Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma Research Articles

Differentially expressed microRNAs, including a large microRNA cluster on chromosome 24, are associated with equine sarcoid and squamous cell carcinoma

The aim of this study was to investigate microRNA (miRNA) differential expression in the two most common equine skin tumours, equine sarcoid (ES) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and its potential influence on the tumour microenvironment at post-transcriptional level. We investigated miRNA fingerprints in four subgroups: mild (ESM) and aggressive (ESA) ES and ocular SCC (oSCC) and genital SCC (gSCC). Three tumours and three control samples were included in each of the four subgroups. Following next generation sequencing, miRNA differential expression analysis using DESeq2 was carried out. Pathways associated with the human mature homologues of identified dysregulated miRNAs were predicted using DIANA- miRPath v3.0. When comparing tumour vs control tissue, 57 miRNAs in ESM, six in ESA, 47 in oSCC and zero in gSCC were found to be differentially expressed and may thus serve as potential diagnostic tissue biomarkers. Whereas, ES lesions in general were associated with downregulation of the miR-200 family, which may trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ESM lesions were associated with upregulation of the proposed tumour-suppressive miRNA cluster on equine chromosome 24. In contrast, the oSCC tumours showed downregulation of this cluster as well as downregulation of the miR-34 family, which may favour oSCC tumour cell metabolism. To further validate the proposed diagnostic miRNA fingerprints and their suggested biological effects, further miRNA studies need to be carried out in larger study cohorts.

Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 1 and Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Are Expressed in Conjunctival Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Therapeutic Implications

Novel cancer immunotherapies, called immune checkpoint inhibitors, have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Tissue expression of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) has been shown to predict tumor response to these drugs. We examine the expression of prognostic immune biomarkers, PD-L1 and PD-L2, in invasive ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Retrospective case series. Eighteen cases of ocular surface or ocular adnexal invasive squamous cell carcinomas were identified in pathology case files of the Massachusetts General Hospital/Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and at the Wills Eye Hospital accessioned between January 1, 2014 and January 1, 2017. Immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1, PD-L2, CD8, and p16 was performed and graded in a standardized fashion. PD-L1 and PD-L2 were expressed on tumor cells to varying degrees, and also on some stromal cells and endothelial cells. Stromal and endothelial cell expression was also seen in control conjunctival specimens. Tumor expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 was present on the cell membranes. All 18 (100%) of the tumors expressed PD-L1: 7 (39%) expressed a high level, 3 (17%) expressed a medium level, and 8 (44%) expressed a low level. Only 9 (50%) tumors expressed PD-L2 and it was at a low level. The expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells correlated with the presence of CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes among tumor cells (P < .01) and with the presence of CD8-positive cells in the surrounding stroma (P= .04). A subset of ocular invasive conjunctival squamous carcinomas express high levels of PD-L1 and CD8 and therefore may respond therapeutically to immune checkpoint inhibition.

TNF-alpha Level, a Marker for Ivermectin Induced Immune Modulation in Cattle with Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (BOSCC)

TNF-alpha Level, a Marker for Ivermectin Induced Immune Modulation in Cattle with Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (BOSCC)

Limbal squamous cell carcinoma in a Rocky Mountain Horse: Case report and investigation of genetic contribution

To document a case of limbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a Rocky Mountain Horse stallion determined to be homozygous for the genetic risk factor (DDB2 c.1013C>T) strongly associated with the disease in Haflinger and Belgian horses, and to determine the frequency of this allele in a larger population of Rocky Mountain Horses. One privately owned Rocky Mountain Horse and 84 Rocky Mountain Horses screened for allelic frequency. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed on a Rocky Mountain Horse stallion for assessment of a mass affecting the right eye. A clinical diagnosis of suspected limbal SCC was made, and routine keratoconjunctivectomy and adjunctive strontium irradiation were performed. Genotyping for the DDB2 c.1013C > T (rs1139682898) risk variant was performed utilizing an allele-specific PCR assay on DNA isolated from whole blood and hair follicles. Histopathology confirmed the limbal mass to be consistent with SCC. The horse was genotyped as homozygous for the DDB2 c.1013C >T risk variant. The frequency of the variant allele among a population of 84 Rocky Mountain Horses was found to be 0.20. The Rocky Mountain Horse breed possesses the DDB2 variant allele determined to be a significant risk factor for ocular SCC in the Haflinger and Belgian breeds. Genotyping additional Rocky Mountain Horses diagnosed with ocular SCC as well as confirmed healthy controls for this variant should be undertaken to determine whether a significant association exists between ocular SCC and the variant in the Rocky Mountain Horse breed.

Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic disease of the squamous epithelial cells that has been rarely described in the literature. This neoplasm affects the eyelid, conjunctiva and third eyelid, as well as the cornea. Corneal SCC is a neoplastic lesion characterized by a pink, typically irregular mass protruding from the epithelial surface of the cornea. Canine corneal SCC has been associated with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or keratitis secondary to exophthalmia and is common in humans, horses and cows. The treatment is surgical with excision of the lesion of the ocular surface. This paper reported a study of a dog with corneal SCC, which was successfully treated with a superficial lamellar keratectomy excision combined with cryosurgery. Case: An 8-year-old male English bulldog was presented for the evaluation of a red mass on its left eye that had progressively grown over a 1-year period. The mass was approximately 6mm in diameter and it was elevated from 3 to 4 mm above the corneal surface with no expansion onto bulbar conjunctiva. At physical examination it was normal except for the ocular disease. A complete blood cell count and serum chemical profiles were unremarkable. The radiographic evaluation did not demonstrate any evidence of metastasis. The mass was excised by a superficial lamellar keratectomy and the surgical bed was frozen with nitrous oxide. The surgical procedures consisted in excising a rim of grossly normal conjunctiva with 2mm along the mass that was sent for histopathological examination. The postoperative measures included the administration of topical tobramycin at 0.3%, four times a day, and systemic carprofen 4 mg/kg, daily, for 5 days. A reexamination was performed after 14, 21, 30, 42, 70 and 180 days postoperatively. When the cornea was healed, topical dexamethasone at 1% was prescribed, twice a day for 2 weeks to control an excessive vascularization at the limbus. In 70 days, the postoperative result was very satisfactory and there was no evidence of ocular inflammation. Two years after the surgical procedure the dog had not developed metastasis or recorrence of the ocular neoplasm. Discussion: Ocular or adnexal SCC in animals and humans is suspected to be a result of the chronic effect of ultraviolet light on the epithelium. Also, in dogs the SCC has been associated with a chronic source of irritation. The dog observed in our study was brachycephalic, with natural exophthalmic eyes and oversized palpebral fissures that may have caused excessive and chronic corneal exposure to solar radiation. The treatment of choice was excision of the lesion with a wide surgical margin, because it is the standard treatment for SCC of the cornea and cryotherapy has been a common modality of treatment. A histological examination revealed islands and nests of pleomorphic epithelial cells and keratin pearls and the diagnosis of the corneal SCC was made. No evidence of metastasis or recurrence has been found since the surgical procedure. Although, recurrence rates following the excision of this neoplasm of the ocular surface ranged an average of 30%. The treatment of the neoplasm was successful in both procedures, once no visible evidence of regrowth presented two years after the keratectomy. Despite being a rare entity, squamous cell carcinoma of cornea should be considered as differential diagnosis in dogs with any corneal mass.

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a cross bred cow

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a cross bred cow

Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma Case in Three Cattle

In this article, we compared the applied treatment results with the clinical and histopathological findings for treating ocular squamous cell carcinomas in three cattle. The study materials were a five-year-old crossbred Simmental bull (First case), a four-year-old Eastern Anatolia Red cow (Second case), and a six-year-old Simmental cow (Third case). The tumoural mass observed in the first case’s left eye was completely extirpated. The tumoural masses observed in the right eye of the second case and in the right eye of third case were also completely extirpated, as were the accessory organs and bulbus oculi. In the histopathological investigation, the extirpated tumour masses were determined to be ocular squamous cell carcinomas. In the first case, the mass was taken from the ventral palpebral conjunctiva, but in the second and third cases, the mass was taken from the cornea. As a result, in the cases of cattle ocular squamous cell carcinomas, after removing the mass with surgical excision, there was no recurrence in the postoperative period, and the general condition of the patients were observed to be good.

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Holstein cows from the South of Brazil.

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate 10 cases of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) diagnosed in Holstein or Holstein-crosses cows.Materials and Methods:The investigation was performed exclusively in OSCC cases diagnosed in the State of Paraná and Santa Catarina. A combination of two previously existing histopathological classifications systems was used. The tissue samples were tested for immunoexpression of p53 and p16 and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for bovine herpesvirus and papillomavirus.Results:A positive correlation between number of mitotic figures and tissue invasion was found. Anaplasia parameters did not correlate well with tumor invasion of deeper tissues and mitotic counts. Six of 10 OSCC cases were in animals with heavily pigmented eyes. Immunoexpression of p53 and p16 was observed in 3 cases each. Bovine herpesvirus and papillomavirus were not detected by PCR.Conclusions:Our results indicate that OSCC occurrence is most likely multifactorial with genetic, phenotypic, and environmental influences contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease.

Strontium‐90 plesiotherapy in the horse

SummaryStrontium‐90 plesiotherapy is a form of very superficial radiotherapy that is most commonly used as part of the management of ocular and periocular squamous cell carcinomas in the horse. Although it can be an extremely effective treatment, with the ability to deliver very high doses of radiation to the tumour without affecting the surrounding tissues, the penetration is only a few millimetres, which limits its use in equine medicine to very specific situations. In addition, the availability of strontium‐90 plesiotherapy is limited to specialist institutions due to the health and safety and security concerns of accessing a high activity sealed source.

A missense mutation in damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 is a genetic risk factor for limbal squamous cell carcinoma in horses.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common cancer of the equine eye, frequently originating at the limbus, with the potential to invade the cornea, cause visual impairment, and result in loss of the eye. Several breeds of horses have a high occurrence of limbal SCC implicating a genetic basis for limbal SCC predisposition. Pedigree analysis in the Haflinger breed supports a simple recessive mode of inheritance and a genome-wide association study (N = 23) identified a 1.5 Mb locus on ECA12 significantly associated with limbal SCC (Pcorrected = 0.04). Sequencing the most physiologically relevant gene from this locus, damage specific DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), identified a missense mutation (c.1013 C > T p.Thr338Met) that was strongly associated with limbal SCC (P = 3.41×10-10 ). Genotyping 42 polymorphisms narrowed the ECA12 candidate interval to 483 kb but did not identify another variant that was more strongly associated. DDB2 binds to ultraviolet light damaged DNA and recruits other proteins to perform global genome nucleotide excision repair. Computational modeling predicts this mutation to be deleterious by altering conformation of the β loop involved in photolesion recognition. This DDB2 variant was also detected in two other closely related breeds with reported cases of ocular SCC, the Belgian and the Percheron, suggesting it may also be a SCC risk factor in these breeds. Furthermore, in humans xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group E, a disease characterized by sun sensitivity and increased risk of cutaneous SCC and melanomas, is explained by mutations in DDB2. Cross-species comparison remains to be further evaluated.

Association of CTLA-4 A/G polymorphism with occurrence of ocular squamous cell carcinoma

Association of CTLA-4 A/G polymorphism with occurrence of ocular squamous cell carcinoma

Nasal and ocular squamous cell carcinoma in a simmental bull

Exposed, the case of a bull pure Simmental breed, age 9, with the presence of skin lesions, consistent with squamous level eye and nose cells. It is performed clinical evaluation and pathological characterization of skin lesions, these being exophytic granulomatous appearance with erythema, edema, scaling with crusting, firm and presence of exudation Serosanguinous. Subsequently, after sedation and application of local anesthesia it was taken biopsy tissue from the periphery of the cancerous lesion punch of 6 mm subsequently fixed in 10% formalin and taken to the Laboratory of Pathology of the Department of Animal Science, University of Cordoba, Colombia, where they were processed until paraffin embedding. Finally, the sample was stained with hematoxylin - eosin (HE), where the presence of islands with central core surrounded keratin tumor cells was confirmed and branching cords of neoplastic epithelial cells with varying degrees of squamous differentiation and high presence of mitosis. The final diagnosis was well-differentiated squamous carcinoma cells.

Ocular Surface Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Intraorbital Extension in a Patient with Long-Term Immunosuppression

Purpose: To report a case of ocular surface squamous cell carcinoma with intraorbital extension in a patient with renal transplantation and long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Case summary: A 59-year-old Korean male presented with a whitish mass in the medial limbus and conjunctiva of the right eye. The patient had undergone renal transplantation 17 years prior due to lupus nephritis and was on systemic immunosuppression with daily prednisolone (10 mg), tacrolimus (5 mg), and mycophenolate sodium (720 mg). The complete excision of the mass was performed and mitomycin C application and amniotic membrane transplantation on the excised area were combined. Histopathological examination revealed the mass was squamous cell carcinoma. There were no abnormal findings on the orbit computed tomography (CT). The patient was additionally treated with topical interferon alpha 2b 6 months postoperatively. One year later, a mass recurred at the same site in the right eye. The complete excision of the mass, mitomycin C application, cryotherapy, and amniotic membrane transplantation were performed. Orbit CT showed a 1.9 cm-sized intraorbital mass involving the medial rectus of the right eye. The orbital exenteration was performed and the intraorbital mass was histologically proven to be squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusions: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in patients with renal transplantation and long-term immunosuppressive therapy should be monitored closely for the possibility of orbital invasion. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2016;57(3):507-512

Equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: a case report

Equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma: a case report

Expressão da proteína p53 no carcinoma de células escamosas corneal em cães

Ocular tumors play an increasing concern in veterinary ophthalmology. Corneal squamous cell carcinoma is unfrequent in dogs, and by this way it has little studies. Studies that investigated the carcinogenesis mechanisms wich could help to the development of ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in dog are rare. The aim of this work was to identify by immunohistochemical techniques, the p53 protein expression in the spontaneous dog corneal SCC. For this work, were used five cases of corneal SCC and one case of actinic keratitis. The sections were obtained from paraffin-wax blocks and submitted to histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. All the six samples showed immunolabeling to cytokeratin and p53 protein. These results support the conclusions that the immunoreactivity of p53 protein by immunohistochemistry is present in canine corneal SCC suppporting its role in carcinogenesis of this tumor, but not provides prognostic indicators in cases of SCC corneal in dog; and can be a association of exposure to solar radiation with the possible mutation of the TP53 gene.

MP49-11 TREHALOSE 6,6 DIMYCOLATE CYTOTOXICITY IN BOTH BCG SENSITIVE AND BCG RESISTANT CELL LINES OCCURS VIA A “BCG DISTINCT” PATHWAY

You have accessJournal of UrologyBladder Cancer: Basic Research III1 Apr 2015MP49-11 TREHALOSE 6,6 DIMYCOLATE CYTOTOXICITY IN BOTH BCG SENSITIVE AND BCG RESISTANT CELL LINES OCCURS VIA A “BCG DISTINCT” PATHWAY Gopitkumar Shah, Justin Benabdallah, Fanghong Chen, Guangjian Zhang, Balaraman Kalyanaraman, and William See Gopitkumar ShahGopitkumar Shah More articles by this author , Justin BenabdallahJustin Benabdallah More articles by this author , Fanghong ChenFanghong Chen More articles by this author , Guangjian ZhangGuangjian Zhang More articles by this author , Balaraman KalyanaramanBalaraman Kalyanaraman More articles by this author , and William SeeWilliam See More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.515AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The mycobacterial cell wall glycolipid trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) is an effective adjuvant for induction of protective T cell immunity. In vivo studies have shown that TDM injection resulted in suppression of tumor growth in hepatoma and ocular squamous cell carcinoma. To date, the effect of TDM on Urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells has not been studied. The objectives of this study were to measure the cytotoxic effects of TDM on BCG sensitive and BCG resistant UC cell lines and determine its mechanism of action relative to BCG. METHODS BCG sensitive (253J, T24) and BCG resistant (RT4) UC cell lines were used to study the effect of TDM. The biologic response to TDM was compared with the response to BCG. Response endpoints included viability, LDH release, HMGB1 release, caspase-3 activity, intracellular signaling pathways (NF-κB), gene transactivation and global profiling of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). RESULTS TDM cytotoxicity was similar in both BCG sensitive and resistant cell lines. TDM significantly decreased viability (T24, p < 0.001; 253J, p < 0.005, RT4 p < 0.001) with 50 % cells remained viable after 24h. TDM exposure resulted in a 3-6 fold increase in LDH release, 24h post TDM treatment (T24 and 253J, p < 0.005, RT4 p < 0.01). Significant release of HMGB1 was observed (T24, p < 0.001; 253J, p < 0.05) after 24h. TDM exposure resulted in 4-6 fold increase in caspase-3 activity (T24 and 253J, p < 0.001) after 24h. Significant increase in transgene activation of IL-6, iNOS and p21 genes (T24 and 253J, p < 0.05) was observed after 6h. NF-κB activation was not altered upon TDM exposure (T24 and 253J, p = 0.2). Global profiling of ROS/RNS at 6h and 12h showed significant decrease in H2O2 levels post TDM exposure (T24 and 253J, p < 0.05) but no significant changes in nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide levels. CONCLUSIONS TDM is cytotoxic to both BCG sensitive and BCG resistant UC cell lines. TDM treatment results in apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death as it induces both caspase activation and HMGB1 release. Similar to BCG, it activates iNOS, p21 and IL-6 gene expression. However, Contrary to BCG, the lack of NF-κB activation and NF-κB dependent gene expression suggests that TDM functions through an NF-κB independent pathway. Lack of NF-κB activation may be related to the absence of H2O2 and NO generation with a reduction in oxidative stress relative to BCG. TDM treatment might provide new avenues for BCG refractory tumors. © 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 193Issue 4SApril 2015Page: e606-e607 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2015 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Gopitkumar Shah More articles by this author Justin Benabdallah More articles by this author Fanghong Chen More articles by this author Guangjian Zhang More articles by this author Balaraman Kalyanaraman More articles by this author William See More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

MP49-12 EFFECT OF BCG EXPOSURE ON ENZYMATIC REGULATORS OF CELLULAR OXIDATIVE STRESS IN UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA CELLS

for induction of protective T cell immunity. In vivo studies have shown that TDM injection resulted in suppression of tumor growth in hepatoma and ocular squamous cell carcinoma. To date, the effect of TDM on Urothelial carcinoma (UC) cells has not been studied. The objectives of this study were to measure the cytotoxic effects of TDM on BCG sensitive and BCG resistant UC cell lines and determine its mechanism of action relative to BCG. METHODS: BCG sensitive (253J, T24) and BCG resistant (RT4) UC cell lines were used to study the effect of TDM. The biologic response to TDM was compared with the response to BCG. Response endpoints included viability, LDH release, HMGB1 release, caspase-3 activity, intracellular signaling pathways (NF-kB), gene transactivation and global profiling of reactive oxygen species(ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS). RESULTS: TDM cytotoxicity was similar in both BCG sensitive and resistant cell lines. TDM significantly decreased viability (T24, p<0.001; 253J, p<0.005,RT4p<0.001)with50%cells remained viable after 24h. TDM exposure resulted in a 3-6 fold increase in LDH release, 24h post TDM treatment (T24 and 253J, p < 0.005, RT4 p < 0.01). Significant release of HMGB1 was observed (T24, p < 0.001; 253J, p < 0.05) after 24h. TDM exposure resulted in 4-6 fold increase in caspase-3 activity (T24 and 253J, p < 0.001) after 24h. Significant increase in transgene activation of IL-6, iNOS and p21 genes (T24 and 253J, p< 0.05) was observed after 6h. NF-kB activation was not altered upon TDM exposure (T24 and 253J, p 1⁄4 0.2). Global profiling of ROS/RNSat 6h and 12h showed significant decrease in H2O2 levels post TDM exposure (T24 and 253J, p < 0.05) but no significant changes in nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide levels. CONCLUSIONS: TDM is cytotoxic to both BCG sensitive and BCG resistant UC cell lines. TDM treatment results in apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death as it induces both caspase activation and HMGB1 release. Similar to BCG, it activates iNOS, p21 and IL-6 gene expression. However, Contrary to BCG, the lack of NF-kB activation and NF-kB dependent gene expression suggests that TDM functions through an NF-kB independent pathway. Lack of NF-kB activation may be related to the absence of H2O2 and NO generation with a reduction in oxidative stress relative to BCG. TDM treatment might provide new avenues for BCG refractory tumors.

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Valle del Belice sheep: Histology and immunohistochemistry

Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in animals is a primary tumor of epithelial cells that may occur in different ocular and periocular tissues, especially the epithelial surfaces of the conjunctiva, corneoscleral junction, nictitating membrane, cornea and eyelid skin. This report describes histological and immunohistochemical features of four different clinical cases classified as OSCC in Valle del Belice sheep. Importance of solar radiation in the etiology of OSCC is discussed, together with other potential risk factors.

Cull Cow Beef Quality Issues: Horns, Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Lumpy Jaw

Cull cattle are those that are sold from a herd for lack of performance, lack of resources, or genetic improvement. The non-fed beef cattle market (cattle that are not managed through traditional feedlot finishing systems) is comprised primarily of cull cows and bulls. This 3-page article is one of the Cull Cow Beef Quality Issues series, which addresses liability and food safety concerns. It also discusses some quality defects identified in the non-fed beef market, how to prevent them, and how to address them when they appear in cattle. Written by Amie Imler, Matt Hersom, Todd Thrift, Joel Yelich, and Max Irsik, and published by the UF Department of Animal Sciences, December 2014.

English

Conjunctival Ocular surface squamous neoplasia OSSN has been described as a slow growing, well differentiated tumor of low grade malignancy often confused with more benign conditions of conjunctiva like pterygium, pinguecula, papilloma and limbal dermoid. OSSN are common in elderly males living in areas with high ambient solar radiations. Aggressive OSSN are usually seen at younger age in HIV positive individuals of Sub- Saharan region. Here we report a case of a 39 year old HIV negative, immunocompetent male presented with rapidly growing mass arising from conjunctiva and covering entire cornea. Tumor was diagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma on histopathology, positive for HPV on Chromogenic insitu hybridization (CISH) and has a high proliferative index. Patient had to undergo enucleation and was put on topical chemotherapy. INTRODUCTION: The term ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) was first described in 1995 by Lee and Hirst to denote a spectrum of neoplasm originating from squamous epithelium and ranging from a localized lesion confined to the surface epithelium (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia) to invasive squamous cell carcinoma that has broken through the basement membrane and invaded the underlying stroma1. OSSN accounts for only 5% of all ocular malignancies1 invasive squamous cell carcinoma is still rarer1. Geographic incidences of OSSN vary from 0.2 to 3.5 per 100,000, with greater frequency near the equator 1 . OSSN was noted to occur predominantly in the elderly with a mean age at presentation of 60 years and increased incidence in males (75%) vs females (25%) 2 , OSSN associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is seen at younger ages (average 35 years, usually not in a bulbar location, and is more aggressive from a clinical point of view1.