Occurrence Of Major Depression Research Articles

Associations between dairy and alcohol consumption and major depressive disorder in a mendelian randomization study.

This study explored the link between diet and major depressive disorder (MDD) to provide fresh insights for MDD prevention. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with common foods, such as meat, bread, cheese, fruits, cereals, vegetables, and four alcohol intake categories, were leveraged as instrumental variables. Accordingly, this study employed the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method to evaluate the genetically predicted associations of different food phenotypes with MDD risk. The sensitivity analysis involved MR‒Egger regression and Mendelian random polymorphism residuals, along with outlier tests, to assess instrumental variable pleiotropy. Additional analysis methods, such as MR‒Egger, the weighted median method, and the weighted model, were used to validate the robustness and reliability of the findings. The results of the univariable Mendelian randomization(UVMR) analysis using IVW indicated that genetically predicted consumption of cheese [OR = 0.841, 95% CI: 0.737-0.959, P = 0.0099], dried fruit [OR = 0.7922, 95% CI: 0.644-0.973, P = 0.0264], beer [OR = 1.284, 95% CI: 1.026-1.608, P = 0.0291], and spirits [OR = 3.837, 95% CI: 1.993-7.387, P = 0.0001] were significantly associated with the risk of developing major depressive disorder. Specifically, cheese and dried fruit intake exhibited a inverse correlation with MDD risk, whereas beer and spirits intake showed a positive correlation, with spirits showing a stronger positive correlation. Fourteen other foods, including meat, vegetables, fruits, red wine, and white wine, displayed no significant association with the occurrence of major depression through either type of alcohol intake. In the multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR) analysis, considering potential confounding factors such as insomnia, smoking, and the use of contraceptive pills, cheese was identified to have an independent causal relationship with MDD (OR: 0.754, 95% CI: 0.591-0.962, p = 0.0229). No independent causal relationships were identified between dried fruit, beer, or spirits and MDD. The reverse Mendelian randomization (rMR) analysis indicated that MDD did not have a significant effect on the intake of cheese, dried fruit, beer, or spirits, supporting the presence of a unidirectional causal relationship. Finally, the study examined the relationships between dietary characteristics, per capita alcohol intake, and depression incidence among residents of Shanghai, Peking, and Guangdong Provinces of Asian ethnicity in China. These findings align with the conclusions drawn from Mendelian randomization analysis, suggesting that maintaining a diverse diet, sensibly consuming cheese and dried fruit, and reducing beer and spirit intake may prevent MDD.

IMPLICATIONS OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR AND DELIBERATE SELF-HARM IN PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Traumatic experiences in the first years of life have an important role in the occurrence of major depression as well as many psychiatric diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma (CT), suicidal behavior and deliberate self-harm (DSH) behavior in patients who are diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD). 106 patients who were admitted with depressive complaints to the psychiatry outpatient clinic of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital in Turkey were included in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical features data form, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAD-D), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-28) and Intentional Self-harm Questionnaire (DSHI) were applied to all of the cases. 86 (81.1%) of the cases were female and 20 (18.9%) were male. It was determined that 68.9% of the patients had CT, 49.1% had a history of DSH, and 52.1% had a suicide attempt history. It was determined that 75% of those with DSH behavior had a history of suicide attempt. There was a significant difference between the groups (p˂0.001). When the subtypes of CT, suicide ideation, suicide attempt and DSH behavior, were compared to each other, a significant relationship was found for all of the subtypes. A significant correlation was found between the number of CT and suicide attempts and DSH (p˂0.001). In this study, high levels of CT and its subtypes were found in patients with MDD. In the presence of CT and all of its subtypes, suicide attempt and DSH were significantly higher. In the follow-up of cases diagnosed with MDD, questioning CT is important in terms of suicide attempt and prevention of DSH.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Great Depression Diseases of Hospitalized Patients in Psychiatric Hospital"Skopje" - Skopje for a Five Year Period From 2013 - 2017

Severe depression beside the pathological mood, also denotes the cognitive, perceptual, and motor activities that are psychopathologically related to the scope of all psychic dynamics, which means cognitive, conative, and emotional. This mental illness covers a large area of ​​the affective life of a man with a wide range of severe depression classified by ICD - 10 - F 32, F32.2 and F 32.3. By using a retrospective approach in the research will be gathered data from medical histories on biological and social factors that act positively or negatively on the occurrence and course of major depression. The research aims to determine the total number of patients with severe depression treated in hospital conditions in the Psychiatric Hospital ,,Skopje’’ - Skopje for a period of 5 years from 2013-2017 in order to get a clear picture of the factors and specific predictors that lead to development of major depression. Within the research methods all the parameters contained will be calculated so that it can be concluded that the predictors influence and differ from other stakeholders responsible for etiopathogenesis, although they have a mutual influence. From the obtained data we expect to obtain the scope of the influence of socio-demographic data on the occurrence of Major Depression and sequelae of the disease. Keywords: severe depression, cognitive function, affectivity, mental illness, medical history DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/95-06 Publication date: November 30 th 2021

Association Between Major Depression And Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis And Meta-Regression Of Observational Studies

The purpose of this review was to identify the prevalence of major depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. An electronic search was conducted for relevant studies published from January 1988 to December 2014. Cross-sectional and case-control studies in adults that evaluated the prevalence of major depression in individuals with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were included. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were used to identify the sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. After the selection process, 18 cross-sectional and four case-control studies were included in the meta-analysis. In total, the occurrence of major depression was investigated in 5554 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. The prevalence of major depression varied from 6.67% (95% CI: 4.54% - 9.38%) to 55.38% (95% CI: 42.53% - 67.73%), with an overall average of 21.13% (95% CI: 15.80% -27.66%). In American continents, the prevalence was 20.83% (95% CI: 13.12% -31.43%; I²=96.8%), and in Europe it was 18.00% (95% CI: 8.58% -33.91%; I²=93.8%). Both were lower than the rate in Asia, which was 23.49% (95% CI: 15.63% -33.74%; I²=90.8%). Meta-regression analysis found no evidence that the analyzed cofactors represented the cause of the heterogeneity seen. The approximately symmetrical distribution of the points in Funnel Plot suggests an absence of publication bias that was confirmed by Egger's test (p=0.2345). Based on the data collected, we can infer that the prevalence of major depression in individuals with type 2 diabetes was high, independent of geographic location.

Risk of major depression in patients with chronic renal failure on different treatment modalities: A matched-cohort and population-based study in Taiwan.

The influence of different treatment modalities on the risk of developing major depression in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) is not well understood. We aimed to explore the incidence of major depression among patients with CRF who were on different dialysis modalities, who had received renal transplantation (RT), and those who had not yet received any of the aforementioned renal replacement therapies. We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using a national health insurance research database. This study investigated 89,336 study controls, 17,889 patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment, 3823 patients on hemodialysis (HD), 351 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 322 patients who had RT. We followed all individuals until the occurrence of major depression or the date of loss to follow-up. The PD group had the highest risk (hazard ratio [HR] 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-4.69), whereas the RT group had the lowest risk (HR 0.18; 95% CI 0.03-1.29) of developing major depression compared with the control group. Patients initiated on PD had a higher risk of developing major depression than patients initiated on HD (pairwise comparison: HR 2.20; 95% CI 1.09-4.46). Different treatment modalities are associated with different risks of developing major depression in patients with CRF. Among renal replacement therapies, patients who have had RT have the lowest risk of developing major depression. Patients who initiate renal therapy on PD may have a higher risk of major depression compared with patients who initiate renal therapy on HD.

Demands, skill discretion, decision authority and social climate at work as determinants of major depression in a 3-year follow-up study

The psychosocial work environment may be a determinant of the development and course of depressive disorders, but the literature shows inconsistent findings. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine longitudinal effects of the job demands-control-support model (JDCSM) variables on the occurrence of major depression among working men and women from the general population. The sample comprised 4,710 working women and men living in Stockholm, who answered the same questionnaire twice, 3years apart, who were not depressed during the first wave and had the same job in both waves. The questionnaire included JDCSM variables (demands, skill discretion, decision authority and social climate) and other co-variables (income, education, occupational group, social support, help and small children at home, living with an adult and depressive symptoms at time 1; and negative life events at time 2). Multiple logistic regressions were run to calculate odds ratios of having major depression at time 2, after adjustment for other JDCSM variables and co-variables. Among women, inadequate work social climate was the only significant risk indicator for major depression. Surprisingly, among men, high job demands and low skill discretion appeared as protective factors against major depression. The results showed a strong relationship between inadequate social climate and major depression among women, while there were no certain effects for the remaining exposure variables. Among men, few cases of major depression hampered well-founded conclusions regarding our findings of low job demands and high skill discretion as related to major depression.

Patients with depressive disorder, their co-morbidity, visiting rate and disability in relation to self-evaluation of physical and mental health: a cross-sectional study in family practice

BackgroundHigh prevalence of depression among primary care patients has increased the need for more research in this field. The objectives of our study were to analyse how depressed patients evaluate their health; which co-morbid diseases are associated with depression; how depression influences the patients' consultation rate in family practice (FP); how disability is associated with depression; and how depression influences the patients' working ability.MethodsA cross-sectional study, part of the PREDICT study. The study group was formed of 1094 consecutive patients from 23 FPs across Estonia, aged 18–75 years, attending a FP to consult the family doctor (FD). Occurrence of major depression during six months was estimated using the Depression Section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. The medical records of all patients were analysed concerning co-morbid diseases, number of visits to the FD, and disability. Every patient filled in questionnaires to assess health-related risk factors for depression, and the SF-12 Health Survey to assess functioning and the perception of health.ResultsDepression was found in 230 (21%) of the patients. Depressed patients reported less accomplishment owing to emotional problems (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.18–2.72), being less careful as usual (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.26–2.60), and having pain that extremely interfered with their normal work (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.33–4.70) in comparison with non-depressed patients. Also depressed patients were more days on sick-leave (OR 1.00; 95% CI 1.00–1.01) than non-depressed patients. However, analysis of the medical records did not indicate that depressed patients consulted the FD more or had more co-morbid diagnoses than the non-depressed patients.ConclusionDepressed patients may have low self-reported functioning due to emotional problems, pain, and their working ability may have decreased; however, the patients of both groups have an equal number of co-morbid diagnoses and their consultation rate is similar.

IL-6 mediated alterations on immobile behavior of rats in the forced swim test via ERK1/2 activation in specific brain regions

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is well known as a mediator in early stage inflammatory immune reactions. In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that IL-6 is concomitant with the occurrence of major depression. However, the identification of the role of IL-6, as either an illness causation or immunotherapy in depression, remains to be further established. In the present study, 5-week old male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were used along with the forced swim test (FST) and pharmacological techniques. The data show that rats subjected to 3-day intra-amygdala or intra-hippocampus, but not intra-frontal cortex, IL-6 treatments manifested a significant increase in the immobility time (IMT) in the FST. In addition, there was no obvious difference in body temperature between normal and 3-day IL-6 treated rats. Conversely, the rats receiving 3-day intra-amygdala or intra-hippocampus IL-6 inhibitor treatment expressed a significant reduction in IMT in the FST. Moreover, the 3-day IL-6 treated rats treated with SL 327, a blood–brain barrier penetrating MEK inhibitor, prior to the FST showed a significant decrease in the IL-6 elevated IMT. In addition, the results in the Western blot analysis were in parallel with those in the behavioral tests. Taken together, the results show that the immobile behavior of rats in the FST could be modulated by IL-6 via the amygdala or the hippocampus. Furthermore, the Erk1/2 activation in the amygdala or hippocampus seemed to play a role in the IL-6 mediated immobile behavioural alterations of rats in the FST.

Childhood Sibling Relationships as a Predictor of Major Depression in Adulthood: A 30-Year Prospective Study

The authors examined the quality of sibling relationships in childhood as a predictor of major depression in adulthood. Study subjects were 229 men selected for mental and physical health and followed from ages 20 through 50 and beyond as part of a study of adult psychosocial development. Data were obtained from interviews with participants and their parents at intake and from follow-up interviews and self-report questionnaires completed by participants at regular intervals. These data were used to rate the quality of relationships with siblings, the quality of parenting received in childhood, and family history of depression as well as the occurrence, by age 50, of major depression, alcoholism, and use of mood-altering drugs (tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and stimulants). Poorer relationships with siblings prior to age 20 and a family history of depression independently predicted both the occurrence of major depression and the frequency of use of mood-altering drugs by age 50, even after adjustment for the quality of childhood relationships with parents. Poor relationships with parents in childhood did not predict the occurrence of depression by age 50 when family history of depression and the quality of relationships with siblings were taken into account. Quality of sibling relationships and family history of depression did not predict later alcohol abuse or dependence. Poor sibling relationships in childhood may be an important and specific predictor of major depression in adulthood. Further study of links between childhood sibling relationships and adult depression is warranted.

The Relation Between Gestational Thyroid Parameters and Depression: A Reflection of the Downregulation of the Immune System During Pregnancy?

To assess the relation between thyroid parameters and an episode of major depression at different trimesters during pregnancy, taking into account possible confounders. Prospective follow-up of 1017 pregnant women from the general population with assessment of thyroid parameters and depression using syndromal diagnosis interviews at 12, 24, and 36 weeks' gestation. The prevalence of major depression decreased from 5.3% to 2.9%, and that of elevated concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) titers from 8.4% to 6.5% toward the end of term. Subclinical hyperthyroidism not related to TPO-Ab (odds ration [OR] 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-0.2) and TPO-Ab (OR 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-5.8) at 12 weeks' gestation, and TPO-Ab (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.9-7.1) at 24 weeks' gestation were independently related to major depression. Anxiety and the occurrence of stressful life events were related to depression at all trimesters. The occurrence of major depression and high titers of TPO-Ab show a similar pattern of decline throughout pregnancy. During early gestation, thyroid autoimmunity seems to be related to depression while at the end of term-when there is maximal downregulation of the immune system-autoimmunity does not seem to play an important role with regard to the occurrence of depression.

COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY: A NEUROENDOCRINE STUDY

Both in physiological and pathological brain aging, cognitive and affective disorders usually keep up with significant morphological and metabolic changes of brain areas possibly involved in the control of mood, learning and memory, as well as in the modulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The aim of this work was to study the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) in 25 old demented patients and 10 old unipolar depressed patients, compared with 21 old and 13 young controls. The circadian profile of serum cortisol was clearly flattened in elderly subjects,both healthy and demented, in comparison to young controls, with significantly higher cortisol levels at nighttime. The occurrence of minor depression was associated with a further increase of the cortisol mean levels in old demented subjects, but not in the healthy ones. The trend towards the increase of the nocturnal cortisol levels was also evident in old subjects with major depression. The decline of DHEAS secretory pattern was clearly age related,being additive factors to both dementia and major depression. No significant influence of minor depression on DHEAS secretion was found. The cortisol/DHEAS molar ratio,considered as a good index of the brain steroidal milieu, progressively increased with aging and exhibited a further increase related to the occurrence of senile dementia or minor depressive symptoms. The value of the same ratio was higher in elderly subjects with major depression, than in age-matched healthy controls. In conclusion, the occurrence of major depression or even only of depressive symptoms seems to amplify the changes of the adrenal steroidal secretory pattern, already present in physiological aging.

The error cascade

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Three sets of diagnostic criteria for major depression and correlations with serotonin-induced platelet calcium mobilization in cancer patients

Enhanced serotonin-induced platelet calcium mobilization has been proposed to be a biological marker for the pathophysiology of major depression in physically healthy patients. To determine the most appropriate method of diagnosing major depression in cancer patients, we compared serotonin-induced platelet calcium mobilization between patients with and without major depression diagnosed according to three different sets of diagnostic criteria (inclusive, substitutive and exclusive). Among the cancer patients referred to our institution between June 1997 and March 1998, 24 patients diagnosed as having major depression according to the inclusive approach (in which the nine traditional symptoms of major depression contribute towards the diagnosis of depression regardless of its presumed etiology) participated in the study. Serotonininduced platelet calcium mobilization was examined in these patients and in the same number of non-depressed controls matched for age, sex, cancer stage and cancer site. The depressed patients were then re-evaluated using substitutive and exclusive criteria, and calcium mobilization comparisons with the relevant controls were repeated. Compared with the controls, an enhanced serotonin-induced platelet calcium response was only observed in the patients with major depression according to the exclusive criteria. No significant enhancement was observed when the inclusive or substitutive approaches were used. These findings, based on the use of enhanced serotonin-induced platelet calcium mobilization as a biological marker, suggest that the exclusive approach might be the most valid and appropriate method of diagnosing major depression in cancer patients, while the inclusive and substitutive approaches might overestimate the occurrence of major depression in these patients.

Major depression as a predictor of premature deaths in elderly people in Finland: a community study.

In order to analyse the survival of elderly Finnish people with major depression, a total of 29 elderly (> or =65 years) subjects suffering from major depression (DSM-III criteria) and 853 non-depressed elderly subjects were followed up for 6 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed the survival of patients suffering from major depression to be poorer than that of non-depressed subjects. When age, sex, marital status, level of education, smoking habits, physical health, functional abilities and major depression were introduced into the Cox model, advanced age, male sex, smoking, poor physical health, reduced functional abilities and the occurrence of major depression were found to be related to higher levels of mortality. The results suggest that major depression in the elderly predicts higher mortality which is not explained by their poor baseline level of physical health alone.

Chronic pain and depression. III. Family history study of depression and alcoholism in chronic low back pain patients

In an attempt to unravel the relationship between chronic pain and depression, the authors studied the incidence of depression, alcoholism, and chronic pain in first degree relatives of 100 chronic pain patients with and without depression. A higher incidence of major depression was found in first degree relatives of those patients with depression than those without depression. Familial incidence of alcohol dependence was similar in both groups of patients. These findings confirm an earlier report and raise questions about the notion of considering chronic pain simply as a variant of depression and suggest the possibility that the occurrence of major depression in chronic back pain might be related to genetic vulnerability to depression in these patients.

Chronic low back pain and depression

In an attempt to clarify the relationship between chronic low back pain and depression, the authors studied the incidence of depression, alcoholism, and chronic back pain in first-degree relatives of chronic pain patients with and without depression. A higher incidence of recurrent unipolar depression was found in those relatives of patients with depression than without depression. These findings raise questions about the concept of chronic low back pain simply as a variant of depression and they suggest that the occurrence of major depression together with chronic back pain might relate to genetic vulnerability to depression.