OECD Member Countries Research Articles

Is it true that the benefit level of the National Pension is not low? : A comparison with other OECD member countries

본 연구의 목적은 국민연금의 급여 수준, 즉 소득대체율이 OECD 평균과 비교해 낮지 않다는 ‘국민연금 급여 과장론’에 대한 비판적 고찰을 하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 국민연금 급여 과장론의 주장을 하후상박 구조론과 지급률 사용론, 기초연금 누락론, 실질소득대체율 주목론 등 4가지로 구분하여 이에 대한 반론을 전개하고, 그 과정에서 국민연금 소득대체율에 대한 객관적인 평가를 수행하였다.BR 급여과장론의 주장을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, OECD 회원국 중 12개국(한국 제외)이 공적연금 급여에 하후상박 구조를 가지고 있었으며, 저임금자의 소득대체율도 OECD 회원국에 비해 낮은 수준임을 확인하였다. 둘째, 지급률이 실제 급여 수준을 보여주지 못하는 한계를 가지고 있을 뿐만 아니라 국민연금의 지급률은 OECD 회원국에 비해 낮은 수준임을 확인하였다. 셋째, 기초연금을 반영한 소득대체율을 고려하더라도 공적연금 급여의 소득대체율은 OECD 회원국에 비해 낮았다. 마지막으로 국민연금의 보장성 강화를 위해서는 명목소득대체율 인상과 함께 실질소득대체율을 올리기 위한 다양한 정책이 추진될 필요가 있음을 강조하였다.

Enhancing Work-life Balance by Getting Off Work On Time

Taiwanese workers experienced longer working hours, compared to workers from most of the member countries of OECD. Previous studies suggested that long working hours and overtime work could cause negative consequences to an individual’s work-life balance, but they only examined the relationship between a total number of working hours and work-life balance. This study shifted the focus toward (a) identifying various forms of overtime work by developing a “get off work on time” (GOWOT) scale and (b) exploring the relationships among get off work on time, work-life balance, perceived organizational support, organizational commitment, and workaholism from border theory and social exchange theory perspectives. This study collected 246 valid responses from incumbent workers in various industries on two occasions. This study first verified the factor structure of the 3-dimensional GOWOT scale: leave on time, no assigned tasks via communication devices after work, and no compulsory activities after work. The results revealed (1) GOWOT was positively related to work-life balance; (2) work-life balance was positively related to perceived organizational support; (3) perceived organizational support was positively associated with organizational commitment; (4) the moderating role of workaholism on the relationship between GOWOT and work-life balance was observed; (5) work-life balance mediated the relationship between GOWOT and perceived organizational support; and (6) there was an indirect effect of GOWOT on organizational commitment via work-life balance and perceived organizational support. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications, and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Economic Causes Of Theft In 25 OECD Countries: Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

There are many reasons for crime, including biological, psychological, economic, and social. The reasons for the crime may vary according to the types of crime. While some types of crimes are mostly committed for economic reasons, many factors other than economic factors can be predominantly influential in committing some types of crimes. However, it can be thought that economic factors are practically based on most problems arising from social and psychological factors. For this reason, it is essential to investigate the economic causes of crime types. In this study context, the economic reasons for theft crime which is mostly committed for economic reasons, were investigated by the System Generalized Moments Method (GMM) for selected countries (25 OECD countries) that are members of the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. While determining the OECD member countries, the data set of all the variables (unemployment, Gini coefficient as an indicator of income inequality, consumer price index as an indicator of inflation, social expenditures, and population) included in the analysis was examined, and a standard analysis period (2013-2018) was determined according to these data. Thus, the effect of these variables on theft crime was investigated for the period 2013-2018. In the literature, economic variables were mostly used in the studies on the subject, but there were not many studies investigating the effect of the social expenditure variable on theft crime. For this reason, it is thought that the study will contribute to the literature. According to the system GMM analysis results, while unemployment, inflation (consumer price index), and the Gini coefficient positively affect theft crime, social expenditures and population variables have no effect.

ICT and Environmental Sustainability: A Comparative Study

This study investigates the role of information and communication technology (ICT), political instability and violence, and international protocols on global carbon emissions. Our empirical analysis used archival data for 146 economies from 1996 to 2019. The study’s estimates are also based on subsamples from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries. The study found that ICT has statistically significant impacts on reducing CO2 emissions globally, but the extension of the impact for OECD member countries is considerably more substantial. Therefore, the subject of study is considered to be among the first few studies to measure the effects of violence and regional conflicts on global warming—a notable result for conflict regions around the world. Additionally, the authors narrowed down the findings to a micro level and conducted a comparative study between Canada and the United Kingdom to evaluate the countries’ performances concerning climate mitigation initiatives.

Measuring Productivities for the 38 OECD Member Countries: An Input-Output Modelling Approach

Using a multisectoral model and the latest data from the OECD Input-Output Tables (IOTs-2021 ed.), this article estimates labour and capital productivities of the 38 OECD member countries. As measures of the productivity of labour, we consider the inverse of the vertically integrated labour coefficients, while Perron–Frobenius theorems are employed so as to measure capital productivity. In this respect, the productive technologies and the intersectoral relationships of each economy are taken into account. We further investigate the relationship between productivity, economic efficiency and living standards. Findings indicate that the impact of capital productivity on higher living standards depends on the evolutionary and institutional background of the economy at hand.

Providing long‐term care: Options for a better workforce

AbstractOlder people and their care workers have been disproportionately affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Many OECD Member countries have taken measures to contain the spread of the infection and improve the care workforce. Yet the health crisis is highlighting and exacerbating pre‐existing structural problems in the long‐term care (LTC) sector. In many OECD Member countries, recruiting enough workers in LTC remains a challenge and care workers experience difficult working conditions. Skills mismatch and poor integration with the rest of health care lie at the root of preventable hospital admissions even in normal times. Such challenges are likely to become ever more acute if no further action is taken given the speed of population ageing. Policies to improve recruitment and which also address retention through training, improvements in coordination and productivity, leveraging the effect of digital technologies, are needed.

The Granger Causality Between Health Expenditure and Gross Domestic Product in OECD Countries

The aim of this study is to reflect the causality relationship between the exchange ratio in gross domestic product (dGDP) and health expenditures per capita (HEPC) among OECD countries based on purchasing power parity in dollars through Granger causality test. Within this perspective, HEPC data of 26 OECD member countries between the years 1992 and 2014 and GDP exchange ratio between the periods 1992–1993 and 2014–2015 were analysed. As a result of the analysis, the relation between the exchange ratio in GDP and HEPC is unilateral in 9 countries and bilateral in 2 countries while there has not been any relation in 15 countries. There are strong relations between the revenues of countries and their health expenditures. The results from this study is considered to lead the health policy makers and planners in taking administrative decisions.

Shareholder payouts across time and space: an internationally comparative and cross-sectoral analysis of corporate financialisation

ABSTRACT Shareholder value orientation has commonly been considered a hallmark of corporate financialisation. Today, firms increasingly share their profits with shareholders in the form of cash dividends and share buybacks. Yet how the shareholder payouts are distributed by firms from various sectors, sizes and countries remain unexplored. To complement existing accumulation- and asset-centred approaches that focus, respectively, on how resources enter the firm and change its structure, we present a payouts-centred approach to corporate financialisation that focuses on how resources leave the firm. This paper analyses firm-level trends in shareholder payouts in OECD member countries for the period 2000–2019, differentiating between types of distributed payouts. We show that shareholder payouts are high across various sectors and geographical locations, and not limited to a small subset of large, US-American financial corporations, but include ‘big pharma’ and ‘big tech’ as well as Latin American and Israeli firms. The paper sheds light on the nature of the contemporary corporations and contributes to discussions on the increasing financialisation of non-financial firms and their rising shareholder value orientation.

초고령사회의 사회운용 패러다임의 전환에 대한 연구

As Korea's aging population progressed rapidly, 40% (Statistics Office) of cities, counties, and districts nationwide already entered a super-aged society. UN standards classify aging society, aging society, and super-aged society when the proportion of people aged 65 or older to the total population is 7%, 14%, and 20%. According to the National Statistical Office's forecast (2020-2070 Future Population Estimation) according to the current trend, the entire country will enter a super-aged society by 2025. As such, aging requires a major shift in the paradigm of social management as a phenomenon that has a great ripple effect on society as a whole. If Korea's population aging progresses slowly over 100 years like other countries in the world, society will gradually adapt and change in line with the changing demographic structure. However, the pace of aging in Korea is unprecedentedly fast. Korea ranks first in the elderly poverty rate and the elderly suicide rate among OECD member countries. The quality of life of the elderly falls short of the OECD average. These phenomena are inevitable results of failure to prepare for a new paradigm shift of population aging. Some experts warn that more problems will emerge in the future as Korea's elderly population is close to 38% in 2050 and is expected to become the world's oldest country. This is a well-known fact that no group, no policy, or specific person can be held accountable. Overall, it is a topic that individuals, groups (businesses, etc.), and countries should constantly think about. Hints were obtained from Japan, which currently lives in a super-aged society, and the contents that previous researchers commonly pay attention to were collected and prioritized. In conclusion, in order to solve the aging problem, the elderly must be the subject of production and consumption. Just as customers are aging, it is necessary to consider an alternative family community due to the improvement of the education system system system and the increase of single-person households for fundamental social system adjustment and change.

Overall Outlook of Education and Its Impact on the Economy in Turkey and OECD

As of today, education-based investments are among the basic components for determining the development level of countries and realizing their economic goals. Investments made for educational purposes are perceived as the main elements of growth due to their positive impacts on productivity, as well as providing individuals and society with benefits. Education expenditures directly affect the national income and production levels of the country, enhance the living standards, and stimulate factors such as knowledge and invention. The study aims to compare the importance and competence attached to education in Turkey with other OECD countries within the last decade. To this end, the educational statistics obtained from the OECD website were primarily utilized in the study, and then Turkey and OECD-member countries were compared in terms of education levels and expenditures. Upon evaluating the data obtained as a result of the study, it is seen that education expenditures are insufficient in Turkey, the importance attached to education remains at quite a lower level compared to the OECD-member countries, and Turkey’s problems in the field of education have begun to become inveterate.

Influence of Agricultural Chains on the Carbon Footprint in the Context of European Green Pact and Crises

Agriculture and related activities generate a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions with environmental and biodiversity implications. Based on the European objectives proposed by the Green Pact, this paper assesses the carbon footprint of agricultural chains for European OECD member countries. The period analysed is 2000–2019, and the method applied is panel data, specific to OLS models. We opted for three research directions: one is general, one is geographical and one is in temporary dynamics. The general analysis shows that in the European region, the organically cultivated area and economic growth reduce the carbon footprint, while fertilisers, aquaculture production, investments in road infrastructure and agricultural area determine its increase. The geographical analysis outlines the existence of two clusters, one consisting of Member States where agricultural chains reduce their carbon footprint and one consisting of a larger number of Member States, including the major European agricultural powers, where agricultural chains increase the carbon footprint. The temporary analysis reveals that the EU has changed its paradigm since 2008–2009. Economic growth has been slowly decoupling from the carbon footprint since 2016, and the rest of the factors analysed have become more environmental since the late 2010s. The EU has positioned itself towards achieving the objectives set by the Green Pact at a slow pace, justified by the heterogeneity of members’ national characteristics, in addition to its purpose not to harm the food security of the population. In order to achieve the objectives proposed by the Green Pact, it is necessary to focus on more extensive organic farming and traditional production methods, more extensive efforts to reduce nitrogen surplus in fertilizer content, to support short agri-food chains and to identify new production techniques, including the use of nanotechnology and high-performance technologies. Local agricultural chains are crystallizing into a possible solution to the insecurity generated by energy and food crises, political conflicts, pandemics, under the observation that organic products should be excluded from the category of luxury commodity.

GIS를 활용한 노인 및 어린이 교통사고 다발지역과 노인 및 어린이 보호구역 지정에 대한 적합성 검증

Currently, our country is showing a gradual decline in the rate of traffic accidents, but when compared internationally, it is ranked 24th, the lowest among 24 countries, with more than twice the average number of traffic accidents per 100,000 people in OECD member countries. As such, it can be seen that the current status of traffic accidents in Korea is very serious. In addition, despite entering an aging society, the number of traffic accidents for the elderly aged 65 or older in Korea is about three times higher than the average of OECD member countries, and traffic accidents for the elderly are seriously occurring. Therefore, this study examines the distribution of traffic accidents among the elderly and children, and uses the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze whether the senior protection zone is appropriately designated compared with the children protection zone. As a result of the analysis, it was found that almost all areas of child traffic accident and children protection zones were designated appropriately as they matched, while most areas of elderly traffic accident and senior protection zones were not matched. Therefore, through this study, it was confirmed that elderly traffic accidents occur frequently, but senior protection zones are very insufficient. Based on this, legal and policy suggestions were discussed to prevent traffic accidents in the elderly and to deterrence and control drivers' violations of laws.

Design of the performance outcome scoring template (POS-T) with example application on CO2 emissions reduction amongst 36 OECD member countries

In applied program settings, such as in natural environment control and education, performance evaluation is usually conducted by evaluators considering both self-comparison and comparison with peers. We have developed the performance outcome scoring template (POS-T) for assessments with high face-validity in these settings. POS-T puts achievements of individuals or groups in context, i.e. the resulting performance outcome score (POS) reflects a meaningful measure of performance magnitude with regards to internal and external comparisons. Development of a POS is performed in four steps supported by a statistical framework. Software is supplied for creation of scoring applications in different performance evaluation settings. We demonstrate the POS-T by evaluation of CO2 emissions reduction amongst 36 OECD member countries.

Cultural Impact on Economic Freedom in OECD Member Countries

Cultural Impact on Economic Freedom in OECD Member Countries

Regional Well-Being and its Inequality in the OECD Member Countries

Regional Well-Being and its Inequality in the OECD Member Countries

Environmental regulations as industrial policy: Vehicle emission standards and automotive industry performance

In this paper, we examine a potential causal link between vehicle emission standards and local automotive industry performance, using a 42-country panel data set covering a 19-year period between 2000 and 2018. Our panel logit analysis shows that having a sizeable local automotive industry decreases the chance of adopting stringent vehicle emission standards, while the stock of automotive FDI increases the chance. This finding suggests that the primary motivations for vehicle emission standards may not be purely environmental. Our follow-up Granger causality test demonstrates that such non-environmental motivations have in fact translated into an actual industry-promotion outcome. Stricter emission standards in OECD member countries tend to promote local automotive output and international vehicle export with a 3-year time lag, while this causal link is limited to up-market exports for non-OECD panels. Automotive FDI hosts with large domestic markets and/or local-brand automakers also present a similar causal link, but in this case significant long-term industry-promotion effects appear only after a short-term negative shock. These results suggest that a regulation-induced short-term efficiency loss may be partly offset by a long-term productivity gain through advance/timely local adoption of cleaner technologies.

COMPARATIVE АASSESSMENT OF INSTITUTIONS, INFRASTRUCTURE AND MANAGEMENT OF RA PENSION FUNDS

The pension system is an important and at the same time very vulnerable part of the social structure of the state, which is at the crossroads of the interests of the national economy, the whole society and the elderly of disabled age. The pension system manifests itself based on the level of economic development, the prevailing sociodemographic realities. In 2010, the RA Law “On Funded Pensions” was adopted, and the funded pension system of the RA entered the process of active reform, as a result of which a four-tier pension system was formed. The concept of the pension reform boiled down to the introduction of a multi-level pension system in the Republic of Armenia, which, along with the existing pay-as-you-go system, included two new components: a) compulsory pension insurance and b) voluntary non-state pension insurance. The new matrix of the pension system, along with certain benefits, also contains certain risks, including political, organizational, regulatory, managerial, requiring the establishment of preventive regulations and constant monitoring. The article describes the activities of pension funds in Armenia, assesses the effectiveness of management companies. A detailed comparative analysis of key pension indicators of both the EAEU countries and the OECD member countries was carried out

THE TRENDS OF THE DENSITY OF SURGEONS IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND 16 OECD COUNTRIES DURING 2005-2018.

The aim: To establish that there are differences in the density trends of surgeons in some European countries and 16 OECD countries and to compare the trends of the density of surgeons in some European countries and 16 OECD member countries, 2005 - 2018. Materials and methods: The study is based on data of the Centre for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine obtained during 2005-2020 and OECD data obtained during 2005-2018. The Difference-in-Differences method has been used to determine the density trends differences, the regression analysis method - to predict the number of surgeons in 2020. Results: In 2020, there were 28,559 surgeons (0.687 per 1,000) in Ukraine, which is by 17.7% less than in 2005. From 2005 to 2018, the density of surgeons per 1000 in Ukraine and the United States decreased (-7.45% and -2.5%). In Korea (+ 78.38%), Greece (+ 65.52%), Lithuania (+ 58.57%), Slovenia (+ 45.65%) and other 11 countries the surgeon's density increased. In 2030, Ukraine is predicted to significantly reduce the number of surgeons, general surgeons, ophthalmologists and urologists; as well as to increase the number of cardiovascular surgeons. The number of proctologists, oncologists-surgeons, neurosurgeons, thoracic surgeons, orthopaedists-traumatologists and anaesthesiologists will not change significantly. Conclusions: It is possible to state the availability of surgical care according to the density of surgeons in Ukraine, similar to the level of OECD countries. In 2030, the number of surgeons is projected to decrease, with the exception of cardiovascular surgeons.

The impact of intellectual property protection on imports : a comparison between OECD and non-OECD member countries

지식재산권보호가 무역에 미치는 영향은 시장확대효과(market expansion effect)와 시장지배력효과(market power effect)의 두 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전세계 122개국가를 대상으로 지식재산권보호가 수입에 미치는 영향을 실증분석하였다. 분석연도는 2000년, 2005년, 2010년, 2015년이며, 전체국가를 OECD 회원국과 비OECD 회원국으로 구분하여 지식재산권의 보호효과에 차이가 있는지도 살펴보았다. 분석결과 전체국가를 대상으로 하였을 때는 국가의 지식재산권 보호의 수준이 높을수록 수입에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 지식재산권의 보호가 무역에 미치는 시장확대효과를 지지하는 것으로 나타났다. 국가의 규모(GDP), 개방도, R&D집중도를 모형에 추가하여 분석한 결과 국가의 규모와 개방도는 무역에 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 R&D집중도의 영향은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 효과는 OECD 회원국을 대상으로 했을 때 더욱 분명하게 나타나며, 비 OECD 회원국의 경우 지식재산권이 무역에 미치는 영향은 확실하지 않다. 또한 OECD회원국을 대상으로 규모(GDP)와 개방도와 R&D집중도 변수를 추가하여 분석한 결과 이들 변수는 모두 수입에 유의한 양의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.The impact of intellectual property right(IPR) protection on trade can be divided into two categories: the market expansion effect and the market power effect. This study empirically analyzed the impact of IPR protection on imports in 122 countries. The years of analysis are 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We also examined whether there are differences in the protection effect of IPRs between OECD and non-OECD member countries. As a result of the analysis for all countries, the higher the level of national IPR protection, the more positive the impact on imports, thus supporting the market expansion effect of IPR protection on trade. As a result of analyzing the country s size(GDP), openness, and R&D intensity by adding it to the model, it was found that the country s size and openness had a significant effect on trade, but the effect of R&D intensity was not significant. This effect is more evident in OECD member countries, and the impact of intellectual property rights on trade in non-OECD member countries is unclear. In addition, as a result of analyzing the scale(GDP), degree of openness, and R&D intensity in OECD member countries, it was found that all of these variables had a significant positive effect on imports.

Evaluation of Turkey’s Effectiveness Against OECD And EU Member Countries in Fighting Covid-19

Günümüzde Covid-19 ile mücadele tüm ülkelerin en önemli gündem konusudur. Ülkeler karantina, test ve aşı uygulamaları ile tıbbi tedavi hizmetinden oluşan politikalar uygulayarak Covid-19 ile mücadele etmeye çalışmaktadır. Dünya nüfusu ile birlikte mevcut test ve aşı üretim kapasitesi göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu kaynakların etkin kullanımı pandemi ile mücadele açısından büyük öneme sahip olmaktadır. Bu nedenle çalışmada Türkiye’nin de içerisinde yer aldığı 41 OECD ve AB üye ülkesinin pandemi ile mücadele sürecindeki göreli etkinliği Veri Zarflama Analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmektedir. Yapılan analiz sonucuna göre; ülkeler ortalama 0,675 teknik etkinlik değeri ile etkinlik sınırından uzaktır. 41 ülkeden sadece 8’i pandemi ile mücadelede göreli teknik etkinliğe sahiptir. Görece teknik etkinlik değeri en düşük olan ülke Şili iken, görece teknik etkin olmayan ancak etkinlik sınırına en yakın olan ülke İrlanda olmaktadır. ABD ve Kanada gibi gelişmiş ve zengin ülkelerin pandemi ile mücadelede düşük performans sergilediği görülmektedir. Türkiye de teknik etkinliği yakalayamayan ülkeler arasında yer almaktadır. Türkiye’nin teknik etkinlik sınırını yakalayabilmesi için referans kümesinde yer alan ülkeleri dikkate alarak, vaka ve test sayısını %90 oranında azaltırken, iyileşen sayısını %758 oranında artırması gerekmektedir.