Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Research Articles

Ocimum sanctum leaf extract induces drought stress tolerance in rice

ABSTRACTOcimum leaves are highly enriched in antioxidant components. Thus, its leaf extract, if applied in plants, is believed to efficiently scavenge ROS, thereby preventing oxidative damage under drought stress. Thus, the present study was performed in kharif 2013 and rabi 2014 season to evaluate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum against drought stress in 2 rice genotype under glass house conditions. Here we show that various morpho- physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf rolling score, leaf tip burn, number of senesced leaves and total dry matter) and biochemical parameters (proline, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase content) were amended by Ocimum treatment in both the seasons. Application of Ocimum extract increased expression of dehydrin genes, while reducing expression of aquaporin genes in drought stressed rice plant. Thus, application of Ocimum leaf extract under drought stress can be suggested as a promising strategy to mitigate drought stress in economical, accessible and ecofriendly manner.

Preparation of cellulose composites with in situ generated copper nanoparticles using leaf extract and their properties

In the present work, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were in situ generated in cellulose matrix using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reducing agent and aq. CuSO4 solution by diffusion process. Some CuNPs were also formed outside the film in the solution which were separated and viewed by Transmission electron microscope and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composite films showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria when the CuNPs were generated using higher concentrated aq. CuSO4 solutions. The cellulose, matrix and the composite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and SEM techniques. The tensile strength of the composite films was lower than that of the matrix but still higher than the conventional polymers like polyethylene and polypropylene used for packaging applications. These biodegradable composite films can be considered for packaging and medical applications.

Wound healing effect of alcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum linn. on rats

Wound healing is the process of repair that follows injury tothe skin and other soft tissues. It can result from injurious process ranging from acute disruption of tissue by surgeons knife to wide spread trauma, such as burns. It is well known that traditional herbal medicines existed before the application of the modern scientific methods to health care and even today most of the rural Indian population depend on herbal care practices. Since time immemorial indigenous plant material are being used for healing of wounds. This research work focus to find out healing effect of Ocimum Sanctum (Alcoholic extract) on incisional wound and its effects were compared on the 10th day by wound breaking strength. The wound breaking strength of control group (275gm), standard group (474.4gm) and alcoholic extract 400mg/kg(449.4gm), 800mg/kg(474.3gm). it is concluded that Ocimum Sanctum leaf extract i.e. alcoholic (400 & 800 mg) has significant wound healing effect.

Preparation and properties of cellulose/silver nanoparticle composites with in situ-generated silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract

ABSTRACTIn the present work, silver nanoparticles were in situ-generated in cellulose matrix using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reducing agent. Regenerated wet cellulose films were first immersed in O. sanctum leaf extract and then it was allowed to diffuse into the films. The leaf extract–diffused wet films were dipped in different concentrated aq.AgNO3 solutions. The leaf extract inside the wet films reduced AgNO3 into nanosilver. The dry composite films were black in color. Some of the nanoparticles were also formed outside the film in the solution. The nanoparticles were viewed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electronic microscopy techniques. The composite films showed good antibacterial activity. The cellulose, matrix, and the composite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The tensile properties of the composite films were higher than those of the matrix. These biodegradable films can be used for packaging and medical purposes.

Effects of herbal extract of Ocimum sanctum as supportive therapy with intravenous ceftriaxone in experimentally induced staphylococcal chronic mastitis in goat

The protective effects of Ocimum sanctum leaf juice as supportive therapy in induced chronic staphylococcal mastitis were evaluated with intravenous ceftriaxone injection in lactating goats. Chronic mastitis was induced after 30days of intracisternal inoculation of 2000 c.f.u. of Staphylococcus aureus (J 638) into the left teat of the udder in two Groups of goats (Group I and Group II). Group I mastitic goats received only ceftriaxone injection i.v. at 20mg/kg at 4days intervals two times, whereas Group II mastitic goats were given fresh undiluted O. sanctum leaf juice at 5ml/kg orally for consecutive 14days with intravenous ceftriaxone injection at 20mg/kg at 7days intervals two times. In the animals receiving O. sanctum leaf juice, the plasma concentration of ceftriaxone increased to 0.11±0.03μg/ml, 33.93±1.54μg/ml, 1.62±0.17μg/ml, 0.70±0.09μg/ml and 0.19±0.03μg/ml vs control at 48, 216, 240, 264 and 288h with an increased concentration of ceftizoxime i.e., 0.26±0.03μg/ml,0.58±0.05μg/ml, 0.85±0.02μg/ml,1.26±0.04μg/ml, 2.82±0.04μg/ml, 1.96±0.04μg/ml, 0.67±0.02μg/ml vs below detectable level in control Group at 72, 216, 240, 264, 288, 312 and 336h, respectively. Further, the concentration of its metabolite i.e., ceftizoxime increased to 4.08±0.18μg/ml and 0.80±0.18μg/ml at day 4 and 6, respectively in milk from a below detectable level and milk concentration of both ceftriaxone and ceftizoxime increased in both halves of the udder at different time in Group II goats. No S. aureus colony was seen in milk at 96h post treatment in Group II goats. O. sanctum leaf juice (0.05ml) decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of ceftriaxone (3μg/ml) and ceftizoxime (1μg/ml) to 0.5μg/ml for both the drugs against inoculated S. aureus. O. sanctum treatment significantly reduced the alkaline phosphatase activity along with an increase in lactoperoxidase activity maintaining normal reduced glutathione level with intravenous ceftriaxone therapy. The findings proved that O. sanctum leaf juice has significant bioenhancing and antioxidant activities which can be used as supportive therapy in staphylococcal chronic mastitis in goat.

A green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on modified montmorillonite using aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaf extract: a sustainable catalyst for hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol

A green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles on montmorillonite clay using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract and its application in hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol in water.

Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) on the oxidative stability and storage quality of chicken sausages

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to explore the possibility of utilization of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) leaf extract as a natural preservative in muscle foods. The products incorporated with Ocimum sanctum leaf extract were assessed for various oxidative stability and storage quality parameters. Design/methodology/approach – The Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was incorporated at 300 mg/kg level in the formulation. Chicken sausages incorporated with Ocimum sanctum leaf extract along with control samples were aerobically packaged in low-density polyethylene pouches and assessed for lipid oxidation, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics under refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) conditions. Findings – Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the lipid stability, as the treated products exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (mg malonaldehyde/kg) and free fatty acid (% oleic acid) values in comparison to control. A significant (p < 0.05) effect was also observed on the microbiological characteristics of the products, as the treated products showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower values for total plate count, psychrophilic count and yeast and mould count. Significantly, (p < 0.05) higher scores were also observed for various sensory parameters of the treated products. Originality/value – The paper has demonstrated the use of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a potential natural preservative, as it successfully improved the oxidative stability and storage quality of the products during refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) storage and may be commercially exploited as a natural preservative in muscle foods.

Green synthesis of nickel nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum and their application in dye and pollutant adsorption

Nickel nanoparticles as an eco-friendly adsorbent was biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The physiochemical properties of green synthesized nickel nanoparticles (NiGs) were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). NiGs were used as adsorbent for the removal of dyes such as crystal violet (CV), eosin Y (EY), orange II (OR) and anionic pollutant nitrate (NO3−), sulfate (SO42−) from aqueous solution. Adsorption capacity of NiGs was examined in batch modes at different pH, contact time, NiG dosage, initial dye and pollutant concentration. The adsorption process was pH dependent and the adsorption capacity increased with increase in contact time and with that of NiG dosage, whereas the adsorption capacity decreased at higher concentrations of dyes and pollutants. Maximum percentage removal of dyes and pollutants were observed at 40, 20, 30, 10 and 10mg·L−1 initial concentration of CV, EY, OR, NO3− and SO42− respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities in Langmuir isotherm were found to be 0.454, 0.615, 0.273, 0.795 and 0.645mg·g−1 at pH8, 3, 3, 7 and 7 for CV, EY, OR, NO3− and SO42− respectively. The higher coefficients of correlation in Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption. The mean energies (E), 2.23, 3.53, 2.50, 5.00 and 3.16kJ·mol−1 for CV, EY, OR, NO3− and SO42− respectively, calculated from the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm showed physical adsorption of adsorbate onto NiGs. Adsorption kinetics data was better fitted to pseudo-second-order kinetics with R2>0.870 for all dyes and pollutants. NiGs were found to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes and pollutants from aqueous solution and can be applied to treat textile and tannery effluents.

Anthelmintic activity of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in India

Leaves of Ocimum sanctum have been traditionally used for various ethno-veterinary practices as well as medicinal purpose. In vitro ovicidal and larvicidal potential of crude aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the bulb of O. sanctum was investigated. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, steroids and tannins were identified in phytochemical analyses. The various blood parameters coupled marker enzymes and antioxidant status were also evaluated during in vivo trial. Aqueous extract showed better EC50 and EC99 values in comparison with methanolic extract in egg hatch assay and larval development test, respectively. However, in the larval paralysis test, both aqueous and methanolic extracts showed almost similar efficacy. A 77.64% reduction in fecal egg output was observed on day 14. No deleterious ill effect was found in any of the hematological and biochemical parameters suggesting that the plant could be safer for use in sheep.

Actions Underlying Antidiabetic Effects of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extracts in Animal Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Aim: This study investigated mechanisms by which O. sanctum leaf extracts ameliorate hyperglycaemia using animal and cellular models of diabetes. Place and Duration of Study: Diabetes Research Laboratory, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom and Research Division, BIRDEM, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 8 months. Methodology: Acute anti-diabetic effects of ethanolic extracts of O. sanctum were examined in normal and chemically-induced type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. Effects of extracts on glucose absorption, intestinal disaccharidase activity and gastrointestinal motility in type 2 diabetic rats and on glucose uptake and insulin action in 3T3-L1 cells were assessed. Results: Treatment with the extract (1.25 g/kg bw) significantly improved oral glucose tolerance in normal and type 2 diabetic rats and suppressed blood glucose elevation after oral sucrose (2.5 g/kg bw) administration. The extract significantly reduced glucose absorption, gastrointestinal motility and disaccharidase activity. A 28-day treatment with O. sanctum decreased serum glucose, increased liver glycogen and enhanced circulating insulin and total oxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats. Glucose transport and insulin action in 3T3-L1 were increased by extract. Conclusion: O. sanctum represents a useful as a source for discovery of novel antidiabetic compounds and as a dietary adjunct for the management of type 2 diabetes and its complications

Use of an Extract of Indian Sacred Plant Ocimum sanctum as an Anticariogenic Agent: An in vitro Study.

ABSTRACTAim: To analyze the efficacy of three different concentrations of Ocimum sanctum extract against various microorganisms, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Lactobacillus acidophilus.Materials and methods: Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by the hot extraction method. The extract was diluted with an inert solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide to obtain 3 different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%) of the extract. 0.2% chlorhexidine was used as a positive control and dimethyl sul-foxide was used as a negative control. The extract, along with the controls, was then subjected to microbiological investigation to determine which concentration among the 3 different concentrations of extract gave a wider inhibition zone against S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguis, L. acidophilus. The zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters.Results: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract demonstrated maximum antimicrobial activity against microorganisms responsible for dental caries at the 10% concentration level although 5 and 2.5% were also effective. Maximum activity was seen against S. mutans and S. sanguis with 10% extract.Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was effective against all the microorganisms.How to cite this article: Pai RK, Bhat SS, Salman A, Chandra J. Use of an Extract of Indian Sacred Plant Ocimum Sanctum as an Anticariogenic Agent: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(2):99-101.

Role of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on dietary supplementation in the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease

AimTo evaluate the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the dietary supplementation in the transgenic Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. MethodThe effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was studied on the transgenic Drosophila model of flies expressing normal human alpha synuclein (h-αs) in the neurons. O. sanctum extract at final concentrations of 0.042 8 × 10−4, 0.87 × 10−4, and 1.85 × 10−4 g·mL−1 of diet were established and the flies were allowed to feed for 21 days. The climbing assay and lipid peroxidation were taken as parameters for the study. ResultsThe supplementation of O. sanctum extract showed a dose-dependent significant delay in the loss of climbing ability and reduction in oxidative stress in the brain of PD model flies. ConclusionThe results of the present study showed that the O. sanctum extract is potent in reducing the PD symptoms in transgenic Drosophila model.

Effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf on pathology of Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf powder on experimental Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (160) were divided into 2 groups. The birds of group A were supplemented with dried O. sanctum leaf (OSL) powder in feed @5g/kg and the birds of group B were given feed without OSL supplementation. After 7 days of age, each bird in group A1 and B1 was inoculated with E. coli O78 (@107 CFU/0.5 ml) by the intraperitoneal route, whereas groups A2 and B2 were kept as controls. Mortality in group B1 was 35.56% whereas mortality was comparatively low (20%) in OSL supplemented group A1. There was no mortality in the control groups (A2 and B2). Gross lesions produced in group B1 were fibrinous mass on the surface of liver and heart, congestion in visceral organs, peritonitis, reddish intestinal mucosa and atrophy of bursa of Fabricius. The gross lesions in OSL supplemented infected group were of less intensity at different intervals as compared to those observed in non-supplemented infected group. Histopathological lesions observed were fibrinous pericarditis, myocarditis, fibrinous perihepatitis, haemorrhagic enteritis, proventriculitis and depletion of lymphocytes in bursa of Fabricius. In OSL supplemented E. coli infected group lesions were less severe in magnitude and lasted for shorter duration as compared to non-supplemented E.coli infected group, indicating reduction in severity of the disease and early recovery due to OSL supplementation.

Antidyslipidemic Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats.

The antidyslipidemic activity of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was studied in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. In this model, there was significant increase in plasma markers of diabetic-dyslipidemia following diminution of lipid metabolizing enzymes. Oral administration of leaf extract (500mg/kgb.w.p.o.) for 15days resulted in significant decrease in diabetogenic and dyslipidemia parameters; namely blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid peroxide, free fatty acids, small dense low density lipoprotein, lipid and protein components of plasma lipoproteins, adipose and liver. The regulation of lipids was accompanied by stimulation of postheparin lipolytic activity, reactivation of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase and hepatic lipoprotein lipase enzymes. The results of the present study demonstrated antidyslipidemic and antioxidant activities in leaf extract of O. sanctum which could be used in prevention of diabetic-dyslipidemia and related complications.

Biochemical and immunological response ofOcimum sanctumin chickens experimentally infected withEscherichia coli

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Ocimum sanctum on Escherichia coli challenged broiler chickens. Ocimum sanctum leaf (OSL) powder was given @5g/kg in feed and the chicks were inoculated with E. coli O78 (@107 CFU/0.5 ml) by the intraperitoneal route. Blood was collected from five birds from each group at 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post infection (DPI) for biochemical and immunological studies. The results demonstrated that, there was increase in mean serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities and a decrease in total protein and albumin concentrations in the infected groups. However, the changes in biochemical values i.e. ALT, AST, total protein and albumin was of lower magnitude in OSL supplemented infected group as compared to non-supplemented infected group. The E. coli specific antibody titre in OSL supplemented infected group was significantly higher in comparison to non- supplemented infected group. Delayed type hypersensitivity response against DNCB antigen was considerably higher in OSL supplemented groups as compared to control groups. Therefore, O. sanctum resulted in reduction in the severity of the disease and enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses attributed to its antibacterial, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties.

Characterization of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles Stabilized by Ocimum Leaf Extract

ABSTRACTCopper nanoparticles are synthesized successfully through chemical reduction of different copper salts stabilized by Ocimum Sanctum Leaf extract, a natural biopolymer. The resulting copper nanoparticles are characterized by using UV Visible Absorption Spectrometer, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments. Copper nanoparticles prepared display an absorption peak at around 558 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the particles are FCC crystalline. SEM and TEM display the formation of copper nanoparticles with an average size of 10 nm. The SAXS studies demonstrate the formation of spherical nanoparticles with bimodal size distribution. The FTIR spectrum analysis has confirmed the presence of functional groups of stabilizer Ocimum Sanctum leaf extract in capping the copper nanoparticles.

English

The aim of this study was to investigate the potent neuroprotective property of ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum (EEOS) leaf (Holy basil, Family: Labiataea) against excitotoxicity induced neurodegeneration by using monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG) in Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals received EEOS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and memantine (MMT, 20 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. On all the 7 days, MSG (2g/kg, i.p.) was administered one hour before drug treatment. The animals were observed for neurobehavioral performance on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Oxidative damage and histopathological analysis were also assessed. EEOS (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and MMT (20 mg/kg, i.p.) administration significantly improved body weight and attenuated locomotor activity, rotarod performance and foot-fault test  as compared with MSG treated group. In addition, EEOS was found to restore reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), super oxide dismutase (SOD) and Na+-K+ ATPase. Conversely, the elevated level of lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentration in MSG treated group was attenuated significantly in EEOS group in comparison to MSG treated group. Histopathological evaluation showed that treatment with EEOS and MMT significantly attenuated neuronal death and increased the density of neurons after MSG treatment. Thus, these findings suggest that EEOS contains rosmarinic acid and ursolic acid in addition to other bioactive principles may have utility in the preventing and/or treating the neurodegenerative diseases and its protective effects may be due to the amelioration of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neurological and behavioral alterations.However, further studies are necessary to clearly define mechanism responsible.   Key words: Ocimum sanctum, F Holy basil, sodium glutamate, neurological, neurodegeneration. rosmarinic acid

Antigenotoxic effect of green-synthesised silver nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes—in vitro

The present study was aimed to identify the antigenotoxic effect of bio-synthesised silver nanoparticles (SNP) of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract against cyclophosphamide (CP). We tested the antigenotoxic effect of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles of O. sanctum leaf extract on human lymphocytes against CP by using chromosomal aberration assay (CAA). Silver nanoparticles was first synthesized from fresh leaf extract of O. sanctum and characterised. Their quality was checked by XRD technique and morphology by SEM. Three different doses of the bio-synthesised SNPs namely, 50, 100 and 200 μl/ml were selected and CP (100 μg/ml) was used as a positive control for CAA. CP administration to human lymphocytes culture caused reduction in mitotic index (MI) and increase in chromosomal damages. The three doses (50, 100 and 200 μl/ml) significantly (P < 0.005) reduced the chromosomal damages by CP and there was increase in MI. The biological way of synthesising SNPs has advantages like cost effectiveness and eco-friendly. Also the bio-synthesised SNPs of O. sanctum leaf extract was found to be an powerful genoprotectant. Furthermore works are to be carried out in future to find the extract mechanism of its genoprotective nature.

Evaluation of Protective Role of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Excitotoxicity-induced Neurobehavioral Deficits Based on Specific Changes in the Structure of Feeding Behavior, Diuretic and Anxiety Paradigms in Female Rats

Evaluation of Protective Role of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Excitotoxicity-induced Neurobehavioral Deficits Based on Specific Changes in the Structure of Feeding Behavior, Diuretic and Anxiety Paradigms in Female Rats

Enhancing chloramphenicol and trimethoprim in vitro activity by Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) leaf extract against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaf extract, alone, and in combination with chloramphenicol (C) and trimethoprim (Tm) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi). MethodsThe antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of tulsi, O. sanctum, leaf (TLE; 500 μg) for 23 S. typhi isolates was determined following agar diffusion. The C (30 μg) and Tm (5 μg) activity alone and in combination with TLE (250 μg) was determined by disk diffusion. The zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) for the agents was recorded, and growth inhibitory indices (GIIs) were calculated. ResultsThe S. typhi isolates (n=23), which were resistant to both C (ZDI 6 mm) and Tm (ZDI 6 mm), had TLE (500 μg) ZDIs 16-24 mm. The ZDIs of C and Tm were increased up to 15-21 mm and 17-23 mm, respectively, when TLE (250 μg) was added to the C and Tm discs. The GIIs ranged 0.789-1.235 and 0.894-1.352, due to combined activity against S. typhi isolates, of C and TLE and Tm and TLE, respectively. ConclusionsThe data suggest that TLE, in combination with C and Tm, had synergistic activity for S. typhi isolates, and hence O. sanctum is potential in combating S. typhi drug resistance, as well promising in the development of non-antibiotic drug for S. typhi infection.