINs Haemonchus placei (L4), Cooperia pectinata and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 99.94% against adult H. placei; and 99.98% against C. puntacta. The association of toltrazuril + fenbendazole, associated with other measures, is an important and suitable tool for the control and treatment of Eimeria spp. and GINs in young cattle.

Refugia or reservoir? Feral goats and their role in the maintenance and circulation of benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes on shared pastures.

Gastrointestinal nematodes threaten the productivity of grazing livestock and anthelmintic resistance has emerged globally. It is broadly understood that wild ruminants living in sympatry with livestock act as a positive source of refugia for anthelmintic-susceptible nematodes. However, they might also act as reservoirs of anthelmintic-resistant nematodes, contributing to the spread of anthelmintic resistance at a regional scale. Here, we sampled managed sheep and cattle together with feral goats within the same property in New South Wales, Australia. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) nemabiome metabarcoding identified 12 gastrointestinal nematodes (Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, Nematodirus spathiger, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus rugatus). Isotype-1 β-tubulin metabarcoding targeting benzimidazole resistance polymorphisms identified 6 of these nematode species (C. oncophora, C. punctata, H. contortus, H. placei, O. ostertagi and T. circumcincta), with the remaining 3 genera unable to be identified to the species level (Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus). Both ITS-2 and β-tubulin metabarcoding showed the presence of a cryptic species of T. circumcincta, known from domestic goats in France. Of the gastrointestinal nematodes detected via β-tubulin metabarcoding, H. contortus, T. circumcincta, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus exhibited the presence of at least one resistance genotype. We found that generalist gastrointestinal nematodes in untreated feral goats had a similarly high frequency of the benzimidazole-resistant F200Y polymorphism as those nematodes in sheep and cattle. This suggests cross-transmission and maintenance of the resistant genotype within the wild ruminant population, affirming that wild ruminants should be considered potential reservoirs of anthelmintic resistance.

Multispecies helminth parasitism of grazing dairy cows in Germany and Austria, examined in the housing period

Helminth composition and burden data for dairy cows have not been reported for >40years for Germany and even less information is available for Austria. In the context of two recent studies, helminth parasitism was studied in 32 cows (23 from six farms in Bavaria and Tyrol; 9 from one farm in Saxony) from pasture-based dairy farms necropsied during the housing period. Helminths were enumerated and identified based on morphological characters (all helminths but rumen flukes) or molecular techniques (rumen flukes). Thirteen species of gastrointestinal nematodes and two species each of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and rumen flukes (Calicophoron daubneyi, Paramphistomum leydeni) were recorded; no lungworms were recovered from any cow. Early fourth-stage (inhibited) larval Ostertagia species nematodes (210 to 140,600) were recovered from all cows, 31 each had adult Ostertagia ostertagi/Ostertagia lyrata (40 to 2020) and Trichostrongylus axei (10 to 53,400), 23 Oesophagostomum radiatum (1 to 242) and 20 Cooperia punctata (10 to 3330). Other nematodes present in descending order of prevalence were: Cooperia oncophora/Cooperia surnabada, Ostertagia leptospicularis/Ostertagia kolchida, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Chabertia ovina, Nematodirus helvetianus, Trichostrongylus longispicularis, Haemonchus contortus and Aonchotheca bilobata. The cows from Bavaria and Tyrol harbored more total gastrointestinal nematodes than that from Saxony (geometric mean adult plus inhibited larval nematodes, 6510 vs. 2051, respectively). However, in both cohorts of cows abomasal nematodes accounted for ∼97% of the total nematode burden with inhibited larval Ostertagia species nematodes contributing over 70% of the total gastrointestinal nematode burden and∼96% of the Ostertagia species burden. Approximately 44%, 37% and 19% of the cows harbored <5000, 5000 to 10,000 or>10,000 total gastrointestinal nematodes, respectively. Fecal nematode egg and coproculture nematode larval counts significantly correlated with the cows' total adult nematode burden (rs=0.354, p<0.05, and rs=0.608, p<0.001, respectively). Although the magnitude of nematode burden to exert production effects on dairy cows is not well defined and may vary relative to several factors including nutritional supplementation, the level of mixed parasitism found in this investigation supports consideration of grazing dairy cows in helminth control measures, especially at the time of housing in autumn.

Macrocyclic lactone resistance in nematodes of cattle in Brazil: Blame it to the ticks!

Strategic helminth control in adult cattle would hardly impose sufficient selection pressure to parasite populations but reports of resistance against macrocyclic lactone (ML) based-products have been confirmed worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific literature of ML resistance (< 90.0% efficiency) in helminths of cattle from 2001 (the first report) to 2020 in Brazil. Additional to the data, we studied the correlation of parasite control practices based on a questionnaire given to 32 farmers. The search returned 246 reports and 21 full articles were selected. From these, a Wordcloud and a Keyword Co-occurrence Network graph were created. The published data revealed that most of the studies (19/21) reported multi-species (Cooperia spp., Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus sp.) resistance to ML. None of the reports described the treatment frequency in the tested farms. As for the questionnaire, the majority of farmers (> 70.0%) responded that they rotate products after treatment, animals are treated monthly or biweekly (58.0%), treatments are based on visual evaluation (coat condition, ectoparasite infestation), and that in 94.0% of the times farmers treat all animals. Moreover, farmers use ML in association with potent acaricides (cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, fluazuron) in more than 90.0% of the times (15/16). It was observed that this regimen was used to prevent and control the cattle-tick Rhipicephalus microplus (90.0%) and the horn-fly, Haematobia irritans (30.0%) infestations. We conclude that the most important factor for nematode resistance was the high level of ML exposure of up to 16 times/year, in combination with acaricides to control ticks and to a lesser extent to control horn-flies. Therefore, selection of helminth populations in cattle in Brazil can be considered secondary to ectoparasite control. The present analysis is critical, as one the most widespread recommendations to avoid drug resistance is to reduce the use of long-acting compounds, due to their extended persistent periods, increasing parasite selection. Moreover, a more serious attitude must be taken regarding parasite control strategies for livestock, reinforcing that health protocols should be based on single acaricidal products whenever possible. Complementary, selective evaluations based on transient threshold population abundance must be enforced to reduce treatment frequency, reducing parasite selection and animal distress.

Eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection for the treatment of larval and/or adult Bunostomum phlebotomum, Haemonchus contortus, H. placei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis infections in cattle.

In an effort to generate data for regulatory purposes on the therapeutic efficacy of eprinomectin 5% w/v extended-release injection (Eprinomectin ERI) (LongRange®, Boehringer Ingelheim) against infections of immature and adult stages of some nematode species (or stages) which are generally less common or predominantly seen in younger cattle, nine studies (minimum two per parasite and stage) were conducted in the USA and Germany. A total of 218 young cattle were included in seven experimentally induced infection studies (180 animals) and two studies with naturally acquired nematode infections (38 animals), which were compliant with WAAVP and VICH guidelines. In each study, cattle were randomly assigned into groups which received 1mL per 50kg body weight of either saline (controls) or Eprinomectin ERI (equivalent to 1mg eprinomectin per kg body weight) via subcutaneous injection when the parasites were developing fourth-stage larval (L4) or adult nematodes. Following necropsy and parasite recovery, percentage efficacy was calculated based on the comparison of geometric mean nematode counts of the Eprinomectin ERI- vs. the saline-treated animals. Eprinomectin ERI-treated cattle had significantly (p < 0.05) lower counts of each species and stage of nematodes than the controls. Eprinomectin ERI treatment was demonstrated to be efficacious (> 90%) against L4 and adult Bunostomum phlebotomum and Nematodirus helvetianus; against L4 Haemonchus placei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis; and against adult H. contortus. Percentage efficacy against L4 H. contortus was variable (69.6 to 100%). All treatments were well accepted, and no treatment-related health problems were observed in any study.

Effectiveness of albendazole-based anti-parasitic drugs under modern conditions

An important problem in veterinary medicine is still the control of parasitic diseases of farm and domestic animals. The market of antiparasitic drugs is widely represented by anthelmintics based on albendozole, both imported and domestic, but data on the effectiveness of these drugs are currently insufficient. The aim of the research was to determine in the comparative aspect the effectiveness of the use of antiparasitic drugs in different forms with the content of albendazole in different species of animals. In the previous stage of the studies the experimental animals were diagnosed with invasions. The most common infections in cattle were dictyocaulosis and fasciolosis; Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, Oesophagostomum radiatum were not detected. No causative agent of Dictyocaulus vivaparus infection was detected in horses. The most common infection in dogs and cats was toxacariasis, and in mink the most common was infection wih Uncinaria spp. Along with this, no Taenia solium and Diphyllobothrium latum eggs were detected in dogs, and Opisthorchis felineus, Taenia solium, Diphyllobothrium latum were not detected in cats. After the use of preparative forms of albendazole in sick animals for 2–5 days, the presence of dead sexually mature nematodes and helminth eggs were noted in the feces of animals. The efficacy of albendazole drugs regarding helminthiasis in farm and domestic animals was 100%

A simple molecular method to identify and quantify genera of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.

Classic approaches for antemortem identification of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) require coproculture of eggs and morphological examination. While adequate for diagnosis, many PCR techniques cannot easily quantify mixed infections without controls and/or standard curves. Herein, we developed a simple and rapid test for differentiating and quantifying mixed infections of GIN using PCR products separated by capillary electrophoresis. Among the cattle GIN, the ITS2 region is sufficiently distinct in length to delineate among the most common infecting genera, Ostertagia ostertagi = 373 bases (b), Haemonchus contortus (placei) = 366b, Cooperia punctata (oncophora) = 376b, Trichostrongylus axei = 372b, and Oesophagostomum radiatum = 357b. Conserved primers were synthesized that span the ITS2 where one primer was fluorescently labeled with 6-FAM. DNAs from infective L3 were PCR amplified then loaded onto an ABI 3130 sequencer adapted for size fragment analysis. Resulting peak amplitudes were both diagnostic and quantitative on a relative basis. As proof of principle, quantification was performed on PCR fragments from mixed species pairs of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia punctata, and Haemonchus contortus and analyzed using Gene Marker V1.85 software. In all cases, linear responses were observed where R2 > 0.97 and line slopes ranged between 0.90 and 1.1. When tested on eggs from naturally infected animals, the assay showed superior results on two farms when compared to coproculture and morphological identification. Using wildlife-derived samples, results coincided well with deep amplicon sequencing. The assay is adaptable to large-scale studies, does not require comparative PCR controls, and should be compliant with GIN from small ruminant livestock.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in ruminants in Ukraine: a 5-year meta-analysis

The production of environmentally friendly livestock products is currently receiving much attention, especially in the European Union. The problem of monitoring the quality and safety of meat and milk in modern conditions is relevant not only for Ukraine but also for the world community. The scientific substantiation of the methods of research on meat for sale subject to invasive diseases is especially important, as the product may pose risks to the consumer. One of the criteria for assessing the welfare of a herd is the prevalence of helminthiases in cattle. Ruminant parasitoses in Ukraine have always been and remain a separate, often significant, problem for veterinary specialists. Helminths have evolved to use a wide range of ecological niches. In this study, we tried to quantify the prevalence of helminthiases among ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) in Ukraine. The relevant studies were searched for in the online databases. The meta-analysis included 15 publications from January 2015 to December 2020 which reported the spread of parasites in Ukraine. The research results show that the infestation of ruminants with gastrointestinal helminths on the territory of Ukraine is 56.7%. Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias. During the period of pastured farming, stable parasitocenoses are formed in the body of ruminants. The parasitoses are caused by helminths (gastrointestinal strongyles, liver flukes, paramphistomas, dicrocelia). They are recorded in monoinvasions or mixed invasions. Ruminants, according to helminthological examination in different climatic zones, are constantly infested with trematodes. In Ukraine, the presence of three species of flukes has been confirmed in ruminants: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi. Parasitization by those species negatively affects the profitability of dairy farming. Trematodes cause significant economic losses: reduced milk productivity of cows, reduced live weight gain of young animals, negative impact on reproduction. At the same time, fascioliasis is socially significant and dangerous to humans. According to the analyzed literature sources, two types of cestodes have been registered in Ukraine: Moniezia benedeni and M. expansa. The epizootic situation regarding nematodes is just as fraught. That is the most numerous group of helminths, their fauna is represented by the following species: Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spathiger, Bunostomum spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus contortus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichuris skrjabini, T. ovis and T. globulosa. It is proven that in cattle parasitocenoses are recorded more often than monoinvasions. The highest rates of prevalence of infection were observed when polyinvasion included gastrointestinal strongyles, namely from the order Strongylida. Strongyloides papillosus is the most common taxonomic representative, while Fasciola hepatica has the lowest prevalence of infection, especially in sheep. Updated data on helminthiasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain the health of farm ruminants and reduce economic losses.

STUDY OF HELMINTH FAUNA OF THE EUROPEAN BISON IN THE KALUGA REGION

This article describes the study of the parasitic fauna of the European bison in the national Park "Ugra", the Kaluga Region. In the Russian Federation, this species has an official status of endangered species, therefore it is listed in the Red Book. In the Kaluga Region, there are several areas where the bison lives; in this work, the study area was the Dzerzhinsky District. The aim of the study was to detect and differentiate helminths, and provide therapeutic and preventive recommendations. The experiments were carried out using methods of flotation and sequential washings. Six species were selected as study helminths from three main classes of parasites: 1 species of helminths Dicrocoelium lanceatum from the class of trematodes (Trematoda). This parasite is localized in the liver and gall bladder. Three species of tapeworms from the class of cestodes (Cestoda): Moniezia expansa, which affects the small intestine, Cysticercus taenuicollis (Taenia hydatigena) and Cysticercus bovis (Taeniarhynchus saginatus), which can affect the musculature of animals. Two species of the parasite from the class of nematodes (Nematoda): Oesophagostomum radiatum and Nematodirus helvetianus, which are mainly localized in the small intestine. The topic of helminth fauna of the bison requires further study, since these animals can be the main sources of invasion. They live in the same biotopes as other ruminants, therefore they can cause infection of cattle and small ruminants that are in nearby territories for grazing.

Identifikasi Cacing Nematoda pada Sekum dan Kolon Sapi Kurban yang Dipotong saat Idul Adha 1439 H di Wilayah Surabaya Timur

The aim of this research was to detect the presence of nematode worms that infects sacrificial cattle slaughtered duringEid al-Adha 1439 H in East Surabaya. This research used 24 sampels of sacrificial cattle and used digestive tract surgical method. Based on the result of the examination using a microscope with 100x magnification, there are positive samples infected with nematode worms. In caecum cattle consist of Oesophagostomum radiatum and Trichuris spp. In colon cattle consist of Oesophagostomum radiatum.

The Incidence Rate of Helminthiasis in The Digestive Tract of Dairy Cattle in The Partnership of PT. Greenfields Indonesia

Background: One of the partnerships of PT. Greenfields Indonesia is located on the slopes of Mount Kawi, precisely in Pijiombo, Ngadirenggo Village, Wlingi District, Blitar Regency. The tropical situation in this area is very humid and has high rainfall. It causes dairy cattle to be infected with helminths. Therefore, observations of the incidence rate of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in dairy cattle are needed. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dairy cattle in the partnership of PT. Greenfields Indonesia. Method: Fecal samples from 36 dairy cattle were collected and examined using native, sedimentation, and flotation techniques. Result: Indicated that the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in the dairy cattle was about 66,66%. There were 24 dairy cattle positively and 12 cattle negatively. Helminth species found included class Nematoda (Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Mecistocirrus digitatus, and Gaigeria pachyscelis) and Cestoda (Moniezia expansa). Conclusion: The incidence rate of helminthiasis was quite high dairy cattle in the partnership of PT. Greenfields Indonesia.

Helminth infections of great concern among cattle in Nigeria: Insight to its prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors.

Background and Aim:Helminth infections are one of the greatest causes of productive and reproductive loss in animals and man, and in some cases, it results in heavy mortalities. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors associated with helminth infections of cattle in Ilorin, Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A total of 478 fecal samples were collected from abattoirs and cattle farms over a year period (March, 2018-February, 2019). Fecal samples were visually examined then observed using simple flotation and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques. Eggs and worms were identified according to standard procedures. The packed cell volume was determined using the hematocrit centrifugation technique.Results:A total of 79.92% of the cattle examined were found positive with one or more helminth species. Eighteen helminth species (cutting across all classes of helminths) were detected, with Haemonchus contortus (60.46%), Trichostrongylus spp. (46.44%), Ostertagia ostertagi (42.05%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (28.87%), Cooperia spp. (24.27%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (21.97%), Strongyloides papillosus (12.13%), and Fasciola gigantica (10.67%) been the most prevalent. Helminth infection was detected all through the year with the least prevalence recorded in February (55.00%). About 61% of the examined cattle harbored double/multiple helminth species. There was a significant difference between breed, sex, physiological status, and season with the prevalence rate of helminth infections (p<0.05).Conclusion:Our investigation demonstrated high prevalence and wide diversity of helminth species, which suggests that helminth infections are of great concern among cattle in Ilorin and Nigeria in general. There is a need for a radical veterinary intervention to curb the menace so as to have an economically robust cattle industry in Nigeria.

Molecular method for the semiquantitative identification of gastrointestinal nematodes in domestic ruminants.

Standard diagnostic methods currently in use for the identification of helminth infections in ruminants are based on the morphological analysis of immature and adult stages of parasites. This paper describes a method for the semiquantitative identification of nematodes, mainly Trichostrongyloidea, at species-level resolution. The method is based on amplification and fragment analysis followed by minisequencing of the ITS-2 region (internal transcribed spacer 2) of the ribosomal DNA of parasite eggs or larvae. This method allows for the identification of seven genera (Chabertia, Cooperia, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum, Ostertagia, Teladorsagia, and Trichostrongylus) and 12 species (Chabertia ovina, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia oncophora/Cooperia surnabada, Haemonchus contortus, Haemonchus placei, Haemonchus longistipes, Oesophagostomum asperum, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis) of infectious nematodes of domestic ruminants. The concordance between the morphological and molecular analyses in the detection of genera ranged from 0.84 to 0.99, suggesting the proposed detection method is specific, semiquantitative, less laborious, and highly cost-efficient.

Keragaman dan Intensitas Infeksi Endoparasit Gastrointestinal pada Sapi Bali dengan Sistem Ekstensif di Kabupaten Kupang

Tanah Putih Village has the potential for the development of Bali cattle because it has extensive grazing land and the majority of farmers raise Bali cattle. The aim of the study was to obtain data on the diversity and intensity of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection in Balinese cattle with an extensive breeding system in Tanah Putih Village, Kupang Timur District, Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Gastrointestinal endoparasitic diversity was identify using sedimentation and flotation methods while the intensity of endoparasitic infection was carried out using McMaster method, while data on the diversity and rates of gastrointestinal endoparasitic infection were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study on the diversity of gastrointestinal endoparasites found there are five types of nematode worm eggs namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei. Factors that support the diversity of endoparasites are feed sources, livestock populations, and grazing rotation. The average number of worm eggs found based on the total eggs per gram of faeces for Haemonchus contortus as many as 100 eggs and the other four types of worm eggs amounted to 50 eggs. The average number of eggs indicates that endoparasitic infections in these animals fall into the mild intensity category, is influenced by season, feed source, and age of livestock. The five types of gastrointestinal endoparasites found namely Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Trichostrongylus axei.

Detection of parasitic helminths in cattle from Banda Aceh, Indonesia.

Aim:The objective of this research was to identify the parasite species found in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse using lactophenol and semichon carmine staining.Materials and Methods:Each sample out of 50 samples of gastrointestinal tract and pancreas from Aceh cattle slaughtered in a Banda Aceh slaughterhouse was separated by organ. Each organ was examined for the presence of worm. Then, the parasitic worms found were subsequently collected and separated based on class and species, followed by staining using lactophenol and semichon carmine. The worms were then identified and their prevalence was determined.Results:The results showed that three species of parasites were successfully identified, all belonging to the nematode class, namely, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Oesophagostomum columbianum, and Setaria labiatopapillosa with the prevalence of 12%, 10%, and 6%, respectively. In addition, there was one species of parasite from the trematode class, namely, Eurytrema pancreaticum with prevalence of 0.4%.Conclusion:The nematode class worms, such as O. radiatum, O. columbianum, and S. labiatopapillosa, can be stained by lactophenol, while the trematode class worm such as E. pancreaticum can be stained by semichon’s carmine.

Season-long effectiveness of stocker-calf treatment at turnout with eprinomectin extended-release injection or a combination of injectable doramectin and oral albendazole

On May 22, 2013, 128 stocker calves enrolled in an internal parasite control study were treated according to structured allocations and placed directly onto treatment-specific, randomly allocated, similar pastures (4 animals/2 acres (0.8 hectare) pasture). Treatment groups were saline injection (8 pastures); 0.09 mg/lb (0.2 mg/kg) BW doramectin injection concomitantly with 4.54 mg/lb (10 mg/kg) BW albendazole oral suspension (12 pastures); and 0.45 mg/lb (1 mg/kg) BW eprinomectin extended-release injection (12 pastures). Over the 119-day grazing period, average daily gains ñ SE were 1.21ñ0.07, 1.46ñ0.04, and 1.52ñ0.04 lb (0.55ñ0.03, 0.66ñ0.02, and 0.69ñ0.02 kg)/day for the saline, combination, and extended-release groups, respectively; calves in the combination and extended-release groups outgained the control group (P&lt;0.05). In comparison to the saline-treated group, there were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) reductions of strongyle fecal egg counts at 14, 30, and 58 days post-treatment (combination group) and at 14 and 30 days post-treatment (extended-release group). No significant differences in adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum populations between treatment groups were seen at necropsy. The combination treatment group had fewer O. ostertagi early fourth-stage larvae than did controls (P&lt;0.05). Based on results of this study, a single treatment of heavily infected and challenged stocker calves in the spring in Arkansas with either extended-release eprinomectin or doramectin+albendazole was not sufficient for adequate parasitic nematode control.

Multispecies resistance of cattle gastrointestinal nematodes to long-acting avermectin formulations in Mato Grosso do Sul

The use of long-acting avermectins (AVMs) in cattle to treat infections with gastrointestinal nematodes was common in Brazil until its prohibition by state authorities. The prohibition; however, was rescinded in 2015, but a scientific discussion of the pros and cons of the use of these formulations is necessary. We evaluated the levels of resistance to 1.0 and 3.5% doramectin and to 3.15% ivermectin in cattle. The worms in animals treated with 3.5% doramectin were characterized by the suppression of oviposition and by a higher proportion of adult females carrying no eggs. Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. spatulata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum were resistant to the above compositions. The administration of long-acting AVM formulations did not result in a higher efficacy against these helminth populations.

Endectocide activity of a pour-on formulation containing 1.5 per cent ivermectin +0.5 per cent abamectin in cattle

The present work aimed to evaluate, through ten different studies, the therapeutic efficacy of a new pour-on formulation, containing 1.5 per cent ivermectin +0.5 per cent abamectin, against parasites of...