Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Children Research Articles

The Relationship between Clean and Healthy Living Behavior and Risk of Diarrhea in Toddler

Background: Diarrhea is a process of defecation in which the stool is more liquid which can be accompanied by blood or mucus with the intensity of defecation increasing more than 3 times a day. The occurrence of diarrhea in children is often attributed to inadequate environmental hygiene. This study aimed to examined the relationship between clean and healthy behavior (PHBS) and diarrhea among toddlers in the working area of ​​the Kalijaga Permai Cirebon Community Health Center. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at ​​the Kalijaga Permai Cirebon Community Health Center from May to June 2023. A total of 119 mothers with toddlers (aged 0-59 months) was selected for this study. The dependent variable was diarrhea. The independent variable was clean and healthy behavior (PHBS). The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using chi square. Results: Mothers with poor PHBS increased the risk of diarrhea in children by 4.69 times compared to good PHBS (OR= 4.69; 95% CI = 3.04 to 7.24; p<0.001). Conclusion: Implementation of household clean and healthy behavior lower the risk of diarrhea.

The Effect of Basic Sanitation, Caregiver’s Behavior, And Children’s Characteristics on The Occurrence of Diarrhea in Children Under Five

Background: Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of death and high rates of morbidity in children under five worldwide. In Indonesia, diarrhea is an endemic disease that can increase mortality. The factors can influence the incidence of diarrhea, such as the characteristics of caregivers (education, work, behavior), characteristics of children under five (nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding), and basic sanitation (clean water facilities, healthy latrines, sewage treatment, waste disposal). Purpose: To know the effect of basic sanitation, caregiver’s behavior, and children’s characteristic factors on the occurrence of diarrhea in children under five. Research Method: This study is an observational analysis with a cross-sectional study design in X Health Center Y city. They were taking a sample using simple random sampling with 450 caregivers and children under five who had diarrhea in the last three months. The caregivers filled out a questionnaire, and the researcher observed the basic sanitation in the respondents’ houses. The data was analyzed by multivariate using a logistic regression test. Result: The multivariate showed that were four independent variables which significantly influenced the incidence of diarrhea, such as exclusive breastfeeding factor p=0,000 (p<0.05) OR 10,1(CI95% 3,64-27,98), latrine facilities p=0.003 (p<0.05) OR 5,1(CI95%1,71-15,17), garbage facilities p=0,000 (p <0.05) OR 23,2(CI95%7,19-74,6), and behavior p=0,000 (p<0.05) OR 188,3(CI95%48,66-729,33), R Square was 89.7%. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between basic sanitation, caregiver’s behavior, and children’s characteristics with the occurrence of diarrhea in children under five. They should continuously educate the caregiver about clean and healthy behavior, counseling on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for infants, and intervention for basic sanitation such as closing the waste disposal. It needs a Health Center and caregivers’ support to prevent the occurrence of diarrhea in Children.

Literature Review: Hubungan Mencuci Tangan dan Konsumsi Makanan Dengan Kasus Diare Pada Anak Sekolah di Indonesia

One of the main causes of mortality in children, as well as an important factor leading to malnutrition is Diarrhea. The prevalence of diarrhea among the 5-14 age group ranks highest after the toddler and elderly age groups. In 2018, the number of diarrhea cases among all age groups served by healthcare facilities increased by 229,734 cases from the previous year of 2017. Children who have persistent diarrhea may experience subpar results in terms of their growth and development.. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the connection between handwashing practices and dietary habits and the prevalence of diarrhea in school-aged children.. The research method used is a Literature Review, by searching for research articles sourced from the electronic database Google Scholar using keywords such as diarrhea, handwashing habits, food consumption, and students. From the analysis of 5 articles, it was found that the habit of washing hands with soap and maintaining nail hygiene can prevent the occurrence of diarrhea in children. A good food consumption pattern also has a lower risk of experiencing diarrhea. Age differences in children are also related to the incidence of diarrhea, where younger children are more susceptible to experiencing diarrhea.

Compare the Effect of Zinc–Probiotic versus Zinc Therapy in Acute Watery Diarrhea in Children

Background: Acute watery diarrhea still remains a major health problem among under 5 children worldwide. Apart from oral rehydration solution, continued feeding and oral zinc therapy the administration of adequate amounts of probiotics seems beneficial for acute diarrheal episodes in children in the developing world. Objective: To compare the efficacy of zinc-probiotic combination therapy versus zinc-only therapy in children with acute watery diarrhea. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) conducted from July 2019 to June 2021 in the Department of Pediatrics, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital. Total 70 children aged 6 months to 5 years admitted in hospital with acute watery diarrhea (AWD) with severe dehydration or some dehydration with intractable vomiting were included in this study. Patients were equally divided into 2 groups. Group A received oral zinc sulfate 20 mg/day for 10 days combined with oral Bacillus clausii probiotic 4million spores/day for 5 days. Group B received only oral zinc sulfate at the same dosage as group A. We also studied the relationship between mother`s education, knowledge of ORS preparation and child’s feeding practices and nutritional status with the occurrence of diarrhea in children. Results: Frequency of diarrhoea was significantly higher in group B (Zinc only) in comparison to group A (Zinc and probiotic). Mean frequency of diarrhea, Mean duration of diarrhea and Mean length of hospital stay was significantly higher in group B (Zinc) than group A (Zinc+Probiotic). Conclusion: Compared to oral Zinc therapy only; the combination of oral zinc and probiotic therapy is clinically more effective in reducing the frequency of acute watery diarrhea in under 5 years children. KYAMC Journal Vol. 13, No. 04, January 2023: 218-222

Stunting control factors related to the occurrence of diarrhea in children in the work area of the Bukit Timah Health Center

The mortality rate (CFR) during outbreaks of diarrhea in Indonesia is expected to be <1%. However, diarrhea from 2010 to 2017 found that the CFR during outbreaks was still quite high (>1%).The purpose of this researchThis study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five at the Bukit Timah Health Center, Dumai City.This research isstudyanalyticwith a cross-sectional design.The research was conducted at Bukit Timah Health Center.The research population is 120 peoplegwith 93 samples.The statistical test used in this study was the Chi Square test with a 95% confidence level.The results of the analysis show aThere is a relationship between knowledge (p value = 0.004), food factors (p value = 0.014) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five at Bukit Timah Health Center, Dumai City and notaThere is a relationship between environmental factors (p value = 0.620), socio-economic (p value = 0.058) with the incidence of diarrhea in children under five at Bukit Timah Public Health Center, Dumai City.It is hoped that Bukit Timah Health Center officers will conduct counseling to increase mother's knowledge about diarrhea in toddlers.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene access in Senegal and its impact on the occurrence of diarrhea in children under 5 years old.

Diarrheal diseases are the second leading cause of child mortality worldwide, occurring in about one in every nine child deaths, and were associated with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access. In this study, we provided an overview of WASH indicators' evolution from 2000 to 2017 and their impact on the occurrence of diarrhea in children under 5 years old in Senegal. It was a retrospective cross-sectional study, in which we did a secondary analysis of data from the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for water supply and sanitation and from the Senegal Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Our results showed that access to safely managed services increased by 18.1 and 19.1%, respectively, for water and sanitation. The prevalence of diarrhea estimated at 18.16% was associated with straining water through a cloth (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 1.21 [1.00-1.45]) and getting water supplies from a source not located in a dwelling (AOR [95% CI]: 1.59 [1.21-2.09]). The prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years old was still relatively high in Senegal and was significantly associated with a lack of WASH access. Although the latter continues to increase, additional efforts to make water safer to drink will significantly reduce the occurrence of diarrheal diseases among children under 5 years old in Senegal.

HYGIENE AND SANITATION PRACTICES OF MOTHERS AND PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA AMONG ≤ 2 YEARS OF CHILDREN IN A RESETTLEMENT COLONY

Diarrhea is the major health issue in developing countries with high morbidity and mortality rate among children below 2 years of age.Mothers hygiene behaviour is associated with occurrence of diarrhea in children as they are the primary care givers. We carried out a survey to assess the behavioural practices of mother regarding hygiene and sanitation and prevalence of diarrheal diseases in children below 2 years of age. Stratified systemic sampling technique was used to draw sampling frame.Based on the calculated sample size of 84, a total of 101 subjects were enrolled for the study. Data was collected in the month of July-Nov, 2014 by using interview schedule and observational checklist. 62 variables were used in the checklist to measure the behaviour score of mothers on hygiene and sanitation practices. The mean score of hygiene and sanitation practices of mother was 48 out of 62 and the range was 32-52. The diarrhea episodes in the past 3 months were considered for measuring the prevalence of diarrhea among children below 2 years of age. Mean no. of diarrheal episode occurred in children was1and the range was 1-3.The prevalence of diarrhea among children was 89%. It seems that the hygiene and sanitation practices of mothers are associated with occurrence of diarrhea among children.

Risk Factors of the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Children Under Five Years Old In Indonesia (Riskesdas 2013 and 2018 Data Analysis)

Diarrhea is one of the main causes of under-five mortality in the world, including Indonesia. Indonesia’s Infant Mortality Rate is 32 per 1000 births with diarrhea as the largest contributor at the age of 12-59 months. This study aims to identify the risk factors of diarrhea in children under five in Indonesia. The research design was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from Riskesdas 2013 and 2018. The sample is 176,275 toddlers. Bivariate and multivariate analysis used STATA. The final model of multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors were male (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.06-1.17) in 2013; (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.07-1.17) in 2018, poor nutritional status (AOR=1.27, 95%CI=1.18-1.36) in 2013; (AOR=1.18, 95%CI=1.05-1.33) in 2018, maternal age:10-24 years old (AOR=1.19, 95%CI=1.14-1.23) in 2013; (AOR= 1.19, 95%CI=1.14-1.23) in 2018, maternal education level:graduated from elementary school/equivalent (AOR=1.21, 95%CI=1.16-1.27) in 2013; (AOR=1.21, 95%CI=1.17-1.26) in 2018, mother’s hand washing without soap (AOR= 1.21, 95%CI=1.15-1.28) in 2013; (AOR=1.12, 95%CI=1.07-1.18) in 2018, did not use a latrine (AOR=1.25, 95%CI=1.17-1.33) in 2013; (AOR=1.24, 95%CI=1.16-1.33) in 2018. It can be concluded that the risk factors of diarrhea in children under five were gender, nutritional status, mother’s education, mother’s age, mother’s hand washing method and use of latrines.

LITERATUR REVIEW: HUBUNGAN SANITASI LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA ANAK

Diarrheal diseases are high and often fall into KLB categories in various parts of Indonesia. According to who (2017) data on world diarrhea events still 1.7 billion a year, the cause of death in both children-children. Data on the incidence of diarrheal diseases in Indonesia reach 6 million cases annually, with 36 deaths ata value of CFR 4.76%. Kemenkes RI (2018). The purpose of this study is to identify the environmental sanitation connections with the occurrence of diarrhea in children. The study used a textbook review method based on the journal search process for the full text article from a database on Google scholar, scient direct, ebsco, proquest, and springer. Taken, published in 2015-2020, the journal has a total of 10. According to the results of this study, there are 2 related environmental sanitation links to the incidence of diarrhoea in children, and according to the provision of clean water, there are 7 related journals and according to the disposal of human waste. Good environmental conditions are an important effort to prevent diarrhoea in children.

Time series analysis of the relationship between diarrhea in children and Rota 2 vaccine in the Fanteakwa District of the eastern region of Ghana

BackgroundRotavirus is considered the main causal factor of severe gastroenteritis among infants and children globally. The association with severe rotavirus infection is mostly worse among the least developed countries, mainly due to inadequate access to medical care and poverty. This study was conducted to determine the seasonal effects in respect of diarrhea cases in children, the association between diarrhea cases and Rota2 vaccine in the Fanteakwa District of the Eastern Region of Ghana.MethodsThe study compares monthly diarrhea cases against children vaccinated with Rota2 extracted from DHIMS2 spanning May 2012 to December 2017 in Fanteakwa District. A univariate association between diarrhea cases and children vaccinated with Rota 2 was conducted using the R-software version 3.4.4 with the use of forecast, tseries and TSAPred. Pearson Correlation coefficient was also computed between monthly diarrhea cases and Rota 2 as well as lagged values of Rota 2 and Diarrhea cases.ResultsThe study shows that February recorded the highest average number of diarrhea cases (172) over the period 2012 to 2017 with a standard deviation of 59. However, a one-way analysis of variance shows a significant difference amongst the monthly averages with an F-statistic of 0.042 and P-value of 0.064. It is observed that the correlations between each of the Rota2 doses and the lagged cases are positive, showing higher Rota2 doses a month ago ((Xt − 1),0.346 to0.735), two months ago ((Xt − 2),0.383 to 0.746), three months ago ((Xt − 3), 0.330 to 0.737) and four months ago ((Xt − 4), 0.236 to 0.723) are associated with lower diarrhea cases. The results also show that an increase in the previous two month’s Rota2 figures by 100 is associated with a significant decrease in the currently expected diarrhea cases by approximately 36.ConclusionSeasonal variations exist in the occurrence of diarrhea in children, with January recording the highest number of diarrhea cases (172). There is a relationship between episodes of diarrhea in children and Rota2 (p-value = 0.064); thus, the more children are vaccinated with Rota2, the less diarrhea cases are recorded. Diarrhea cases in Fanteakwa district are generally low, except 2013 and 2016 where the cases are higher than the rest of the other years.

HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER STORAGE INTERVENTION TO ASSESS ITS IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY AT MAE LA TEMPORARY SHELTER

Background: Diarrhoea cases make up nearly two-thirds of total clinic visits at Mae La temporary shelter, Thailand, 40% being under five diarrhoeal cases. The use of a safe storage container for drinking water may prevent contamination and reduce diarrhoeal disease morbidity in camp residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of safe drinking water storage containers and diarrhoeal diseases in under 5 children at the Mae La temporary shelter.
 Methods: A randomized controlled trail was conducted in 400 households with at least one child under 5 years old over a period of four months. Intervention households received safe containers, while control households did not. Households were visited twice weekly during the three-month follow-up. Recent occurrence of diarrhoea in children under five was ascertained and residual chlorine levels in drinking water were measured. The results were analyzed by chi-square tests and survival analyses.
 Results: Overall, the study found a 75% reduction of under five diarrhoea in the intervention group and 3.5-times less risk than control group subjects. Key factors associated with under five diarrhoea were: study group participation, no formal education of household primary caregivers; main sources of acquired drinking water; awareness regarding tap water chlorination; length of time living in camp
 Conclusion: In conclusion, intervention group participants were found to experience a reduction in diarrhoea morbidity when compared to their control group counterparts. E. coli contamination of drinking water was very common, suggesting little or no protection from chlorination.

Household Drinking Water Storage Intervention to Assess its Impact on Water Quality at Mae La Temporary Shelter

Background: Diarrhoea cases make up nearly two-thirds of total clinic visits at Mae La temporary shelter, Thailand, 40% being under five diar­rhoeal cases. The use of a safe storage container for drinking water may prevent contamination and reduce diarrhoeal disease morbidity in camp residents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of safe drinking water storage containers and diarrhoeal diseases in under 5 children at the Mae La temporary shelter.
 Methods: A randomized controlled trail was conducted in 400 households with at least one child under 5 years old over a period of four months. In­tervention households received safe containers, while control households did not. Households were visited twice weekly during the three-month follow-up. Recent occurrence of diarrhoea in children under five was as­certained and residual chlorine levels in drinking water were measured. The results were analyzed by chi-square tests and survival analyses.
 Results: Overall, the study found a 75% reduction of under five diarrhoea in the intervention group and 3.5-times less risk than control group sub­jects. Key factors associated with under five diarrhoea were: study group participation, no formal education of household primary caregivers; main sources of acquired drinking water; awareness regarding tap water chlori­nation; length of time living in camp
 Conclusions: In conclusion, intervention group participants were found to experience a reduction in diarrhoea morbidity when compared to their control group counterparts. E. coli contamination of drinking water was very common, suggesting little or no protection from chlorination.

Diarrhea Prevention Practice and Associated Factors among Caregivers of Under-Five Children in Enemay District, Northwest Ethiopia.

Background Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality among infants and children younger than 5 years of age in both underdeveloped and developing countries. Factors determining the occurrence of diarrhea in children are complex, and the relative contribution of each factor varies as a function of interaction between socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral variables. Objectives To assess diarrhea prevention practice and associated factors of diarrheal disease among caregivers who have under-five children in Enemay district, Ethiopia, 2018. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was done from June 1–30, 2018, among 398 caregivers who have under-five children, in the Enemay district that were selected by using the simple random sampling technique. A structured and pretested data collection tool was used to collect the data. Data were entered using EPI DATA version 4.2, and analysis was done using SPSS version 20 statistical package to be cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analysis was done to describe study participants, and logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) analysis was done to identify factors that have association with the dependent variable. The P value was less than 0.05. Results A total of 398 with a response rate of 97% under-five caregivers were participated in this study. Nearly, half (48.7%) of the participants were in the age group 25–34. The study revealed that good practice of diarrhea prevention was 52.8%. This study was also identified that occupation (AOR: 3.922, 95% CI: 1.593, 9.657), family size (AOR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.009, 0.916), and understanding on diarrhea (AOR: 0.237, 95% CI: 0.091, 0.613) were associated factors of diarrhea prevention practice of under-five children caregivers. Conclusion This finding showed that diarrhea prevention practice among under-five children caregivers was low and prevention practice was significantly associated with caregivers' awareness on frequency of diarrhea in a day, occupation, and family size in a house.

Caregivers\u2019 knowledge and attitudes about childhood diarrhea among refugee and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia

BackgroundMaternal knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to hygiene, breastfeeding, sanitary food preparation, and appropriate weaning practices are potentially important determinants in the occurrence of diarrhea in children. However, few studies have been carried out about the knowledge and attitudes about childhood diarrhea among parents in refugee camps and host communities.ObjectiveThis study aims at assessing the caregivers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding acute diarrhea in under-five children among refugee and host communities in Gambella Region, Ethiopia.MethodologyThis cross-sectional study, employing multistage sampling, was carried out from September to December 2016. Data was collected by a questionnaire-based interview, and 1667 caregivers were included in this study. A composite knowledge score was calculated, and a five-point Likert type of attitude scale was developed to assess the attitudes of the caregivers towards childhood diarrhea. Appropriate descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used. Odds ratios (ORs) are presented with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and all analyses were performed at the 5% significance level (p < 0.05).ResultThe study indicates that 633 (28.0%) of the caregivers had poor knowledge, while 393 (23.6%) of them had unfavorable attitudes towards childhood diarrhea. Knowledge of the caregivers was significantly associated with formal education (AOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.03–1.5) and health information obtained from a health care institution (AOR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.28–2.3). Caregivers’ knowledge is a single predictor of their attitude (p < 0.001), and Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed that there was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.2, p < 0.001) between knowledge and attitude scores.ConclusionThe study indicates that significant numbers of caregivers had inadequate knowledge and unfavorable attitudes about diarrhea in under-five children. Designing and implementing an inclusive health education intervention focusing on uneducated child caregivers may be beneficial for improving knowledge and attitudes towards reducing the incidence of acute childhood diarrhea in the region.

Comparison Of Clinical Efficacy Of Combined Versus Monotherapy Of Oral Zinc And Probiotic In Pediatric Acute Diarrhoea At Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad

Objective: Evaluation of effectiveness of zinc/ probiotics alone and in combination in children with acute diarrhoea. Place of Study: The study was conducted from May-Dec 2017 at Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. Methodology: Single centered, randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 150 children of either sex (6 months -10 years) with acute diarrhoea having stool frequency of &gt; 5semi liquid stools per day. Patients were divided into three groups with fifty children in each group on the basis of treatment modality given. Group A received zinc orally (1-2mg/kg/day for five days along ORS and/or IV fluids if required), Group B patients were given one to two sachets of probiotics /day (saccharomyces boulardii) according to age for five days + ORS and /or IV fluid while Group C was administered combination of zinc and probiotics for five days along with ORS and /or IV fluids. Response to treatment was determined on the basis of decrease in frequency of stools i.e. &lt;3 formed stools /day after 72 hours of commencement of treatment. We have also studied the relationship between hygiene and food intake practices with the occurrence of diarrhoea in children. Results: Acute diarrhoea was found to be more prevalent in children with poor hygiene practices and using unboiled water. Among the treatment groups, at the end of 3rd day total of forty eight (96%) patients in group C had improved consistency of stools as well as decrease in diarrhoea frequency to less than three formed stools per day while in groups A and B thirty nine (78%) and sixteen (32%) patients respectively showed response to treatment in 72 hours. Conclusion: Combination of zinc + probiotics therapy is more effective in children with acute diarrhoea than either alone. Among the zinc and probiotics therapy, zinc is superior in terms of clinical efficacy than probiotics alone.

Assessment of the Prevalence of Diarrheal Disease Under-five Children Serbo Town, Jimma Zone South West Ethiopia

Background: Although there is global decline in the death rates of children younger than 5 years old, the risk of a child dying before becoming 5 years of age remains highest in the WHO African Region (90 per 1000 live births). The highest rates of child mortality are seen in sub-Saharan Africa, where 1 in 8 children dies before age 5, more than 17 times the average for developed regions. The problem of child death in Ethiopia is worse, with an Ethiopian child being 30 times more likely to die by his/her fifth birthday than a child in Western Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with diarrhoea among children younger than five years old. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of diarrhoea and its associated factors among children under-five years of age in Serbo town in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on children younger than five years old from June to July 2017. A total of 250 under-five children were included in this study, and subjects were recruited by the multistage cluster sampling technique. Data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire. The data were coded, entered, cleaned and analyzed the SPSS software package version 24. Result: The prevalence of childhood diarrhoea was 14.9% (n=26) high rate in under 2 years and no sex variation. The proportion of acute watery diarrhoea was 92.3% (n=24) of those children 76.9% (n=20) were treated in health institution. The age care takers was assessed and those 20-39 years of age had the highest rate 65.4% (n=17) of the two weeks diarrhoea prevalence. Mothers of children who had completed 1-6 grade had the highest rate 11 (42.3%) of two weeks diarrhoea prevalence. Conclusion: In this study, prevalence of diarrhoea among under-five children was quite high. The highest rate of the prevalence was significantly concentrated among children aged 20-29 (40.1%) months. The age of child, educational level of mothers, and the economic status of households were the most important variables that affected the occurrence of diarrhoea in children.

Prevalence and determinants of acute diarrhea among children younger than five years old in Jabithennan District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014

BackgroundDespite the global decline in death rates of children younger than five years old, the risk of a child dying before turning five years of age remains highest in the WHO African Region. The problem of child death in Ethiopia is worse, with an Ethiopian child being 30 times more likely to die by his/her fifth birthday than a child in Western Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with diarrhea among children younger than five years old.MethodsA community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with mothers who had children younger than five years old from April to June 2014. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select eligible women. The data were coded, entered, cleaned and analyzed with the SPSS software package, version 16.Resultshe data of 775 mothers were included in the analysis, and 21.5% of the children had diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey. The main factors affecting the occurrence of diarrhea were residence (Odds ratio (AOR) = 11.29, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.49-36.52), sex (AOR = 2.52, 95% CI:1.28-4.93), methods of complementary feeding (AOR = 50.88, 95% CI: 23.85- 108.54), types of water storage equipment (AOR = 19.50, 95% CI: 8.11-46.90), and cleansing materials used to wash hands (AOR = 5.53, 95% CI: 2.19-13.99).ConclusionApproximately one-fifth of the children included in the study reported diarrheal disease. Residence, sex of the child, type of water storage container, methods of complementary feeding, and cleansing materials to wash the hands were the most important variables that affected the occurrence of diarrhea in children. Therefore, families, the government and nongovernmental organizations working in the area must cooperate in interventions and prevention to minimize the risk of disease.

Temperature Variability and Occurrence of Diarrhoea in Children under Five-Years-Old in Cape Town Metropolitan Sub-Districts.

This paper describes the relationship between temperature change and diarrhoea in under five-year-old children in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area (CTMA) of South Africa. The study used climatic and aggregated surveillance diarrhoea incidence data of two peak periods of seven months each over two consecutive years. A Poisson regression model and a lagged Poisson model with autocorrelation was performed to test the relationship between climatic parameters (minimum and maximum temperature) and incidence of diarrhoea. In total, 58,617 cases of diarrhoea occurred in the CTMA, which is equivalent to 8.60 cases per 100 population under five years old for the study period. The mixed effect overdispersed Poisson model showed that a cluster adjusted effect of an increase of 5 °C in minimum and maximum temperature results in a 40% (Incidence risk ratio IRR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.31–1.48) and 32% (IRR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.22–1.41) increase in incident cases of diarrhoea, respectively, for the two periods studied. Autocorrelation of one-week lag (Autocorrelation AC 1) indicated that a 5 °C increase in minimum and maximum temperature led to 15% (IRR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.09–1.20) and 6% (IRR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.12) increase in diarrhoea cases, respectively. In conclusion, there was an association between an increase in minimum and maximum temperature, and the rate at which diarrhoea affected children under the age of five years old in the Cape Town Metropolitan Area. This finding may have implications for the effects of global warming and requires further investigation.

Rainfall variation and child health: effect of rainfall on diarrhea among under 5 children in Rwanda, 2010.

BackgroundDiarrhea among children under 5 years of age has long been a major public health concern. Previous studies have suggested an association between rainfall and diarrhea. Here, we examined the association between Rwandan rainfall patterns and childhood diarrhea and the impact of household sanitation variables on this relationship.MethodsWe derived a series of rain-related variables in Rwanda based on daily rainfall measurements and hydrological models built from daily precipitation measurements collected between 2009 and 2011. Using these data and the 2010 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey database, we measured the association between total monthly rainfall, monthly rainfall intensity, runoff water and anomalous rainfall and the occurrence of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age.ResultsAmong the 8601 children under 5 years of age included in the survey, 13.2 % reported having diarrhea within the 2 weeks prior to the survey. We found that higher levels of runoff were protective against diarrhea compared to low levels among children who lived in households with unimproved toilet facilities (OR = 0.54, 95 % CI: [0.34, 0.87] for moderate runoff and OR = 0.50, 95 % CI: [0.29, 0.86] for high runoff) but had no impact among children in household with improved toilets.ConclusionOur finding that children in households with unimproved toilets were less likely to report diarrhea during periods of high runoff highlights the vulnerabilities of those living without adequate sanitation to the negative health impacts of environmental events.

Effectiveness of Package for Behaviour Change of Mothers in Prevention of Diarrhoea in Children less than 2 Years of Age in a Resettlement Colony

Diarrhea is a major health issue in developing countries with high morbidity and mortality rate among children below 2 years of age. Hygiene practices of mothers are associated with occurrence of diarrhea in children. We carried out an intervention to assess the effectiveness of behaviour change package on the prevention of diarrhoea in children ≤2 years of age. The sample was taken by stratified systemic random sampling technique. A total of 101 mothers, 50 in intervention group and 51 in control group were enrolled for study. In the intervention group mothers were educated on hygienic practices by using flash cards. In the subsequent 5 visits, mothers were reinforced about the hygiene and sanitation practices. These visits were also used to observe practices of mothers and recording diarrheal episodes among children. In the control group, after three months behavioural practices of mothers were observed and diarrheal episodes among children were recorded. Implementation using a package brought a significant improvement in mothers’ practices related to hygiene and sanitation. Diarrhea was 4.3 times higher in control group as compared to intervention group. Behaviour change practices related to hygiene and sanitation of mothers is effective in prevention of acute diarrheal diseases among children below 2 years of age.