Extract Of Ocimum Gratissimum Research Articles

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum gratissimum Leaves and Vitamin C on Lead Acetate-induced Changes in the Thymus of Adult Wistar Rats

Lead is a heavy metal found in earth’s crust. It is a widespread and insidious environmental toxin known as a severe and aggressive contaminant to human and animal organisms’ health status. This work is aimed at evaluating the effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on lead induced changes in the thymus of adult albino wistar rats. Thirty five male Wistar rats were used in the study and were randomly divided into seven groups with five rats in each group. The rats in Group one (G1) served as the Control and received distilled water. Group 2 received 120 mg/kg body weight (bwt) of lead acetate, G3 received 375 mg/kg bwt of OG only. G4 received 120 mg/kg bwt of lead acetate and OG extract at 375 mg/kg bwt., G5 received 120 mg/kg bwt of lead and OG at 750 mg/kg bwt. G6 received 375 mg/kg bwt of OG in two weeks followed by 120 mg/kg bwt of lead acetate for one week, while G7 received 120 mg/kg bwt of lead acetate and Vitamin C at 11900 mg/kg. All the administrations were carried out orally for twenty one (21) days. At the end of the administration, the rats were fasted for 24 hours. They weighted and humanely sacrificed via cervical dislocation. The thymus were harvested in all the groups and prepared for histological studies using routine haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining techniques. The result of the present study shows that lead possessed a distortive effect in the histoarchitecture of thymus of the wistar rat in G2 when compared with G1. Treatment of these experimental animals with vitamin C prove to posses more ameliorative effect in restoring the histoarchitecture on lead toxicity in the thymus closed to normal than OG. Therefore, it is suggested that aqueous extract OG can act via the same pathway as vitamin C, in maintaining the normal histological structures of the thymus of adult albino wistar rat exposed to lead toxicity.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Antioxidant Face Cream Containing Ethanol Extracts of Psidium Guajava and Ocimum Gratissimum

Background: Aging is a natural progressive process that leads to aesthetic and functional changes in the skin. The aim of this research work is to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal antioxidant face cream using the ethanol extracts of psidium guajava and ocimum gratissimum.Method: The ethanol extract of the herbs was incorporated at varying concentrations into six different emulsion bases. Antioxidant activity of the formulations was assessed using 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability and microbial content. Accelerated stability tests were performed on all the formulations to assess stability at varying storage conditions.Results: All the formulations showed good spread ability, good consistency, homogeneity, appearance, pH without phase separation occurring. Rheological tests showed that the all formulations exhibited non-Newtonian pseudo plastic flow. All six formulations also showed concentration dependent antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid a potent antioxidant served as the standard for these tests. Formulation AFCR6 showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 80.1 μg/mL.Conclusion: The polyherbal antioxidant cream containing extracts of Psidium guajava and Ocimum gratissimum have been shown to have excellent antioxidants properties. It can serve to protect the skin from reactive oxygen species created by UV radiation and environmental toxin, thus protecting the skin from photo aging.Keywords: Anti-oxidant, Face cream, Psidium guajava, Ocimum gratissimum

Prolonged Administration of Leaf Extract of Ocimum gratissimum Reduces RBC, PCV and Platelet Count but Increases Total WBC and Lymphocyte Counts in Rats

Background: Ocimum gratissimum is an ethnopharmacological plant with numerous healing potentials. But there is paucity in scientific literature on its impact on the blood cells.
 Aim and Objective: The present study was intended to evaluate the dose and time-dependent effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on some haematological in albino Wistar rats.
 Methods: Twenty four rats were randomly assigned to four equal groups. Group 1 was control, groups 2, 3 and 4 were given 450 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg and 1800 mg/kg respectively of the extract daily for 30 days. All rats had free access to water and rat chow.
 Results: The result showed a significantly lower RBC count in groups 3 and 4 when compared with control (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). PCV was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p<0.05). Platelet count was significantly lower in group 4 than control (p<0.05) and group 2 (p<0.05). A significant increase in WBC count was observed in groups 2 and 3 when compared with control (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). A significant reduction in neutrophil count was observed in groups 2, 3 and 4 compared with control (p<0.05; p< 0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). There were significant increases in lymphocyte counts in groups 2, 3 and 4 when compared with control (p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 respectively). There were no significant changes in MCV, MCH and MCHC in the groups.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum causes reduction in RBC count, PCV, platelet count and neutrophil count but causes increases in total WBC count and lymphocyte count.

Effect of Methanolic Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Blood Pressure, Some Electrolytes, Renal and Cardiac Biomarkers in 8% NaCl Induced Hypertensive Male Wistar Rats

Effect of Methanolic Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Blood Pressure, Some Electrolytes, Renal and Cardiac Biomarkers in 8% NaCl Induced Hypertensive Male Wistar Rats

Comparative effects of methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum on testicular morphology and epididymal sperm reserve of adult male albino rats (Wistar strain).

Fertility control with medicinal plants has been reported in the ancient and modern medical literature. In this research, the effects of methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on testicular morphology and epididymal sperm reserve were investigated in adult male Wistar rats. Fifty-five rats divided into 5 groups A-E of 11 rats each was used for this study. Methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum were administered at two doses 250 and 500 mg/kg for 28 days. Animals in control group A received distilled water for the same duration. At day 14 and 28 of the study, five animals were sacrificed from each group, and their blood and testes samples were collected for the analysis. Spermiogram, testicular biometry, serum testosterone assay, and testicular morphology were assessed from harvested testes. The results revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in serum testosterone level. There was also no significant difference (p > 0.05) in sperm volume, livability and abnormalities but there was significant differences (p < 0.05) in the sperm motility and concentration. Testicular biometry and testicular morphology between control and treated groups did not reveal any significant differences (p > 0.05). The study showed that methanol and oil extracts of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) did not have any inhibitory effect on the reproductive function and fertility of adult male albino rats. Further works should be carried out on isolated active fractions of this plant on male fertility.

Trematocidal activity of aqueous crude extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves

Trematocidal activity of aqueous crude extract of <i>Ocimum gratissimum</i> leaves

Safety effect of fractions from methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on reproduction in male wistar rats

This study evaluates the reproductive toxicity of ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions from crude methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum in male Wistar rats. Acute toxicity was assessed to determine the safety dose, Sub-chronic reproductive toxicity studies were carried out by administering daily 25, 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight doses of the fractions to respective group of animals and 1 ml of normal saline daily for the control group for 28 days. Blood, epididymis and testes were harvested for reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, and histopathologic analysis respectively. There was significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum levels of testosterone, body-weight gain, sperm count. There was also apparent increase in mean-testicular weight and preservation of testicular histology with increase spermatogenesis in both the ethyl acetate and butanolic fraction treated groups compared with control. Serum levels of luteinising hormone was however significantly (P < 0.05) decrease across the groups compared to control. These effects were more pronounced in the butanolic fraction group compared to the ethyl acetate treated group. Sperm motility was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the ethyl acetate treated group compared to control. Findings from this studies demonstrate that these fractions were non-toxic at the tested doses with regards to male reproduction but, rather, exhibited fertility enhancing effects which was better with the butanolic fraction. Our findings also shows that the ethyl acetate fraction may be safer than the butanolic fraction.

Polyherbal Antioxidant Topical Preparation Comprising Ethanol Extract of Tetracarpidium conophorum and Ocimum gratissimum: Formulation and Evaluation

The use of antioxidants is an effective approach to prevent symptoms related to photo-induced aging of the skin. The aim of this research work was to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal antioxidant face cream using the ethanol extracts of Tetracarpidium conophorum and Ocimum gratissimum. The ethanol extract of the herbs was incorporated at varying concentrations into six different emulsion bases. Antioxidant activity of the formulations was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. The formulations were evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadability and microbial content. Accelerated stability tests were performed on all the formulations to assess stability at varying storage conditions. All the formulations showed good spreadability, good consistency, homogeneity, appearance, pH and no phase separation occurred. Non-Newtonian pseudo-plastic flow influenced by increased shear was experienced by all the formulations. Concentration dependent antioxidant activity was observed with FC2 and FC4 showing the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 80.1 and 83.2 μg/ml, respectively. The polyherbal antioxidant preparation containing extracts of T. conophorum and O. gratissimum shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant properties. It can serve to protect the skin from reactive oxygen species created by UV radiation and environmental toxin, thus protecting the skin from photo aging.&#x0D; Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 213-219, 2018 (December)

English

The need for an alternative means of managing renal toxicity has become necessary instead of kidney transplant. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum (AEOG) on acetaminophen (ACE) induced renal toxicity. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) with five rats in each group. Group 1 served as the normal control and received normal saline as placebo. Group 2 served as the negative control and received 500 mg/kg of ACE orally for 21 days. Groups 3, 4 and 5 served as the treatment groups and received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg AEOG in addition to 500 mg/kg ACE orally for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed on the 22nd day. Blood was collected for the biochemical analysis (serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes). The kidney was harvested, rinsed in 1% KCl and preserved in 10% formaldehyde solution for the histological examination. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, phenols, phlobatamin, anthraquinone, terpernoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides and absence of cardenolides and chalcones. Biochemical analysis showed significant increase in creatinine and urea levels in the negative control groups when compared with the normal control while there was no significant decrease in both creatinine and urea in the treatment groups when compared with the negative control. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the serum electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-). The histological examination showed mild and moderate healing of the renal tissues in the treatment groups when compared with the negative control group which showed severely damaged renal tissues. Based on the aforementioned observations, it was concluded that AEOG possessed ameliorative effect in ACE induced renal toxicity. Key words: Renal toxicity, acetaminophen, Occimum gratissimium, rats, electrolytes.

The Effects of The Leaf Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina, Ocimum Gratissimum and Phyllanthus Amarus on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Guinea Pigs

The Effects of The Leaf Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina, Ocimum Gratissimum and Phyllanthus Amarus on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Guinea Pigs

Ethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum ameliorates methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of methotrexate (MTX). Ocimum gratisimum (OG) has lots of phytochemical constituents with medicinal uses.Aims and Objectives: This study assessed the benefit of ethanolic leaf extract of OG (EEOG) against a rat model of MTX-induced nephrotoxicity.Materials and Methods: Fifty four adult albino rats randomized into 9 groups A-I of six rats per group were used for this study. Groups A and B were treated with water and corn oil as placebo and solvent control respectively. Groups C-E were treated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of EEOG daily for 5 days. Group F was treated with 20mg/kg of EEOG MTX intraperiotoneally on the 5th day while groups G-I were orally pretreated with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of EEOG daily for 5days and 20 mg/kg EEOG of MTX on the 5th day 5. Rats were weighed, sacrificed and serum was extracted and evaluated for renal function parameters. Kidneys were excised and evaluated for oxidative stress indices and histology.Results: Treatment with MTX did not produce significant (p&gt;0.05) effects on body and kidney weights, however, creatinine, urea, uric acid, sodium, potassium chloride and bicarbonate and malondialdehyde levels were significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in MTX-treated rats when compared to control. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, total protein, and albumin levels were significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased in MTX-treated rats when compared to control. However, MTX-induced nephrotoxic effects were significantly (p&lt;0.05) abrogated in EEOG pretreated rats in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: Ethanolic leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum contains phytochemicals that could serve as remedy for methotrexate associated nephrotoxicity.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.9(5) 2018 37-43

Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Prostate Functions in Hormonal Induced Enlarged Prostate in Adult Rats

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological disease characterised by an increased number of epithelial cells and stromal cells within the prostate gland. We investigated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on BPH induced animal model.&#x0D; Methods: BPH was induced in male rats weighing 250-350 g through exogenous administration of testosterone and estradiol. A total of 30 rats were divided into five groups. One group was used as a control, and the other groups received subcutaneous injections of the two hormones. Groups 1 to 2 were treated orally with different doses of extract and group 3 received finasteride, group 4 was left untreated, and group 5 served as normal control. After forty-five days of treatment with the extract, the animals were sacrificed blood collected through cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. The prostate glands were harvested and processed for paraffin embedding and stained with H and E.&#x0D; Results: Treatment with the extract and finasteride resulted in significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), estradiol and prolactin and testosterone when compared to BPH control. Also, there was a significant increase in the protein content of the prostate gland when compared to BPH control. Prostate weight was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced in treated groups compared to BPH control. This was supported by the histological examination of the prostate gland. Conclusion: Therefore, Ocimum gratissimum was effective in reducing PSA, prolactin, testosterone, estradiol and prostate weight induced BPH in a rat model, and may be useful for the clinical treatment of patients with BPH.

The aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves ameliorates acetic acid-induced colitis via improving antioxidant status and hematological parameters in male Wistar rats

The beneficial effects of Ocimum gratissimum, have been attributed mainly to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves (AEOGL) on acetic acid induced colitis in male rats. Twenty male Wistar rats, 100–180 g were divided into four groups as follows: Group 1 (control) (n = 5) received 2 ml/kg of distilled water for 21 consecutive days. Group 2 (n = 5) received 2 ml of 6% acetic acid solution once intra rectally for induction of colitis. Group 3 and 4 (n = 5 each) were treated as group 2 and thereafter received AEOGL orally at 200 and 400 mg/kg/day respectively for 20 consecutive days. All the animals from each group were sacrificed 24 h after the induction of colitis and administration of AEOGL. The diarrhea score, ulcer score, hematological parameters, nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) markers and histopathological alteration were evaluated. Acetic acid-induced colitis significantly caused alteration in diarrhea score, ulcer score, hematological parameters, MPO and SOD activities, NO and GSH levels (p < 0.05). It induced significant inflammation of the colonic tissue. AEOGL administration significantly decreased diarrhea score and ulcer score to normal (p < 0.05). It prevented alteration effect of acetic acid on hematological parameters and significant decreases the activities of MPO, SOD, NO and increase GSH levels (p < 0.05) in colitis rats. In conclusion, Ocimum gratissimum leaves possesses ameliorative effects against acetic acid-induced colitis as a consequence of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties.

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study on the Toxic Effects of Anthracene on the lung and liver of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Ocimum gratissimum Extract

Histological and Immunohistochemical Study on the Toxic Effects of Anthracene on the lung and liver of Adult Male Albino Rats and the Possible Protective Role of Ocimum gratissimum Extract

English

Extract of Ocimum gratissimum (OG), also known as scent leaf, is popularly used to treat diabetes mellitus and its hypoglycaemic activity has been confirmed by in vivo studies. The aim was to investigate the effect of this extract on placenta development and birth outcome in diabetic pregnancy. Forty two pregnant rats weighing 150-200 g were used. They were divided into control and extract treated diabetic and non-diabetic groups with 6 rats in each subgroup. Extract treated groups were administered 200 and 400 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of OG orally after the induction of diabetes by administration of alloxan monohydrate after an overnight fast. Treatment commenced in the second trimester and lasted till end of pregnancy. On day 18 of pregnancy, 3 rats from each group were sacrificed and placentae harvested and weighed. On the day of delivery, birth weight and other parameters were recorded. Results show that OG administration caused a significant decrease in placental weights, birth weights, litter sizes and placental-birth weight ratio in both diabetic and non-diabetic pregnancy. In conclusion, the observed decrease in placenta-birth weight ratios may suggest a protective beneficial effect of this extract against macrosomia in diabetic pregnancies and increased risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. Key words: Ocimum gratissimum, gestational diabetes, placenta-birth weight ratio, pregnancy outcome, postnatal growth.

Polyphenol-rich extract of Ocimum gratissimum leaves ameliorates colitis via attenuating colonic mucosa injury and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines production and oxidative stress

Colitis is a chronic inflammation and ulcer on the inner lining of the large intestine. For many centuries Ocimum gratissimum (OG) leaves have been used in folk medicine in Nigeria to treat inflammatory bowel diseases, however, to date, the anti-colitis effects of OG have not been scientifically proven. In this study we investigated the effects of polyphenol rich extract of Ocimum gratissimum (PREOG) leaf on colonic mucosa injury in colitis, its mechanisms, initial administration time and dosage. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced rat colitis models was used. PREOG administration was initiated at 3 and 7 d after the model was established at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 7 d. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) was used as a reference drug. The disease activity index (DAI), vascular permeability, markers of oxidative stress, granulocyte infiltration, inflammation and histopathological alteration were evaluated. Obvious colonic inflammation and mucosa injuries were observed in DSS-induced colitis groups. PREOG administration promoted repair of colonic mucosa injuries, attenuated inflammation, and decreased DAI scores in rats with colitis. PREOG also decreased the plasma concentrations of Interleukin-(IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and concentrations of myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2 and malondialdehyde in the colon, and increased the plasma concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the concentration of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione in the colon. The efficacy of PREOG was dosage dependent. In conclusion, OG repairs colonic mucosa injury in experimental colitis through its ant-inflammatory and ant-oxidant. Its efficacy related to initial administration time and dose.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of African Basil (Ocimum gratissimum) and Tassel Flower (Emilia coccinea) Leaf Extracts

The use of plant extracts and phytoconstituents with antimicrobial properties may provide therapeutic benefits and application in consumer products such lotions and soaps, and active food packaging. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of water, methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Ocimum gratissimum leaf (OGL) in inhibiting the growth of selected bacteria (E. coli O157:H7 (ATCC 43894), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT‐104 (CDC H3380), Aeromonas hydrophila K144, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 7700)). In a parallel study, water, methanol, and butanol extracts of Emilia coccinea leaf (ECL) and OGL were also tested against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. To screen for antimicrobial activity, the susceptibility of these selected pathogens and non‐pathogenic bacteria was determined using the disk diffusion assay. Selected antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin and kanamycin were used as positive control. Following incubation, zone of inhibition differed between control and extracts, with larger zone of inhibition in the OGL butanol extract than the water, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts in all the four pathogens tested, and a smaller zone of inhibition for E. coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas cultures. Aeromonas hydrophila K144 cultures were found to be susceptible to butanol extract showing 10 mm of clearance zone. Incubation of ampicillin with Aeromonas hydrophila K144, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT‐104 (CDC H3380) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 7700) led to minor changes in the zone of inhibition of these antimicrobials. P. Aeruginosa and S. aureus were resistant and susceptible to all antibiotic controls tested, respectively. E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus were all susceptible to the methanol and butanol extracts of OGL and ECL. Butanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Emilia coccinea leaf could be suitable alternative to some chemical antimicrobials, satisfying consumer demand for natural products.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Ocimum basilicum but not Ocimum gratissimum present cytotoxic effects on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, inducing apoptosis and triggering mTOR/Akt/p70S6K pathway.

Breast cancer is the major cause of death by cancer in women worldwide and in spite of the many drugs for its treatment, there is still the need for novel therapies for its control. Ocimum species have been used by traditional medicine to control several diseases, including cancer. We have previously characterized the antidiabetic properties of the unfractionated aqueous leaf extracts of Ocimum basilicum (OB) and Ocimum gratissimum (OG), modulating glucose metabolism in diabetic mice. Since glucose metabolism is primordial for cancer cells survival, we hypothesized that these extracts are effective against cancer cells. The unfractionated aqueous leaf extracts of OB and OG were chemically characterized and tested for their cytotoxic, cytostatic and anti-proliferative properties against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Both extracts presented cytostatic effects with an 80% decrease in MCF-7 cell growth at 1mg/mL. However, only OB promoted cytotoxic effects, interfering with the cell viability even after interruption of the treatment. Moreover, OB but not OG affected the cell proliferation and metabolism, evaluated in terms of lactate production and intracellular ATP content. After 24h of treatment, OB treated cells presented an apoptotic profile, while OG treated cells were more necrotic. The treatment with both extracts also activated AMPK, but OB was much more efficient than OG in promoting this. The activation of mTOR signaling, another survival pathway was promoted by OB, whereas OG failed to activate it. In the end, we conclude that OB extract is efficient against the human breast cancer cell line.

Adulticidal and repellent activities of some botanical oils against malaria mosquito: Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)

The study is undertaken to determine the adulticidal efficacy and repellent activity of different solvent extracts of Ocimum caninum, Ocimum gratissimum, Chromolaena odorata and Datura stramonium against adult Anopheles gambiae. The extracts showed adulticidal activity at LC50 (0.82–4.58mg/l) and LC90 (2.38–8.33mg/l). The highest mortality was observed in Ocimum gratissimum and Datura stramonium with the LC50 and LC90 values of 2.35mg/l, 4.75ml/l and 0.82mg/l, 2.38mg/l respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest adulticidal activity was recorded in Chromolaena odorata with the lowest LC50 (4.52mg/l) and LC90 (8.32mg/l). The repellent efficacy was determined against the mosquitoes at five concentrations viz 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0mg/l under laboratory condition (28±2°C, 75±5% RH, 12L: 12D photoperiod). The results showed complete protections of 90min for Ocimum caninum, 120min for Ocimum gratissimum, 30min for Chromolaena odorata and 120min for Datura stramonium at 5mg/l of the extracts respectively. It was observed that D. stramonium and O. gratissimum provided highest protection (120min) against Anopheles gambiae while the least protection (30s) was observed in Chromolaena odorata at 5mg/l. The results of the study showed that all the crude extracts with the exception of Chromolaena odorata were potential botanicals for confirming protection on the exposed parts of human body against Anopheles gambiae for at least 90min and as such can be included in integrated vector management to reduce malaria infection in endemic areas.

Effects of Leaf Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. on Quality of Fresh Cut Cucumis sativus L.

Effects of Leaf Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum L. on Quality of Fresh Cut Cucumis sativus L.