Occurrence Of Natural Disasters Research Articles

The General Mechanism of the Origin of Natural Disasters in the Global Dimension

The article presents a possible mechanism for the occurrence of natural disasters on a global scale based on the view of the Earth as an evolving electromagnetic self-oscillating system. The possible future of natural disasters in the global dimension is presented. It has been established that for the period from 1900 to 2020 there was a gradual, and at certain time intervals and a sharp increase in the number of catastrophes on our planet. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of victims of these disasters, the number of victims and material damage. The article emphasizes that catastrophes for our planet are a natural course of development for it as for an evolving electromagnetic self-oscillating system. For this reason, all natural disasters on our planet must be adequately accepted and understood that only for humans they are catastrophes, and in the event of human losses and economic damage, they pass into the stage of emergency situations. The article also shows a close connection between natural disasters and the rhythms of the Sun and solar activity.«The frantic desire for life thrives in the heart of every great calamity» Albert Camus

A Method of Planning Disaster Emergency Rescue Paths in Road-Free Environment.

The occurrence of natural disasters has caused great loss of lives and properties that affected many people. To improve the efficiency of the emergency rescue efforts, the problem of road planning for emergency workers, vehicles, and other mobile objects should be overcome. Due to the characteristics of the emergency planning for rescue paths, timely, effective, and rapid efforts should be taken into effect based on geographical data in the road-free environment. This paper analyzes trafficability, researches both access ability and traffic efficiency, and uses traffic efficiency concerning the road-free environment as an influential weight and timeliness to improve the A∗ algorithm, which realizes the rapid planning of the mobile objects' emergency rescue paths in the road-free environment, providing decision-making services for the rescue path planning of disaster emergencies in the environment of no road network. Finally, the experiments were carried out using available data for Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province. The results show that the research can provide a reference for the rescue path planning of disaster emergencies and has contributed to theoretical and applicable aspects of the research.

Temporary Accommodation Facilities for People Affected by an Emergency or Humanitarian Disaster

Aim: This article attempts to provide an insight into the planning and construction of temporary accommodation for those affected by warfare and hu- manitarian disasters. The damage to housing infrastructure is often very extensive and its reconstruction takes up to several years, during which time it is necessary to provide refugees and disaster victims with minimum living conditions until they are able to move into permanent housing facilities. The article further describes the planning process that should be followed before disasters, as well as the types of temporary accommodation and the use of local resources in disaster recovery. Introduction: In recent years, we have seen a significant increase in the occurrence of natural disasters and local armed conflicts. In most cases in- frastructure in disaster areas is severely damaged or completely destroyed. Houses and residential buildings are very vulnerable to damage and are the most visible consequence after disasters. At the same time, for the people affected by these disasters, they are very traumatic experiences. The article describes the key role of temporary housing during the recovery from humanitarian disasters, identifies common problems and provides some suggestions on how to overcome them. Methodology: The paper mainly uses theoretical research methods, including literature analysis and the opinions of international experts who have conducted studies of many humanitarian disasters and warfare. The analysis which was carried out made it possible to establish and present directions for the construction methodology and optimal solutions in the refugee accommodation project. It discusses elements that can be classified as common patterns of temporary accommodation and reviews of both successful and unsuccessful solutions. Conclusions: The article discusses important factors related to humanitarian disaster preparedness and management. In order to assess the prepared- ness of planning and disaster management, the article answers the following questions: what is good planning and management and what is the role of temporary housing? The answer is based on the results of empirical and behavioural research conducted by international experts and UNDRO – the United Nations Disaster Relief Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Keywords: UNDRO, UNHCR, humanitarian disasters, temporary accommodation Type of article: review article

Disaster Experience and Recovery Strategies in Central University Libraries of Uttar Pradesh: An Analytical Study

The present study highlights the experience of hazards in the library and examined strategies adopted in the pre, during and after the occurrence of natural, manmade or technical disasters. The study also explored which types of problems are faced by libraries after happened of disasters. For the study, a survey research method was adopted and questionnaires have used tools for getting primary data. The findings of the study demonstrated libraries do not have a disaster management plan in written because of insufficient staff, unskillful staff, less funds and insufficient availability of disaster management tools in the library.

COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL VIEWS ON THE EMERGENCE OF HIGH RISKS IN BUSINESS

One of the most difficult issues in the post-pandemic period, bringing the business sector to the pre-pandemic situation or to a positive trend line has become one of the main goals of the countries of the world. Of course, this situation and the economic reforms carried out are completely different from each other. If we take a general look, risks in business move with increasing and decreasing tendency due to internal and external political and economic processes. Various theoretical approaches to this problem have proven that the risks arising in the business sector are seriously dependent on ineffective state regulation, lack of healthy competition in the market economy, delays in innovative reforms, occurrence of unexpected natural disasters, lack of resources that have a certain impact, and the effects of ineffective legal acts. Although economists put forward different assumptions about the occurrence of high risks in business, there are also common opinions on some issues. According to most economists, the collision of protectionist and liberal approaches in the organization of business is a very serious issue caused by the failure of governments to find an "effective middle ground". It can be said that the difficulty arises during the correct application of expansionary and contractionary fiscal and monetary policies by countries.

Ideas About Natural Disasters as the “Natural Course of Things” and “Sango Years” in Ancient and Early Medieval Japan

The perception of natural disasters as a manifestation of work of supernatural forces was spread around the world during those periods of history when scientific knowledge was not developed enough to explain the mechanisms of natural phenomena. Japan, due to its geographical features, was regularly prone to all kinds of destructive natural forces, so it was it was touched by these ideas as well. The view on natural disasters as a form of divine retribution from Heaven for “immoral” ruling has been known in Japan since the establishment of the “state based on laws” (ritsuryo kokka), and often appeared in chronical texts. However, with the decomposition of ritsuryo system other views on the causes of catastrophes appeared more frequently in the texts from historical sources. This article is devoted to the consideration of one of these structure-forming conceptions — the idea of occurrence of natural disasters due to “following the principle” (riun), in other words, “the natural course of things”. The concept of “following the principle” is closely related to the onmyodo and “sango years”, when the state was especially exposed to the risk of various calamities. Those terrible years were predicted basing on the movement of astronomical objects and it was said that the catastrophes did not directly depend on the virtue of the ruler or mistakes made by him and his courtiers. The first mention of the “sango years” was in 758, but the idea became widespread only in the IX century, which was connected with the increase of influence of The Bureau of Yin and Yang (Onmyoryo). The study is based on historical sources of various types: chronicles (“Shoku nihongi”, “Nihon sandai jitsuroku”, “Ruiju Kokushi”, “Honcho Seiki”), diaries of court noblemen (“Gonki” by Fujiwara Yukinari) and the tractate on onmyodo (“Gogyo daigi”).

The health of the nation in 2100 – The hope and despair

The health of the nation in 2100 – The hope and despair

Smart Folding and Floating Shelter Design for Disaster Mitigation with Natural Ventilation and UVC System

The global COVID-19 outbreak has hit the world in the last two years. Indonesia itself recorded positive cases of COVID-19 of approximately 4 million cases as of September 15, 2021. In addition, the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters in Indonesia, which is relatively high every year, requires our collective attention. In early 2021, there have been several natural disasters, including floods in South Kalimantan, earthquakes in West Sulawesi, and others. If the impact of the natural disaster makes residents must do the evacuation, a proper shelter (evacuee camp) and prioritizes health protocols are needed. Therefore, this study discusses the design innovation of disaster response shelters in the form of smart folding and floating shelters designed for a shelter with a capacity of one family (4-5 people). This capacity limitation is to maintain health protocols and suppress the transmission of the Coronavirus in evacuation areas. Our designed shelter prepared in a compact form to facilitate evacuation mobility and can be implemented in all types of disasters with a folding and floating structure system (the shelter can float and be folded). The material used is light steel as the main structure and cork wall as a material that allows the shelter to float. We designed natural ventilation to regulate air circulation, integrated with an ultraviolet C (UVC) lamp. The UVC lamp is intended as a disinfectant against the Coronavirus. Thus, the application of natural ventilation and disinfection using UVC can provide a cleaner air supply. This air supply and circulation are shown in our simulation results using ANSYS Fluent. These results show that smart folding and floating shelter designs can be used for disaster mitigation.

The effectiveness of SuDS measures in reducing the rainwater runoff from urbanized areas

Over the last few years, climate change is one of the most important phenomena in the 21st century. It is bringing significant changes and negatively affecting the environment. This unwanted phenom causes substantial changes in climatic and hydrological characteristics that are manifested mainly in urban agglomerations. It affects extreme weather changes, the occurrence of natural disasters, water shortages, and other phenomena threatening the quality of the environment. On the other hand, there are measures close to nature based on the sustainable development of urbanized areas. Their main goal is to reduce the volume and rate of runoff and the concentration of undesirable substances in rain runoff from urban areas. Therefore, in the research study, we focus on evaluating published studies that have adopted the SuDS practices. We will compare the effectiveness of SuDS measures in capturing flood peak from surface runoff, pollution loads, and their impact on water quality. The result of this study could help select SuDS measures depending on the need to address the problem in the river basin.

Development of E-Magazine Materials for Disaster Mitigation Outbreak to Increase Preparedness of High School Students

Indonesia is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is often hit by natural disasters. The potential for co-occurrence with other natural disasters can exacerbate human losses and cause chaos. After the occurrence of natural disasters, in addition to causing many casualties and damage to infrastructure, the threat of health risks becomes a serious problem. Especially the emergence of infectious diseases. The number of fatalities indicates that community preparedness and mitigation against disasters are still poor. Disaster mitigation is the knowledge that students must have to have good preparedness behavior. Education related to disasters is usually based on theoretical knowledge so that it becomes less meaningful for students. For this reason, it is necessary to make efforts to increase the value of student preparedness with interesting learning media, one of which is by developing an e-magazine of disease outbreak disaster mitigation materials to improve student preparedness. Based on the results of observations in one high school in Bogor City, it was found that the level of student preparedness was still relatively low at 42%. This study aims to determine the effect of e-magazines on disease outbreak disaster mitigation materials on increasing student preparedness, as well as to determine the effectiveness of e-magazines on disease outbreak disaster mitigation materials. The study was conducted using the Research and development method using the ADDIE model (analyze, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The population in this study were students of class X MIPA with a sample of 30 respondents. The results showed that the e-magazine was able to increase the student's preparedness score to 69.67% which was in the medium category. The effectiveness of learning media can be seen from the responses of students and teachers. The percentage of the average value of student responses is 89.5% with a very effective category. Based on the results of the teacher's response questionnaire, the percentage was 84.17% with a very effective category.

Multi-Disaster Management Strategy in Indonesia

Managing natural disasters amid the Covid-19 pandemic needs a special strategic approach. Indonesia, as a natural disaster-prone country, is now facing a problem due to areas with high vulnerability and a lack of disaster literacy. A multi-disaster e.g., the occurrence of natural disasters in the middle of Covid-19) management strategy is badly needed to face up to this situation. This paper offers a multi-disaster management strategy based on empirical experience as a reference for stakeholders, especially government at all levels. Five strategies are offered to overcome the impacts of a multi-disaster event, especially in natural disaster-prone areas with high Covid-19 case rates. Strengthening government institutions is the first priority to be addressed as coordination among government at all levels (from central to regency and city governments) will minimize the casualties. Logistic and infrastructure arrangements should be well managed to avoid any panic and chaos during multi-disasters. Recruitment of volunteers could be very helpful during the emergency response stage. Provision of evacuation sites and temporary shelters that meet the Covid-19 requirements is a must to prevent virus spread during evacuation and emergency response stages. Last but not least, increasing individual disaster literacy should be considered an essential component of a multi-disaster management strategy. Finally, well-managed coordination between all stakeholders is paramount, especially in natural disaster-prone areas with a high level of Covid-19 spread.

Predictive analytics for economic crisis triggered depression risk level identification among some adults in Nigeria

The striking increase in the number of depression cases globally is alarming and can be attributed to a lot of factors such as economic crisis, insecurity, high rate of terrorist attacks, and increase in the frequency of occurrence of natural disasters and epidemics. According to a recent report from the World Health Organisation, more than 322 million people are dealing with depression cases globally. In Nigeria, economic crisis and a high level of insecurity can be regarded as the major triggers for the recent surge in the number of depression cases in the country. A report in 2018 from the study conducted by the World Bank shows that 22 percent of Nigerians, on the average, are chronically depressed. In this research, we explored the use of data analytics in identifying and predicting depression risk levels among government employees in Nigeria. Specifically, we adapted the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) psychometric tool for data collection from 500 government employees in Ondo State Nigeria and used a multiclass naíve Bayes (NB) classifier to identify the depression risk levels among the respondents. Evaluation results on discovering depression risk levels by our proposed model in our study area show accuracy and precision of 96% and 92%respectively.

Homogeneous regions for rainfall distribution in the city of Rio de Janeiro associated with the risk of natural disasters

Understanding the occurrence of natural disasters in regions where the occurrence is high is very important, and it is known that the occurrence of disasters associated with intense rains is a source of research in different locations around the globe, being important not only for increasing accuracy of weather forecasting models, but important information for civil defense, where lives can be saved. The increase in the occurrence of natural disasters related to extreme rainfalls has become a problem of large urban centers, such as the city of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ). Thus, the identification of homogeneous regions for rainfall distribution (HRRD) becomes essential to identify regions at risks of floods and mass movements. The aim of this research was to identify HRRD in CRJ associated with the risk of natural disasters. The identification of homogeneous regions was carried out with the use of monthly rainfall data from 14 pluviometric stations spatially distributed in the study area between 1997 and 2018. Data derived from the MOD13A3 product were also used to identify the monthly temporal behavior of the vegetation areas in the CRJ during the period 2001 to 2020. Rainfall data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis, and subsequently to Cluster Analysis. Cluster analysis identified 4 homogeneous groups regarding annual rainfall distribution. The nonparametric test analysis identified vegetation growth during the dry season and decay during the rainy season. These vegetation results found by the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test evidence the reduction in rainfall in the CRJ. The result showed relevance regarding physiographic aspects that characterize the rainfall dynamics in CRJ, highlighting areas favorable to the occurrence of natural disasters.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tanah Hak Milik Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Alam Erupsi Gunung Sinabung

Indonesia is located in a natural disaster prone location where various types of natural disasters, including earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, landslides, droughts, forest and land fires, and other natural disasters still occur very frequently. Post natural disaster events also have a systemic impact on land issues, especially for areas that are most severely affected by natural disasters, where one of the impacts is the loss of land boundaries caused by changes in land surface due to natural disasters, mainly caused by the earthquake and tsunami. The problems raised in this study, namely how the rule of law against community land rights after the Mt. Sinabung eruption natural disaster, the position and status of community property rights after the Mt. Sinabung eruption natural disasters and legal protection of community land ownership after the eruption. Mount Sinabung. To find answers to these problems, this research uses descriptive analytical normative legal research, where this normative legal research uses secondary data as primary data and also uses primary data as complementary data using data collection techniques carried out by means of literature study, as well as Qualitative data analysis. The rule of law for community property rights after the natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption is broadly regulated in Article 27 of Law Number 5 of 1960 Concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations which states that one of the causes of the abolition of ownership rights is because the land was destroyed, however, this provision does not automatically mean that the community's community-owned land can be abolished. There are a number of activities that must be carried out until the community's community-owned land is removed. The position and status of community property rights after the natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption, which basically remains the property of victims of natural disasters and victims of disasters do not lose their property rights before the disaster belongs to disaster victims. The state cannot directly control the ex-disaster land even though the land owner has died. Land ownership should still be returned to the community, especially for areas that are still inhabited by indigenous peoples. Legal protection of community land rights after the occurrence of natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption is through legal protection of individual ownership holders and protection through land consolidation and relocation activities

Analysis on the Disaster Prevention Strategy of Macau Urban Green Space

With the frequent occurrence of natural disasters in cities in recent years, the disaster prevention and mitigation function of urban green space has been attracting more attention from the public. Because the urban green space system not only has the function of improving environmental quality and maintaining ecological balance, but also has the function of disaster prevention and mitigation. Macau located in the coastal region of southern China suffers from natural disasters such as typhoons, rainstorms and floods. however, due to its small land size and dense population, the development of its green spaces for disaster prevention has been hampered. This paper analyzed the current situation of green space in Macau, summarized the main problems, and proposed corresponding design strategies to provide reference for the disaster prevention construction of urban green space in Macau.

Machine vision based flood monitoring system using deep learning techniques and fuzzy logic on crowdsourced image data

In recent times, frequent occurrences of natural disasters have been the cause of widespread disruptions to life and property. Albeit attempts to prevent such disasters may be a lost cause, emerging technologies can be resorted to, for minimization of their impact. This study proposes a deep learning-based computer vision and crowdsourcing methodology for the detection and estimation of flood depths, one of the most intense disruptive disasters. State-of-the-art flood detection systems work off of satellite or radar images. This research deals with processing images, captured at random, from flood ravaged zones, by smartphones or digital cameras. The crowdsourced image collection of the flood scenes afford better coverage and diverse perspectives, for assessments of the flood devastation. This paper proffers a fuzzy logic-based algorithm, and image segmentation based on color, to estimate the extent of flooding by analysis of crowdsourced images. Deployment of these methods helps in classification of the flooded areas into high, medium, or low level of flooding, to facilitate cost-effective, time-critical rescue operations. This algorithm yielded an accuracy of 83.1% on our dataset.

Disaster waste: Characterization and quantification applied to an intense rain event

The amount and complexity of solid waste are intensified with the occurrence of natural disasters, compromising response and recovery actions, causing unplanned spending, environmental damage, and health impacts. The proper management of disaster waste requires knowledge of its characteristics such as quantity, composition, hazard, and management by the identified waste stream. This article aims at the characterization and quantification of disaster waste arisen from an event of intense rains, which occurred in 2013, in the municipalities of the State of Espírito Santo in Brazil. For characterization, an online survey instrument was developed and applied in institutions responsible for waste management. The survey was associated with a documentary analysis of photographic records and information obtained from the government database. Estimation of the amount of waste generated was carried out in a selected set using a method already applied in the south of the country. It was adapted to local characteristics and later compared with surveys carried out by the municipality. The characterization identified sediments, soil and mud, remains of vegetation, furniture, wood, and discarded scrap as the main generated waste. The estimated additional generation for durable consumer goods of around 1,700 tons of waste was lower than the municipal records (7,436.46 t) in the period. It was associated with the specific low weight of the considered affected goods and the inclusion of other residues in the data obtained in the city hall records. The methods used in the characterization and quantification presented application viability, through adjustments, and represented an important contribution to municipal disaster management to make cities able to face climate change, carrying out safe management of disaster waste.

Prototyping Energy Management System and Developing Self-sustainable Renewable Energy System at Sea and on Land

Recently, the use of clean energy is required by the society due to environmental problems caused by air pollution. In addition, with the frequent occurrence of natural disasters, it is all the more necessary to develop diverse distributed power generation and storage methods. The need to secure hydrogen as a new renewable energy source has increased year by year, and renewable energy options have attracted wider attention not only from a cost perspective, but also thanks to their environmental friendliness. In this paper, we highlight a completely self-sustainable renewable energy system consisting of unique equipment that technical college students in the Chugoku-Shikoku region developed with their technical prowess. Separately, we developed an experimental renewable energy management system and conducted experiments to check whether this system will function properly when a natural disaster occurs. We confirmed that the system is highly effective in that situation.

Impact of climate change on biodiversity loss: global evidence.

The present study investigates the impact of climate change on biodiversity loss using global data consisting of 115 countries. In this study, we measure biodiversity loss using data on the total number of threatened species of amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, mollusks, plants, and reptiles. The data were compiled from the Red List published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). For climate change variables, we have included temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disaster occurrences. As for the control variable, we have considered governance indicator and the level of economic development. By employing ordinary least square with robust standard error and robust regression (M-estimation), our results suggest that all three climate change variables - temperature, precipitation, and the number of natural disasters occurrences - increase biodiversity loss. Higher economic development also impacted biodiversity loss positively. On the other hand, good governance such as the control of corruption, regulatory quality, and rule of law reduces biodiversity loss. Thus, practicing good governance, promoting conservation of the environment, and the control of greenhouse gasses would able to mitigate biodiversity loss.

Effect of health belief model on flood-risk educational approach among elementary school children in Malaysia.

Worsening climatic conditions can subsequently lead to the frequent occurrence of unpredictable natural disasters. The early-life educational approach is one of the non-structural mitigations in disaster management, which are the most effective efforts to promote early-life disaster awareness and enhance the knowledge transfer in disaster risk education. By using the health belief model (HBM), this study aims to examine the effectiveness of HBM on the flood-risk reduction (FRR) educational intervention by looking into the perceived susceptibility, severity, benefit and self-efficacy among elementary school children in Malaysia. This study utilised the one-group pre-test–post-test design by recruiting 224 elementary school children in the pre-FRR educational intervention programme, and 205 who undertook a post-intervention programme a month later. This study showed that the FRR educational intervention significantly improved (p < 0.001) the overall HBM components during the post-intervention, particularly in: (1) FRR knowledge, (2) perceived susceptibility, (3) perceived severity and (4) perceived benefits. The one-way analysis of covariance test showed that knowledge transfer intervention is effective to improve all the HBM components that include (1) FRR knowledge, F(38,127) = 2.517; (2) perceived susceptibility, F(6,191) = 6.957; (3) perceived severity, F(20,163) = 2.944; (4) perceived benefits, F(25,153) = 2.342 and (5) self-efficacy, F(7,189) = 12.526. The impact of integrating HBM into knowledge transfer intervention was seen to be effective and provide a positive knowledge enhancement among learners. Therefore, it is crucial to implement a consistent and sustainable educational intervention to harness formal education for community resilience at an early age.