Occurrence Of Emergency Situations Research Articles

Employment Relationship, Emergency Situations, Formal Models of ‘Emergency’ Labour Law - Outline of Main Issues

The study presented in the paper is concerned with a formal (theoretical and legal) model of regulations dedicated to the normalisation of employment relationships in emergency situations (states). By an ‘emergency situation’ the authoress means ‘overall exceptional circumstances caused by special, rare events, unforeseen in an accepted time perspective, in which someone or something was (is) at a certain time’. Until the outbreak of Covid-19, the subject matter of legal regulation of employment relationships in connection with the occurrence of emergency situations has not been given much thought (in our legal circle). This is also relevant to emergencies other than epidemics (warfare, natural disasters, force majeure, etc.). Insofar as research has been conducted to date, it rather focused on substantive and legal aspects of the regulations implemented in connection with the occurrence of such events, while any broader reflection on their formal and legal model has not been conducted. For this reason, in this paper, the authoress has firstly advanced a thesis that a distinction needs to be made between substantive and formal and legal models for the regulation of employment relationships in emergency situations, and secondly an attempt has been made to answer the question of which formal models can be distinguished in this context, what criteria should be used in this endeavour and how, on this basis, the distinguished models should be assessed. The authoress puts forward a thesis that formal models of ‘emergency’ labour law are closely linked to the concern to uphold the elementary democratic standards which should be respected by the law regardless of whether it relates to ‘ordinary’ or extraordinary situations. The research is primarily based on an analytical and linguistic, analytical and logical, dogmatic and legal, and descriptive method. It is conducted mainly on the example of the regulations of the Polish law and the decision of the Polish legislator taken in connection with the Covid-19 outbreak in relation to the method for the regulation of employment relationships during the period covered by it. However, the context of international (convention) regulations is also referred to. The authoress proposes to distinguish three basic formal models for the regulation of employment relationships in emergency situations: the permanent model, the mixed model and the ad hoc model. She concludes that, taking into account both the need for a relative flexibility in legal regulation and the need to maintain the elementary standards of a democratic state of law (primarily a guarantee that the applied legal solutions can be subjected to social discussion and dialogue between social partners), the mixed model should be considered as the most optimal. Keywords: Formal model of ‘emergency’ law; Emergency state; Emergency situation; ‘Emergency’ labour law; Employer’s risk

Структурный подход к оценке работоспособности системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций вантового моста через Петровский канал в створе автомобильной дороги «Западный скоростной диаметр» в городе Санкт-Петербурге. Часть 2

Purpose: assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures and assessing the current state of the structures of the cable-stayed bridge across the Petrovsky Canal in the alignment of the Western High-Speed Diameter highway in the city of St. Petersburg due to the occurrence of emergency situations in which accelerometers on the pylons record values exceeding the limit. Methods: statistical data from the databases of the existing system of monitoring engineering structures is used to obtain the results. The tasks, set within the framework of the study, are accomplished by applying the theoretical methods of scientific knowledge: the analytical method, the mathematical statistics theory, induction. Results: the resulting structural approach to assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures on cable-stayed bridges makes it possible to reduce the number of false alarms of the system and assess the current state of the bridge structure. Within the framework of the III stage of the structural approach, it is proposed to develop a methodology for assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures with subsequent assessment of the current state of cablestayed bridge structures. Practical significance: the results of the work are important for construction as they expand the understanding of the features of the mechanism of soil freezing.

Unveiling the Narratives of Portuguese Professionals Engaged with Domestic Violence Victims: Persistent Challenges and Novel COVID-19 Impacts.

Domestic violence remains a complex and challenging issue, particularly for professionals engaged in providing support to victims. The occurrence of emergency situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, further exacerbates the difficulties faced by these practitioners. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of professionals working with domestic violence victims, with a specific focus on the primary challenges encountered during interventions. It also aims to identify key guidelines that could enhance their practices. Twenty-four professionals from the domestic violence victim support in Portugal participated in this qualitative research. Through semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis, the study identified a range of challenges professionals confront in their intervention efforts. These challenges encompassed various aspects of the intervention process, vulnerabilities observed in victims, and the existing support system. Furthermore, the study uncovered specific challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Alongside these challenges, the research highlighted a set of recommendations designed to refine intervention strategies and promote better professional adaptation. The findings underscore the array of challenges that professionals grapple with, impacting both their strategies for intervention and their overall well-being. Thus, the development of effective intervention methodologies for professionals and organizations emerges as a crucial endeavor, essential for assisting domestic violence victims in their daily lives and enhancing preparedness for potential future crises.

Структурный подход к оценке работоспособности системы мониторинга инженерных конструкций вантового моста через Петровский канал в створе автомобильной дороги «Западный скоростной диаметр» в г. Санкт-Петербурге. Часть 1

Purpose: assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures and assessing the current state of the structures of the cable-stayed bridge across the Petrovsky Canal in the alignment of the Western High-Speed Diameter highway in the city of St. Petersburg due to the occurrence of emergency situations in which accelerometers on the pylons record values exceeding the limit. Methods: statistical data from the databases of the existing system of monitoring engineering structures is used to obtain the results. The tasks, set within the framework of the study, are accomplished by applying the theoretical methods of scientific knowledge: the analytical method, the mathematical statistics theory, induction. Results: the resulting structural approach to assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures on cable-stayed bridges makes it possible to reduce the number of false alarms of the system and assess the current state of the bridge structure. Within the framework of the III stage of the structural approach, it is proposed to develop a methodology for assessing the performance of the monitoring system for engineering structures with subsequent assessment of the current state of cable-stayed bridge structures. Practical significance: the results of the work are important for construction as they expand the understanding of the features of the mechanism of soil freezing.

ASSESSMENT OF RISKS AND PROVIDING RECOMMENDATIONS TO MINIMIZE THEIR OCCURRENCE DURING TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO BY RAIL TRANSPORT.

Purpose: To assess the risks of emergency situations and provide recommendations for their minimization during the transportation of goods by rail transport. Method. On the basis of the methods of comparative typology, expert evaluations and system analysis for the route that runs through the industrial districts of Kryvyi Rih, using the methods of analysis of the causes and consequences of a key event, the combined diagram of the Ishikawa tree of a key event, risk maps of a key event, the analysis of hidden and direct priorities was determined indicator of the risk of the complex effect of negative factors of emergency situations during the transportation of heavy metals. The results. the authors identified the most likely causes of the emergency situation: 1) A rocket projectile that damaged the track, as a result of which the spontaneous exit of wagons occurred; 2) Exceeding the speed of a tank train; 3) Icy, which led to an increase in the braking distance and an accident; 4) Neglect of obstacles to movement before the movement of tanks, which in turn can lead to a stoppage of the technological process, cargo spillage and financial losses. A probabilistic risk assessment was carried out on the basis of an expert assessment of the risk operator and measures to reduce the occurrence of emergency situations were proposed with annual costs for them, thousand UAH. After that, a map of probabilistic risk assessment and a map of probabilistic assessment of risk management effects were created, which provide an opportunity for effective management and management of the probable cause of an emergency situation and the selection of financial investments for measures to reduce the occurrence of emergency situations. After that, it was proposed to use the combined wagon model 17-975(01) with all the necessary equipment as a means for quick localization and liquidation of the consequences of spills of emissions of hazardous substances during their transportation by railway transport in the event of an accident. The economic feasibility of using the proposed tool was also substantiated. The scientific novelty consists in the created model for the analysis of the risk assessment of an emergency situation, as well as the identification of possible causes and factors of the occurrence of emergency situations during the transportation of dangerous goods by railway transport, as well as the development of recommendations for their reduction. The practical significance is the implementation of the developed recommendations, based on the created model, for the formation of a special wagon, for operational needs, with the selection of the necessary equipment for the rapid implementation of the 1st stage of localization and liquidation measures.

Methodology for Selecting Optimal Routes for the Transportation of Dangerous Goods in Conditions of Risk Uncertainty

Abstract * A risk situation is a type of uncertainty situation where events are likely to occur. In other words, risk is an estimated probability, and uncertainty is something that cannot be quantified. The greater the uncertainty when making a decision, the greater the degree of risk. The investigation is devoted to the development of a unified methodology for selecting optimal (from the proposed alternatives) routes for transporting dangerous goods (any of the 9 standard classes) by road. A model for determining two groups of risk components for transporting dangerous goods on separate routes is proposed, namely: parameters of risks of probability of occurrence of emergency situations and parameters that affect the risks of complexity of eliminating their possible consequences. This opened up opportunities for correct selection of criteria when forming a multi-criteria optimization problem of transportation. Mathematical algorithms for a comprehensive solution of the multi-criteria optimization problem of routing dangerous goods transportation are developed using the classical criteria of Laplace, Wald, Savage, and Hurwitz. To confirm the legal capacity of the proposed approach and mathematical apparatus, the optimal route for transportation of cylinders with technical gases through the transport network of Lutsk was calculated. Possible alternative transportation routes have been identified and safety criteria have been formalized for two groups of risk components

Исследование обводненности добывающих скважин Демьяновского месторождения

The article is devoted to the problem of waterlogging of borehole products during the extraction of hydrocarbon raw materials, which arises for various reasons. This may be due to the geological structure of the field, non-compliance with the operating modes of wells, poor-quality cementing of backwater spaces, etc. Waterlogging leads to undesirable consequences: reduction of oil and gas production and occurrence of emergency situations. The problems of waterlogging of borehole products are solved using various methods: the use of chemical reagents to reduce the viscosity of water, the use of technical solutions for separating oil and water, repair and insulation works, etc. The Demyansk oil field is considered: its geological features, geological exploration, the main indicators of well operation. The analysis of the dynamics of well flooding and a comparison of the design and actual indicators of the development of the Demyanovskoye field as of 01.01.2017 are presented. The actual dynamics of well flooding is also presented, the reasons for the rapid flooding of the production of wells of the Demyanovsky place of birth are considered. As a result of the analysis of the actual data obtained during the operation of the field, it was established that the main reason for the rapid flooding of the reservoir production of the field is the transfer of wells to a mechanized method of operation, which, in turn, leads to an increase in depression on the formation. It is concluded that the forecast indicators of well flooding calculated on the hydrodynamic model differ significantly from the real ones, and attention is also drawn to the need to select the optimal depression when transferring wells to a mechanized production method to prevent rapid product flooding.

Экономическая эффективность применения систем мониторинга крутильных колебаний на судах

A torsional vibration monitoring system is being investigated, and an assessment of the economic efficiency of its implementation on ships is made. A schematic diagram of the torsional vibration monitoring system is illustrated and a photograph of an experimental sample of the monitoring system is provided. An assessment of the economic efficiency of the implementation of torsional vibration monitoring systems on ships is being carried out to prevent the occurrence of emergency situations with marine propulsion systems. The rules of classification societies, scientific and technical literature in the field of torsional oscillations and industrial economics, and the authors' own research were used as materials. The methods used are analysis and computational experiment. Data on the economic costs of the shipowner in the event of emergency situations in case of fatigue failures of elements of ship's engine and propulsion systems were obtained. An assessment of the costs for the development, installation and maintenance of a torsional vibration monitoring system on ships was made; as well as an approximate assessment of the volume of the Russian domestic market for installation and maintenance of torsional vibration monitoring systems on ships. It is noted that the cost of the consequences of propeller shaft failures ranges from several million to tens of millions of rubles. It is concluded that the development and implementation of torsional vibration monitoring systems will reduce the cost of the shipowner for a routine assessment of the technical condition of torsional vibration dampers and reduce the risks of costly accidents with shipboard engine complexes.

ANALYSIS OF THE METHODS FOR MONITORING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES AND LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY DOCUMENTS

Formulation of the problem. The stability and safety of buildings and structures directly depend on the technical condition of their structures. To prevent the occurrence of emergency situations, it is necessary to maintain structures in a working condition, which is achieved by assessing their compliance with regulatory and project requirements. Accordingly, the question arises in the consideration of existing monitoring methods and legislative and regulatory documents related to the assessment of the technical condition, which is considered in the context of the monitoring component. The purpose of this work is to study the provisions of laws and regulatory documents related to the monitoring of the technical condition of buildings and structures, review existing monitoring methods and determine the further direction of research to improve monitoring tools. Conclusions. Monitoring and assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures are an integral part of modern engineering practice, which are prescribed at the legislative level and in regulatory documents of the construction industry. The analysis of monitoring methods showed that there are ready-made solutions for both measuring devices and software for automated continuous monitoring of the technical condition. When performing monitoring based on a periodic assessment of the technical condition, the least developed are the information systems that provide collection, systematization, processing, storage, access, display and distribution of data on the condition of construction structures of buildings and structures in different periods of construction and operation.

Hydrate formation due to moisture, occuring by mixing natural gas streams of dewatering different degrees

The key problem during transporting natural gas through gas pipelines is to ensure reliable, safe transportation and supply of gas to consumers. Reliable operation of the main gas pipeline depends on transported gas quality. Under production conditions, gas is saturated with moisture vapor to an equilibrium state, and when thermodynamic conditions (pressure, temperature) change, its condensation occurs. Due to the heterogeneity of the fields, the problem of gas quality control is the key reliability criterion, especially such as the moisture content in the gas. The main complication is the formation of hydrate plugs, which lead to an increase in hydraulic resistance and a decrease in pipeline capacity, which contributes to the occurrence of emergency situations. Therefore, before supplying natural gas to main gas pipelines, the gas is dried to its dew point, which prevents condensation of water from the gas.

Prognozowanie procesu emisji wodoru z obudowy turbogeneratora z powstawaniem palnych mieszanin wodorowo-powietrznych i spalaniem pochodni

Predicting the process of hydrogen emission from the turbogenerator housing with the formation of flammable hydrogen-air mixtures and flare combustion The operation of turbogenerators of nuclear and thermal power plants is accompanied by the release of heat, which contributes to the heating of generator components and can lead to an emergency situation (fire). Since As turbogenerators operate for long periods of time, the process of continuous cooling of generator equipment plays an important role, as its overheating can lead to emergency chain reactions, fires, explosions, etc. Analysis of statistical data on the occurrence of emergency situations (fires) related to hydrogen leaks from process equipment indicates insufficient operational qualifications of operational personnel, poor quality of equipment repair, errors of repair personnel and their violation of technical requirements for repairing equipment and their systems, design defects in equipment and systems that ensure its operation. It has been established that the causes of emergency situations are: hydrogen leakage due to leaks in equipment, spontaneous ignition of hydrogen, the presence of air space in turbogenerator equipment, violation of technological regulations, contamination of hydrogen with moisture and pollution, unhermetization of the generator body. Modeling of the hydrogen combustion process during its release from the casing of a turbine-generator was carried out using the example of a power plant engine room. The study showed that the longest hydrogen combustion time will occur when hydrogen is released through holes with geometric size d0 in the range of 0.05--0.1 m (50--100 mm). At larger values of the geometric size of the hole d0 > 0.1 m, the hydrogen burning time is insignificant, and at values of d0 < 0.005 m, the length of the flame burner L does not exceed 1.15 m. The results of the study confirm that hydrogen flame torch combustion can occur as a result of turbogenerator failure. The calculations established the need for fire protection of the supporting metal structures of the engine room to ensure a fire resistance limit of at least 45 minutes under the hydrocarbon curve.

Calculations of emergency response capabilities as parameters of the queueing system

The article defines as a scientific problem that requires research the development of a sufficiently simple (for use “in field conditions”) methodology for calculating the capabilities of forces and means of response to man-made, natural and military emergency situations. It is noted that many researchers used the mathematical apparatus of the queueing theory, as well as process modelling with the help of appropriate software, for the theoretical analysis of similar tasks. It is shown that to solve the problem, it is possible to use a mathematical model of the M/M/1 type queueing system (QS), which takes into account the probabilistic nature of the processes of occurrence of emergency situations and response to them, while it was supplemented with an analytical method of calculating the parameters of the QS, which ensure the necessary capability of the forces and means of emergency response. The results of the study are suitable for practical use by emergency services to quickly determine the required number of rescue or repair crews, sanitary teams, vehicles, etc., their equipment and capabilities in responding to emergency situations and overcoming their consequences.

Estimating the effectiveness of electric vehicles braking when determining the circumstances of a traffic accident

In the vast majority of cases, the braking process is used to prevent traffic accidents. The effectiveness of this process depends on the design and functionality of vehicle braking systems (presence of anti-lock braking system, emergency braking system, preventive safety systems, etc.) and is limited by the amount of frictional forces in contact of tires with the road. The improvement of methodical approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of braking of cars contributes to increasing the accuracy and objectivity of establishing the circumstances of the occurrence of emergency situations. The paper analyses existing methods of evaluating the braking parameters of vehicles (including those with an electric drive) and modern methods of evaluating electric vehicle braking parameters and conducting auto-technical investigations of traffic accidents, which relate to using different methodological approaches and digital technologies at all stages of expert research. In contrast to existing models, the proposed mathematical model for estimating the trajectory of two-axle cars during braking allows for considering various types of input parameter uncertainty, reducing the range of possible modeling errors by 39%. Comparing simulation results and experimental data showed that the average relative error is 4.58%, and the maximum error did not exceed 7.82%. The performed study of the stability of the electric vehicles' movement during emergency braking with the help of developed mathematical models in the Mathcad software environment reveals the content of the algorithm of a similar calculation in specialized computer programs of auto technical examination. Conducting such calculations is relevant in the analysis of real accident situations, where specific circumstances and features that cannot be considered during modeling in specialized software must be taken into account. Simultaneously, the probability of type I errors is reduced by 2–19%, and type II errors are reduced by 43–68%.

Analysis of the consequences of breakdowns of hydraulic structures and the occurrence of emergency situations

The problem of prevention and elimination of emergencies remains very urgent. The prediction of area flooding as a result of seasonal floods, or due to emergency situations is important and is solved on the basis of various technologies. Computer modeling methods based on direct hydrodynamic calculations of surface water dynamics seem to be an effective direction. Of particular interest is modeling the dynamics of filling of hydraulic structures in mountainous terrain. In this article, features of destruction of hydraulic structures in emergency situations on water bodies. The article also mentions the methods of monitoring water levels in the reservoirs. A description of flood monitoring technology is given, the results of its practical use in some regions are discussed, and directions for further development are outlined. This information is subsequently used to predict the emergency situation.

Theoretical and conceptual features of the implementation of state policy in the sphere of ensuring the rights and freedoms of persons with disabilities by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine under martial law

The article is devoted to the administrative and legal analysis of the implementation of state policy by the key subject of public administration in the field of social protection of persons with disabilities under martial law.
 It should be stressed (emphasized) that state policy is based on a complex approach of functional direction aimed at solving interrelated political and socio-economic problems with timely response to changes and innovations to overcome these problems in the state and society.
 The task of the Government, assigned to the sphere of social protection of persons with disabilities, is revealed, and the main normative legal acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on ensuring compliance with human rights and freedoms, creating favorable conditions for the free and comprehensive development of the individual without barriers are analyzed. The peculiarities of the complex of measures guaranteed by the state and aimed at providing life support for persons with disabilities and groups with limited mobility have been clarified. Attention was drawn to the peculiarities of the implementation of this complex in the conditions of the state of war in which Ukraine is.
 It is specially noted, in the conditions of martial law and for the implementation of civil security measures, guaranteeing the provision of life-saving measures to all citizens of the country, persons with reduced mobility and persons with disabilities need additional assistance.
 The procedure for organizing notifications about the threat of occurrence or occurrence of emergency situations and organizing communication in the field of civil protection of persons with disabilities and mobile groups was analyzed; carrying out the evacuation of persons with disabilities and mobile groups in the event of the threat of occurrence or the occurrence of emergency situations.
 It has been established that in the conditions of martial law and the constant threat to life and health due to constant massive rocket attacks, and in some areas, the rapid fire attacks of residential communities, where civilians among them and those who are physically unable to take care of themselves die every day, are persons with various physical disabilities, low-mobility population groups, persons with disabilities.
 In this regard, there is an urgent need for the adoption of a special normative legal act defining the detection, notification and evacuation of persons with disabilities and other less mobile population groups during the period of emergency and military operations, with the definition of the subject of the implementation of these measures.

The assessment of efficiency of implementation of the Federal project "The struggle with cardiovascular diseases" during COVID-19 pandemic

The article presents assessment of efficiency of implementation of the Federal project "The struggle with cardiovascular diseases" during COVID-19 pandemic. It is demonstrated that over three years of implementation of the Federal project significant consolidation of medical infrastructure and volume of work of regional vascular departments and centers took place. However, these achievements resulted in no improvement of quality of medical care nor in decreasing of mortality from diseases of the circulatory system. According to results of integral assessment, there is trend of pronounced decreasing in the number of subjects of the Russian Federation with average and high indicators of project efficiency when the COVID-19 pandemic that factually resulted in occurrence of emergency situation in health care and deteriorated access of population to medical care, is factor of failure in achieving main goals of the Federal project. To confirm or refute this hypothesis further research is needed.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОЧИСТКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД ЖИВОТНОВОДЧЕСКИХ ФЕРМ НА ОСНОВЕ СЕТЕЙ ПЕТРИ

The development of animal husbandry on an industrial basis causes a sharp increase in the amount of highly polluted wastewater, the purification and disinfection of which is one of the most important tasks when deciding on their use in agriculture as fertilizer or discharge into reservoirs or irrigation fields. The effectiveness of such systems is achieved with the help of new ways of processing information and mathematical characteristics of technology processes. Based on the study of the main methods of creating discrete chemical and technological systems (CTS), the expediency of using the design of Petri nets (SP) to simulate the process of wastewater treatment of livestock farms (OSWF) was developed. To characterize the system, we use N–schemes, which are based on the mathematical system of the joint venture, which can form a network structure both in analytical form for automating work during analysis, and in graphical form to create visibility of the created model. Analyzing technological and chemical processes, it is important to take into account the formality condition of N–circuits, which assumes that the circuits do not take the properties of simulated systems in time, since the timing of the transition is taken to be zero. We took into account these conditions and proposed updated Petri nets that are focused on the analysis and simulation of discrete CTS, by changing the time delay of labels on transitions and positions, as well as by enabling transitions that are in priority. We have created a model in the form of a modified updated Petri net (SME). With the help of SCADA TRACE MODE technologies, we have developed a whole software package for the control system in the process of OSWF. This system can perform dispatching monitoring of the main parts of the control apparatus, as well as stop and analyze and monitor its condition, this is feasible both in general and within the framework of forecasting the occurrence of emergency situations.

Analysis of the possibility of environmental risk assessment using the Fine-Kinney scoring method

The article is devoted to the issue of environmental risk assessment, which underlies the regulation of the quality of the state of the environment. Examples of negative impact on the environment due to human anthropogenic impact have been studied. The concept of environmental risk is considered, which is currently considered as the probability of occurrence of emergency events in a certain period of time and is expressed in quantitative terms. Also, which is quite important, the issue of legislative regulation of the environmental risk assessment procedure has been studied by studying the current legislative acts in the Russian Federation. Two legislative acts were singled out separately: GOST R 54135-2010 and GOST R 14.09-2005. From their analysis, a general evaluation algorithm has been compiled, which includes 4 stages: determination of restrictions on the use of products; identification of hazards and dangerous situations; preliminary risk assessment; final risk assessment. In addition, the authors of the article have considered a method for assessing environmental risk based on the Fine-Kinney method, which is now actively used in assessing occupational risks in production. The method consists in quantifying environmental damage by determining the possible severity and consequences, as well as the likelihood of an event that may negatively affect the environment. During the analysis of the method, it was concluded that using the Fine-Kinney method of environmental risk assessment, it is difficult to study the small details described in the recommendations, but at the stage of preliminary environmental risk assessment, we consider its use to be quite appropriate. In particular, this method can be used in the final stage of environmental monitoring, which is an effective tool in terms of studying the likelihood of a negative impact on the environment and preventing the occurrence of emergency situations.

Имитационные модели оценки опасности возникновения подземных аварий в угольных шахтах

The article is related to the safety issues of the coal mines considering not only the standard conditions of their operation, but also the influence of external effects, personnel errors during mining operations and operation of controls and automation. The relationship between the causes of accidents and sources of hazards is shown. The analysis of mine safety research methods was carried out, which allow to identify the most dangerous causes and conditions of the underground accidents to one degree or another. It is shown that at the mining sites, despite the extremely small, but non-zero probability, accidents still occur due to the probability densities of rare dangerous situations leading to severe consequences. The expediency of logical-probabilistic methods for modeling scenarios of possible accidents, which are interpreted by the cause-and-effect diagrams of the occurrence of a chain of incidents, is asserted. Based on the normalization of the frequencies of occurrence of emergency situations in coal mining, a rationale is given for the transition from the weights of various initiating conditions to their contributions to emergency situations. Simulation models of decision-making for operational substantive analysis of emergency situations were developed, including an assessment of the weights and contributions of mining and geological, mining and technical factors, and personnel errors to the risk of methane explosion occurrence, fires and gasification of workings in case of violations in the degassing systems. It is shown that the existing hazards must be able to measure, i.e. have numerical scales. These hazardrs can be assessed based on the construction of hazard trees. Using them, as well as assessments of emergency changes in the state of the technosphere of coal mines, which are based on the analysis of cause-and-effect relationships of hazard sources, simulation models of the hazard of underground accidents were formed and implemented. These models can be considered as functional models of any emergency situation, allowing to obtain analytical estimates of variations in emergency situations by their weights and contributions to the hazard of emergency situations.

ENGINEERING OF CRISES AND RISKS OF TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS

The goal is to support the development of crisis and risk engineering in the field of transportation of dangerous goods to ensure the sustainability of transportation in Ukraine for the integration of the country into the global transportation network. Method. Using systemic analysis, risk assessment techniques have been proposed that allow to strengthen safety measures during the transportation of dangerous loads. Thanks to mathematical modeling, the main factors, causes of risk (human factor, environmental factors, outdated material and technical equipment, production process, ergonomic factors, etc.) of the occurrence of an emergency situation during the transportation of dangerous goods by railway transport were formulated. A formalized approach to the presentation of the component systems "man-machine-environment" is considered, which allows to expand the possibilities of risk assessment and analysis of the influence of the human factor on the occurrence of an emergency situation based on mathematical modeling methods. Another formalized approach to coordination and interconnected work and responsibility in the "sender-carrier-receiver" system is considered. The results. 1) On the basis of the established and analyzed factors and causes of risks, recommendations have been developed to reduce the risks of an emergency situation and increase the safety of transportation. 2) Based on the analysis of two systems ("man-transport-environment" and "sender-carrier-recipient"), the concept of development of these two systems was presented in the context of increasing the interaction between the elements of the system of improving the safety of transportation. Scientific news. By the authors, when assessing the risks of an emergency, for the first time, all participants in the process of transportation of dangerous goods (man, machine, environment, sender, carrier and recipient in the context of two systems "man-machine-environment" and "sender-carrier-recipient". The practical significance. Developed recommendations for improving the safety of the transportation process, based on the analysis of the risk assessment of the occurrence of an emergency situation for two systems "man-machine-environment" and "sender-carrier-recipient", as well as the identification of possible causes and factors of the occurrence of emergency situations during transportation dangerous goods by rail transport.