Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Research Articles

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum: A potent inhibitor of biofilm forming ability and efflux pumps in bacteria causing bovine mastitis

Therapeutic management of mastitis faces significant challenges due to multidrug resistance. In the present study, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli were isolated from bovine clinical mastitis cases and the phenotypic and genotypic multidrug resistance profiling was carried out. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts and characterized via UV Vis absorption, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Electron Microscopy. The determined minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the AgNPs against the recovered MDR isolates were 62.5 μg/ml and 125 μg/ml respectively. At a concentration of 50 μg/ml, the AgNPs demonstrated biofilm inhibitory activities of 80.35 % for MDR E. coli, 71.29 % for S. aureus and 60.18 % for MDR K. pneumoniae. Post-treatment observations revealed notable differences in biofilm formation across bacterial isolates. Furthermore, AgNP treatment led to significant downregulation of expression of the efflux pump genes acrB, acrE, acrF, and emrB in Gram-negative isolates and norB in Staphylococci isolates. This research underscores the potential for the development of an eco-friendly antimicrobial alternative in the form of green synthesized silver nanoparticles to combat drug resistance offering potential antibiofilm and efflux pump inhibitory activities.

Exploring the versatility of carbohydrate-capped green silver nanoparticles as multi-dimensional reagents for targeted applications

The present work describes the impact of the structural diversity of different carbohydrate molecules on the morphology and sensing ability of silver nanoparticles synthesized by a green protocol using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, used as the reducing agent. Seven different monosaccharides were utilized as capping and stabilizing agents during the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The carbohydrate-capped nanoparticles were more stable in solution than the uncapped counterpart for at least three months. The formation and stability of the silver nanoparticles were analyzed using UV-visible, fluorescence spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction studies, whereas the morphological characteristics were studied using scanning electron microscopic analysis. The different types of interaction of sugar molecules with silver atoms were studied using DFT calculation. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using d-galactose and l-arabinose, having an axial-OH group at the C-4 position, were found to have the smallest size with maximum efficacy as chemosensors for toxic mercury (II) ions in aqueous medium. The green silver nanoparticles were successfully employed as antimicrobial agents against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The catalytic activity of silver nanoparticles in the degradation of organic dyes was also evaluated for Congo red, methyl orange and reactive blue in the presence of sodium borohydride. The nanoparticles showed excellent dye degradation activity with a minimum time duration.

Biogenic silver nanomaterials synthesized from Ocimum sanctum leaf extract exhibiting robust antimicrobial and anticancer activities: Exploring the therapeutic potential

There is a surge in antibiotic consumption because of the emergence of resistance among microbial pathogens. In the escalating challenge of antibiotic resistance in microbial pathogens, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-mediated therapy has proven to be the most effective and alternative therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections and cancer treatment. This study aims to explore the potential of OsAgNPs derived from Ocimum sanctum's aqueous leaf extract as antimicrobial agents and anticancer drug delivery modalities. This study utilized a plant extract derived from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaves to synthesize silver nanoparticles (OsAgNPs), that were characterized by FTIR, TEM, SEM, and EDX. OsAgNPs were assessed for their antibacterial and anticancer potential. TEM analysis unveiled predominantly spherical or oval-shaped OsAgNPs, ranging in size from 4 to 98 nm. The (MICs) of OsAgNPs demonstrated a range from 0.350 to 19.53 μg/ml against clinical, multidrug-resistant (MDR), and standard bacterial isolates. Dual labelling with ethidium bromide and acridine orange demonstrated that OsAgNPs induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. The OsAgNPs-treated cells showed yellow-green fluorescence in early-stage apoptotic cells and orange fluorescence in late-stage cells. Furthermore, OsAgNPs exhibited a concentration-dependent decrease in HeLa cancer cell viability, with an IC50 value of 90 μg/ml noted. The study highlights the remarkable antibacterial efficacy of OsAgNPs against clinically significant bacterial isolates, including antibiotic-resistant strains. These results position the OsAgNPs as prospective therapeutic agents with the potential to address the growing challenges posed by antibiotic resistance and cervical cancer.

Antimicrobial potential and characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ocimum sanctum extract

The growing resistance of microbes to conventional antibiotics and the environmental impact of chemical synthesis methods highlight the urgent need for effective and sustainable antimicrobial agents. In this study, we address these challenges by synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, a green and efficient method. We confirmed AgNPs synthesis through UV-vis spectroscopy, observing a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak centered at 420 nm. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed intense peaks at 37.81°, 45.01°, 63.91°, and 78.0°, corresponding to Bragg's reflections at 111, 200, 220, and 311, respectively, with an average particle size of approximately 18 nm calculated using Scherrer's formula. The reduction of Ag+ was monitored using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), which revealed a rapid decrease from 2.73 ppm to 0.023 ppm within four minutes, driven by the active reducing agents in the O. sanctum extract. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image confirmed the spherical shape of the AgNPs, with an average size of 23.82 ± 4.17 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified absorption peaks at 1635 cm⁻¹ and 3430 cm⁻¹, associated with the amide I bond of proteins and OH stretching in alcohols and phenolic compounds, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent inhibitory effect against bacterial strains. The inhibition zone measured 6 mm at the lowest concentration of 5 µg/L and increased progressively to 14 mm at the highest concentration of 25 µg/L, indicating strong antimicrobial potential even at low dosages.

Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles via Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) leaf extract for efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from aqueous solution

Due to significant consumption and improper disposal, the increase in emerging broad-spectrum antibacterial pharmaceutical contaminants in water bodies leds to degradation of quality of water resources and aquatic life, causes water availability issues. Doxycycline hydrochloride belongs to the tetracycline antibiotic class of drug, exhibits a significant persistence of toxicity in the aquatic environment. In the present study, eco-friendly CuO nanoparticles were biosynthesized using ocimum sanctum leaf waste extract and an investigation was carried out for the efficient adsorptive removal of doxycycline hydrochloride from pharmaceutical waste with harmful impacts on the environment. UV–visible spectra, XRD, FTIR, EDX, BET, HRTEM and FESEM analysis were used to characterize surface modification of the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Drug concentration, contact time, pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage were among the main adsorption parameters that were examined in order to optimize the most effective removal results. Maximum adsorption capacity of 8.56 mg/g was achieved at optimum process parameter; 100 mg/L, 170 min., pH 6 at 298 K. Moreover, various isotherm models were examined in order to accurately describe the adsorption equilibrium experimental results. Although, the thermodynamic data and kinetic study showed that the sorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, followed second order kinetic model. The outcomes showed that green synthesized CuO nanoadsorbent can be effectively employed for the removal of antibiotic medications from actual wastewater.

Facile Synthesis of Sodium Alginate (SA)-Based Quaternary Bio-Nanocomposite (SA@Co-Zn-Ce) for Antioxidant Activity and Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Red 24

This study introduces a new strategy for the environmentally friendly catalytic degradation of Reactive Red 24 (RR24) dye using sunlight. We developed a cost-effective quaternary nanocomposite by immobilizing a sodium alginate biopolymer over bioengineered Co-Zn-Ce nanoparticles, forming an SA@Co–Zn–Ce nanocomposite (where SA means sodium alginate). This composite also demonstrated an exceptional antioxidant potential of approximately 89%, attributed to the synergistic effect of sodium alginate and green-synthesized Co–Zn–Ce nanoparticles (biosynthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as a reducing agent). Scanning electron microscopy revealed grain sizes of 28.6 nm for Co–Zn–Ce NPs and 25.59 nm for SA@Co–Zn–Ce nanocomposites (NCs). X-ray diffraction showed particle sizes of 16.87 nm and 15.43 nm, respectively. Co–Zn–Ce NPs exhibited a zeta potential of 1.99 mV, whereas the sodium alginate-anchored Co–Zn–Ce showed −7.99 mV. This indicated the entrapment of negatively charged ions from sodium alginate, altering the surface charge characteristics and enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of RR24. Dynamic light scattering revealed an average particle size of approximately 81 nm for SA@Co–Zn–Ce NCs, with the larger size due to the influence of water molecules in the colloidal solution affecting hydrodynamic diameter measurement. The SA@Co–Zn–Ce NCs exhibited a CO2 adsorption capacity of 3.29 mmol/g at 25 °C and 4.76 mmol/g at 40 °C, indicating temperature-dependent variations in adsorption capabilities. The specific surface area of Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs, measured using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, was found to be 167.346 m2/g, whereas the SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide nanocomposite showed a surface area of 24.14 m2/g. BJH analysis revealed average pore diameters of 34.60 Å for Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs and 9.26 Å for SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide NCs. Although the immobilization of sodium alginate on Co–Zn–Ce oxide NPs did not increase the adsorption sites and porosity of the composite, as evidenced by the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, the SA@Co–Zn–Ce oxide NCs still demonstrated a high photocatalytic degradation efficiency of RR24.

Comparative effectiveness of biorational pesticides for management of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink in Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm

The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are becoming major threats to the production of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in India. Management mainly depends on chemical insecticides which cause a serious problem of pesticide residue and insecticide resistance. The use of biorational insecticides such as biopesticides, botanicals, insect growth regulators, and microbial insecticides is important components of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for successful management. We evaluated the bio-efficacy of twelve biorational insecticides, including entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), using the leaf spray method in laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 % ± 5 % RH. The results revealed that the highest percent mortality was recorded by acetamiprid 20 % SP (100.00 %), followed by azadirachtin (98.27 %), Lecanicillium muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (85.70 %) and Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (76.87 %) at 120 h after treatment (HAT) in P. solenopsis. In P. marginatus, 100.00 %, 96.39 % and 85.67 % and 74.90 % mortalities were achieved by acetamiprid 20 % SP, azadirachtin, L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) and O. sanctum leaf extract, respectively, at 120 HAT during the first spray. Various biorational insecticides showed a more or less similar trend of percent mortality in both species during the second spray. In both species, the lowest percent mortality was recorded by Andrographis paniculata leaf extract (46.29, 44.54) and (41.03, 46.39) at 120 Hours after treatment in the first and second spray, respectively. It was concluded that all the prescribed treatments are more effective than the control. Overall, azadirachtin recorded the highest percent mortality after acetamiprid and had the shortest LT50 (12.52 h) and (13.87 h) values in P. solenopsis and P. marginatus, respectively. Our study emphasizes that biopesticides like Azadirachtin 1 % EC (10000 ppm), L. muscarium (2 × 109 spores/mL) (5 mL/L) and O. sanctum leaf extract (5 %) may be recommended as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Botanicals and EPF would be the most effective approach for sustainable integrated management of P. solenopsis and P. marginatus in the G. sylvestre ecosystem.

Assessing the potential of chitosan based coatings in modulation of bacteriome on tomato carposphere

Chitosan based edible fruit coatings are being considered today as an unconventional, ecofriendly and safe alternative of postharvest chemical treatments. The mechanism of action of chitosan coatings, like its antifungal nature or forming a barrier for transpiration and respiration, is already known. We intended to study the effect of the chitosan on natural carposphere microbiome, specifically on non-culturalable bacterial communities during storage to explore the prebiotic like nature of the chitosan based coatings. Hence the effect of coatings viz. CS (1% Chitosan), TL (Tulsi or Ocimum sanctum leaf, 1 g L-1 aqueous extract), and CS/TL mixed (2:1, 1% Chitosan and Tulsi leaf extract) was observed on coated tomato fruit. Metagenomic bacteriome analyses revealed that the untreated samples were comparatively rich epiphytic bacterial flora though the core microbiome was conserved in all the samples. Bacterial community in ripened tomato fruit (after 7 d) was mostly dominated by Acetobacter (49%) while on treatment of coatings genera like Lactobacillus, Weissella, Methylovoruse, Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased. These bacteria can act as potential bio agents in carposphere while the probiotic nature of genera as Lactobacillus or Weissella can also help in delaying the ripening of fruit. As this was a pilot study, more such studies are needed on microbial communities associated with fruits, their assembly and dynamics as well as the nature of their contribution to fruit quality and pathogen resistance during fruit ripening and storage.

Modulation of cigarette smoke induced alterations by aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaf extract in pulmonary tissue of rodents

Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, and a massive amount of oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effects of Holi Basil/Tulsi, (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary damage in mice. Cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation increased the levels of pulmonary lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species and decreased the levels of glutathione. Histoarchitectural alterations and enhanced tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in pulmonary tissue was distinctly indicative of damage. Enhanced mucin production was also observed through mucicarmine and Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Increased expression of MUC5AC was also observed. Alterations in the lung were also evident through FTIR studies. Administration of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (80 mg/kg b.w) to CS exposed mice ameliorated these alterations to a greater extent. These findings are suggestive of the fact that Ocimum sanctum leaf extract effectively modulated CS-induced deleterious effects on pulmonary tissue.

Exploring the antibacterial effects of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) silver nanoparticles

The current study was undertaken to provide sustainable solutions to Erythromycin-resistant bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles were produced using an environmentally friendly green synthesis process using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract. The synthesized Ocimum sanctum leaf extract silver nanoparticles were then examined using a variety of methods. In the UV-Vis spectrophotometer, the peak was observed at 398nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the size of the nanoparticles to be between 24-44nm. The crystalline size of AgNPs was determined to be 12.02nm by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of functional groups like alcohols, phenols and carbonyl groups which provide better interaction and stability of the nanoparticles. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum sanctum leaves were found to be effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains as nanoparticles which is evident by having no inhibition against Bacillus Subtilis and E. coli in lower concentrations of 30μl and 50μl. On the other hand, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract AgNPs had a positive dose-dependent inhibition against all the strains. The Ocimum sanctum silver nanoparticles were effective against E. coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aureus (1.9cm), Streptococcus mutans (1.7cm) and Bacillus Subtilis (Gram-positive). Thus, Ocimum sanctum Silver Nanoparticle-based drug delivery has proven to be an effective anti-bacterial treatment worth exploring specifically against Erythromycin-resistant strains.

Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract-Assisted Green Synthesis of Pd-Doped CuO Nanoparticles for Highly Sensitive and Selective NO2 Gas Sensors.

In view of facile, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly synthetic methods, palladium-doped copper oxide (Pd-CuO) nanoparticles have been synthesized from Ocimum sanctum (commonly known as "Tulsi") phytoextract for gas-sensing applications. The structural, morphological, and compositional properties of Pd-doped CuO nanoparticles were studied using various techniques such as XRD, FESEM, XPS, and EDX. The characterization results confirmed the doping of Pd on CuO nanoparticles, and Pd-CuO nanostructures appear as nanoflakes in FESEM analysis. The gas-sensing response of Pd (1.12 wt %)-CuO nanoflake-based sensor was measured at 5-100 ppm concentration of different gases, NO2, H2S, NH3, and H2, at 125 °C. Gas-sensing tests reveal that the sensitivity of the sensor were 81.7 and 38.9% for 100 and 5 ppm concentrations of NO2, respectively, which was significantly greater than that of pure CuO. The response and recovery times of the sensor were 72 and 98 s for 100 ppm of NO2 gas, while they were 90 and 50 s for 5 ppm NO2. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) value of the sensor is 0.8235. This appealing LOD is suitable for real-time gas detection. The gas sensor was found to exhibit excellent selectivity toward NO2 gas and repeatability and stability in humid (80%) conditions. The Pd doping in CuO nanostructures plays a significant role in escalating the sensitivity and selectivity of CuO-based NO2 gas sensor suitable to work at low operating temperatures.

Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaf modulates oxidative stress, cell cycle and apoptosis in head and neck cancer cell lines

Ocimum sanctum Linn. is a medicinal herb that has cytotoxic effects by inducing oxidative stress in some carcinomas. This study aimed to examine the impact of O. sanctum leaf extract on oxidative stress, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in cell lines of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Isogenic primary (HN18/HN30) and metastatic (HN17/HN31) HNSCC cell lines were used. Preparation of the ethanolic extract of O.sanctum leaf (EEOS) was carried out. HNSCC cell lines were exposed to varying concentrations (0.1–0.8 mg/ml) of EEOS for a duration of 72 h, and the MTT assay was utilized to determine the cytotoxic doses. To assess the impact of EEOS on HNSCC cells, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde were measured using a fluorometric method. Flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate effects of EEOS on the cell cycle, DNA damage, and apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Caspase-3 and -9 levels in the EEOS-treated HNSCC cells were measured by ELISA. The chemical components in EEOS were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. EEOS exhibited cytotoxicity against the HN18, HN17, HN30 and HN31 cells at minimum concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. Treatment with EEOS resulted in a significant increase in ROS levels in HN18 and HN17 cells. Additionally, EEOS significantly induced the levels of malondialdehyde in HN18 and HN31 cells. Moreover, EEOS arrested the cell cycle in HN30 and HN31 cells, and significantly induced DNA damage and apoptosis in the HN18, HN30, and HN31 cells. EEOS selectively increased caspase-9 in the HN18 cells. However, caspase-3 was activated without apoptosis in the EEOS-treated HN17 cells. The constituents of EEOS were identified as rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and apigenin. In conclusion, EEOS exhibits various prooxidative and apoptotic effects between HNSCC cells.

Surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin after exposure of basil leaf extract solution

Background: Dental caries is a chronic dental disease due to microbial metabolic activity, which causes tooth demineralization. Dental caries prevalence in Indonesia in 2018 was 45.3%. The prevalence value of dental caries can be reduced by restoring teeth and maintaining oral hygiene. One of the dental restoration materials is nanohybrid composite resin. Basil leaf extract solution (Ocimum sanctum) has the potential to be used as a mouthwash because it contains eugenol and polyphenols, which have antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans at concentrations of 2% and 4% to improve oral hygiene and prevent primary and secondary caries. Secondary caries occurs due to bacteria's attachment and penetration of restorative materials with a rough surface. The surface roughness of the composite increased after exposure to eugenol and polyphenols. Purpose: To determine the effect of exposure to a solution of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract concentration of 2% and 4% on the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin. Methods: Plant determination, phytochemical test, acidity test, immersion for five days, and surface roughness test. Results: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract contains 0.21% eugenol and 5.11% polyphenols, and the extract solution has a pH of 4.7. The mean increase in surface roughness on the top and bottom surfaces of the nanohybrid composites after exposure to 2% and 4% Ocimum sanctum leaf extract solutions was significantly different from exposure to distilled water (p<0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to Ocimum sanctum leaf extract solution increased the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin.

Potential of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum in ameliorating redox status and lung injury in COPD: an in vivo and in silico study

Oxidative stress and inflammation are hypothesised as the main contributor for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cigarette smoke (CS), a major cause of COPD leads to inflammation resulting in recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages which are rich sources of oxidants. Activation of these cells produces excess oxidants and depletes antioxidants resulting in stress. Presently, effective drug for COPD is limited; therefore, novel compounds from natural sources, including plants are under exploration. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (OLE) in CS − induced model of COPD. Exposure to CS was performed thrice a week for 8 weeks and OLE (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) was administered an hour before CS exposure. Control group (negative control) were exposed to ambient air while COPD group was exposed to CS (positive control). Administration of OLE doses reduced inflammation, decreased oxidant concentration and increased antioxidant concentration (p < 0.01). Molecular docking studies between the major phytocompounds of OLE (Eugenol, Cyclohexane and Caryophyllene) and antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) showed strong binding interaction in terms of binding energy. In vivo and in silico findings for the first time indicates that OLE extract significantly alleviates oxidative stress by its potent free radical scavenging property and strong interaction with antioxidant enzymes. OLE extract may prove to be a therapeutic option for COPD prevention and treatment.

Green synthesis of glucose-capped stable silver nanoparticles: a cost-effective sensor for the selective detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous solutions

We, herein, report green synthesis of glucose-capped stable silver nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) leaf extract for selective detection of Hg2+ ions in an aqueous solution.

Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Ocimum sanctum and its Antimicrobial Activity

Objectives: We reported a non-toxic, low-cost and environmentally friendly green synthesis technique for the manufacture of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) utilizing Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) leaf extract to prevent hospital-acquired and Methicillin-resistant pathogenic bacterial infections strains. Materials and Methods: The biogenic synthesis of Cu NPs via chemical precipitation method using O. sanctum phytochemical extract as stabilizing and reducing agent. Cu NPs syntheses are characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis spectroscopy), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to analyze and confirm size and nature of Cu NPs. Results: UV-vis spectroscopy of Cu NPs showed an absorption peak at 528 nm with calculated band gap 2.1 eV. XRD analysis indicates crystallite nature of Cu NPs having an average size 48 nm. FTIR showed involvement of O. sanctum extract biomolecules in capping process Cu NPs. The hexagonal morphology structure of Cu NPs nanoparticles is observed by SEM analysis. Cu NPs showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (38.66 ± 1.15 mm), Escherichia coli (43.33 ± 1.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.66 ± 0.57 mm) and Proteus vulgaris (42.66± 0.57 mm). Conclusion: We report synthesis of simple, inexpensive and eco-friendly O. sanctum mediated Cu NPs. The biophysical characterization techniques used for analyze size, shape and nature of nanoparticles. The 32 ug/ml Cu NPs concentration showed excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cu NPs efficiently used to prevent Proteus vulgaris mediated infection.

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopic (UFTAS) and antibacterial efficacy studies of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Ocimum Sanctum leaf extract

The current ongoing problem related to the AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) nanomedicine’s lifetime of charge carrier dynamics is a concern that needs to be investigated. The efficient method for the biosynthesis of AgNPs results in the spherical shape ∼34 nm using Ocimum sanctum leaf (Oc. sanctum) extract for antibacterial activity, Z-scan for optoelectronic and lifetime through ultrafast spectroscopy. AgNPs in concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 μg/ml exhibit antibacterial activity against the rice disease caused by Xanthomonas Oryzae bacteria compared to the commonly used antibiotic Amoxicillin. The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs against rice pathogen (Xanthomonas Oryzae. Pv. oryzae) proves to be an effective remedy when the concentration of nanoparticles increases. The charge carrier dynamics of biosynthesized AgNPs, govern the electron transport using ultrafast femtosecond transient absorption (UFTAS) spectroscopy which regulates the efficacy of the AgNPs against the bacteria. UFTAS measurements of the AgNPs show that tri-exponential ultrafast dynamics are involved in the relaxation process. The slow decay lifetime found at 758 nm as 5.97 ns (nanosecond) with 16.9 % recombination, indicates the dependency and size of AgNPs, thus implying a long-term slow interaction between bacteria and AgNPs.Further, the third-order nonlinear optical absorbance of AgNPs was calculated as β = 0.259 × 10−12 cm/W in the presence of natural chemicals and investigated by applying Z-scan in an open aperture suitable for optoelectronic applications. These highlights the benefits of biosynthesized AgNPs as it shows specific studies of nonlinear and charge transfer dynamics, which is further related to antibacterial applications in nanomedicines.

Green Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract: In Vitro Characterization and Its Healing Efficacy in Diabetic Wounds.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired glucose metabolism. Overproduction of free radicals due to chronic hyperglycemia may cause oxidative stress, which delays wound healing in diabetic conditions. For people with diabetes, this impeded wound healing is one of the predominant reasons for mortality and morbidity. The study aimed to develop an Ocimum sanctum leaf extract-mediated green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) and further incorporate them into 2% chitosan (CS) gel for diabetic wound healing. UV-visible spectrum analysis recorded the sharp peak at 235 and 320 nm, and this was the preliminary sign for the biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs. The FTIR analysis was used to perform a qualitative validation of the biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. XRD analysis indicated the crystallinity of TiO2 NPs in anatase form. Microscopic investigation revealed that TiO2 NPs were spherical and polygonal in shape, with sizes ranging from 75 to 123 nm. The EDX analysis of green synthesized NPs showed the presence of TiO2 NPs, demonstrating the peak of titanium ion and oxygen. The hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) of the TiO2 NPs were found to be 130.3 nm and 0.237, respectively. The developed TiO2 NPs containing CS gel exhibited the desired thixotropic properties with pseudoplastic behavior. In vivo wound healing studies and histopathological investigations of healed wounds demonstrated the excellent wound-healing efficacy of TiO2 NPs containing CS gel in diabetic rats.

Neuroprotective potential of ocimum sanctum (Linn) leaf extract in preventing and attenuating stress induced substantia nigral neuronal damage in rats

BackgroundIn Ayurveda; an Indian system of traditional medicine, Ocimum sanctum is said to have remedial effect on hriddaurbalya (problems affecting the mind), aakshepayukta vikara (nervous disorders) and shiroroga (diseases of head). Hence, in Ayurvedic practice, it is profoundly used as an antistress medicine. Stress is known to affect neurons of functionally significant brain regions like substantia nigra. However, experimental evidence showing its effect on morphology of substantia nigral neurons is lacking. In addition, whether the O. sanctum treatment attenuates stress induced substantia nigral neuronal structural changes is not known. ObjectivesTo know the effect of stress on morphology of substantia nigral neurons and the effect of O. sanctum fresh leaf extract (OSE) on substantia nigral neurons of stressed rats. Material and methodsPresent study included three experiments. Experiment I: To study the effect of 3 and 6 weeks of foot shock stress in rats; Experiment II- To study the effect of 3 weeks of OSE treatment on 3 week-stress undergoing rats and on 3 week-stressed rats; Experiment III- To study the effect of 6 weeks of OSE treatment in 6 week-stress undergoing rats and in 6 week-stressed rats. ResultsIn experiment I, stress had significant deleterious effect on dendritic arborization of substantia nigral neurons. Experiments II and III showed prevention and attenuation of the stress induced dendritic atrophy of substantia nigral neurons in both 2 ml and 4 ml OSE treatment groups. Protective effect of OSE was more pronounced in rats which are treated for a longer duration. ConclusionsFoot shock stress induces neuronal damage in the substantia nigra of rats. Treatment with fresh leaf extract of O. sanctum could prevent and attenuate the foot shock stress induced behavioral deficit and substantia nigral neuronal damage.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Chemical and green synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of their effects on caprine testis in vitro.

The present research was designed to investigate the potential effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by both chemical and green method in caprine testis. In this study, rod-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) with diameter less than 100 nm were prepared by chemical and green method using polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Ocimum sanctum leaf extract as stabilizing agents respectively. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, LCMS, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EDX were utilized to characterize the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The histomorphological alterations of both chemically synthesized and biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were evaluated after administration of two doses (10 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml) for exposure duration of 4 h and 8 h. Chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles induced significant damage in testicular cells in dose and time-dependent manner. The Histomorphological changes included desquamation in germinal epithelium, pyknosis in germ cells, increased vacuolization, loss of mature spermatozoa from lumen and wide interstitial space between seminiferous tubules. Protective effects of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were recorded at lower dose whereas some alterations were observed when treated with 20 µg/ml for 4 h and 8 h culture duration. The results confirmed that phytochemicals present in leaf extract of O. sanctum mitigated the zinc oxide nanoparticles induced toxicity, proving biosynthesized nanoparticles are better than chemically synthesized nanoparticles.