Occurrence Of Conflicts Research Articles

A dyadic multimethod study of “partner phubbing”, smartphone conflict, and relationship quality in opposite-sex couples from Belgium

Abstract Existing research indicates that ‘partner phubbing’ is associated with heightened conflict and lower relationship satisfaction. However, previous studies have relied on cross-sectional designs involving subjective self-reports of only one partner. In this study, the main hypothesis entailed that the link between partner phubbing and relationship quality will be mediated by conflict over smartphone use. We utilized experience sampling (ESM) with objective smartphone logging measures collected over 14 days from 35 mixed-gender intimate dyads from Belgium (N = 70). An Actor-Partner Interdependence Model revealed that perceived relationship quality was negatively predicted by partner’s smartphone use in husbands only, but there were no indirect effects via smartphone conflict. We reported a low occurrence of smartphone frustration and conflict in couples. An outstanding dyad analysis revealed some incongruencies between partner’s smartphone use and its perception within couples. The design allowed us to distinguish between phone use frequency and screen time, which facilitated a nuanced understanding of smartphone use impact, and gender differences, to some extent refuting the previous literature. The findings prompt us to debate whether co-present smartphone use ought to be associated with negative outcomes exclusively, a rare notion to be explored in future research.

Why hospitals hire tobacco lobbyists: conflicts of interest among lobbyists’ clients

Abstract Lobbyists sometimes represent clients with seemingly adversarial policy interests. We seek to explain the occurrence of such ostensible conflicts of interest. In hiring lobbyists, interests encounter a tradeoff between access and agency. Although some lobbyists promise access to lawmakers, they may not lobby as contracted. Interests hire seemingly conflicted lobbyists more often when access is costlier and reputational risks are smaller. We examine the hiring of tobacco lobbyists by health interests, given the possibilities for shirking and reputational damage. We find that institutions such as hospitals hire tobacco lobbyists regularly and more often than membership-based health groups. Intergroup competition for access and lobby laws, especially anti-conflict laws, affect the use of tobacco lobbyists independent of rates of multi-client lobbying. Conflicts are more common today than ever but interests can protect themselves somewhat from opportunistic agents. Our findings also suggest that reforms can improve the representation of client interests.

Effects of wind farms on raptors: A systematic review of the current knowledge and the potential solutions to mitigate negative impacts

AbstractWind farms are a clean and efficient source of renewable energy. However, they cause negative impacts on raptors. Here, we present a review of the existing scientific literature on the effects of wind farms on raptors' ecology with a particular interest in the potential solutions. After collecting 216 studies, we found a consensus in the literature that raptors exhibit avoidance behaviors, and that the abundance of raptors decreases after wind farm installation, although it might recover over time. The position of wind farms on mountaintop ridges poses a particular danger to large soaring raptors, as they rely on orographic uplift to gain altitude. Adult mortality significantly affects population dynamics, particularly in endangered species, but young inexperienced individuals show a higher collision risk. The combination of different methods including field monitoring, GPS telemetry and systematic search for carcasses is an adequate approach to further investigate the problem and solutions. Shutdowns on demand, the installation of deterrents, turbine micro‐sitting and the repowering of wind farms have been suggested as potential solutions, although results are contradictory and case‐specific. Furthermore, it is essential to report the potential occurrence of conflicts of interest in scientific papers, as they can influence the interpretation of the results. Finally, from a future perspective, it is crucial to assess the effectiveness of solutions to mitigate the negative effects of wind farms to promote raptor conservation. This becomes increasingly relevant in the context of renewable energy development and increasing energy demand worldwide.

A critical examination of industrial conflict in labour- management relations

The paper examines the occurrence of industrial conflict between labour unions and management in the workplace. The inevitability of conflict stems from the economic interest both parties want to satisfy at any point in time in their work relations which are at variance. The economic interest of both parties is inversely related and this will always reinforce disharmony of interest in the workplace. The theoretical analysis focused on conflict theory by Karl Marx and theory of industrial pluralism by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Essentially, causes of industrial conflict was brought to the fore, its consequences and resolution mechanism were expatiated. Views of various schools of thought on conflict were examined together with functional and dysfunctional aspects of industrial conflict. Suggested measures to manage effectively the emergence of workplace conflict were also discussed. The study concluded that industrial conflict has become a recurring decimal in labour–management relations, however, the suggested measures to reduce and manage the preponderance of conflict should be followed in order to enhance workplace peace and harmonious labour management relations.

Trainers Practices in Minimizing Ethical Conflicts among Athletes of a Medical College in China

This study aims to analyze the impact of a trainer's guide on trainers' practices in minimizing ethical conflicts. A sample of 150 athletes and 20 trainers from Wannan Medical College in China was selected. Using a designed pre test and post test experimental framework, the study systematically evaluated changes in trainers' practices rega rding ethical conflicts before and after implementing the guide. The results indicate that before the implementation of the trainer's guide, trainers rarely employed effective strategies and actions to manage ethical conflicts , after the guide was implemen ted, there was a significant increase in trainers' practices aimed at reducing ethical conflicts, demonstrating a clear positive shift. This finding not o nly underscores the substantial positive effect of the trainer's guide in encouraging trainers to addr ess ethical conflicts proactively but also highlights the guide's core value as a tool for reducing the incidence of such conflicts. The significance of this study lies in its validation of the trainer's guide as an effective complement to behavioral norms . Additionally, it provides empirical support for incorporating the guide into the trainer training system. Furthermore, the findings offer valuable practical references for o ther trainers, contributing to the establishment of a healthier and more ethical training environment, thereby reducing the occurrence of ethical conflicts.

Population Growth and Resource Scarcity: Implications for Conflict and Cooperation in Taraba State, Nigeria

Population growth has profound effects on resource availability and social dynamics in many regions across the globe. In Taraba State, Nigeria, the rapid increase in population has intensified resource scarcity, leading to heightened conflicts among communities, particularly those reliant on land and water for their livelihoods. This study examines how population growth intersects with resource depletion, conflict, and cooperation in Taraba State. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving the analysis of questionnaire data from 294 respondents and qualitative insights from interviews with 10 local leaders, agriculturalists, and herders. The findings reveal that population growth significantly exacerbates the depletion of essential resources, such as land and water, with 72.8% of respondents indicating that population increases directly impact resource availability. This scarcity has led to a 78.3% occurrence of conflicts in areas experiencing severe resource depletion. The study also shows that resource scarcity forces communities into competition, often escalating tensions into violent disputes. However, the research accentuates the critical role of traditional governance structures, which were acknowledged by 64.3% of the respondents as key to fostering cooperation and mitigating conflicts in the state. The study concludes that integrating traditional governance systems with formal frameworks is essential for sustainable resource management and conflict reduction in Taraba State. Policymakers should prioritize these strategies to address the challenges posed by rapid population growth and resource scarcity, ensuring the long-term stability and well-being of communities in the state.

Communicating science addressing contentious environmental issues: utilizing Luhmann's social systems theory

For complex and socially contentious environmental issues, such as climate change and disease prevention, science communication has proven difficult. As many science communication scholars have determined, education is not the only factor impacting the public's willingness to act upon or even accept scientific information. In this study, we propose using Niklas Luhmann's theory of social systems as a framework for research in science and environmental communication. We argue that by focusing on the functions of relevant social systems, the occurrence of communication conflicts may be explained, and new approaches to overcome communication obstacles can be developed. In this study, we provide examples of the theory's utility by looking at pertinent studies regarding relevant systems integral to addressing climate change and sustainability issues, as well as propose new subjects for exploration.

Is economic growth less welfare enhancing in Africa? Evidence from the last forty years

On current trends, the future of global poverty reduction will be determined by Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, poverty reduction has been relatively slow on the continent, even during periods of strong economic growth. The empirical literature has argued that this is due to the lower growth elasticity of poverty in SSA compared to other regions. This paper contributes to this debate by i) using an up-to-date and expanded sample of 575 successive and comparable growth spells between 1981 and 2021 and 2) unpacking the factors that contribute to the lower growth elasticity of poverty in SSA. First, the analysis confirms previous findings that economic growth (which we measure by growth in GDP per capita) has consistently been less poverty-reducing in SSA, even after controlling for initial differences in poverty, income levels, and inequality (and changes therein). Second, we find that the lower growth elasticity is due to a significantly lower passthrough between growth in GDP per capita and growth in household income or consumption as measured from surveys. GDP growth is particularly ineffective in improving the incomes of the poorest households, whose consumption expenditures in SSA are independent of economic growth, in contrast to low-income households elsewhere. Third, examining the factors that mediate the passthrough between GDP growth and household welfare, we find that limited provision of basic education services and basic infrastructure and the slow process of structural transformation inhibit the passthrough between economic growth and household welfare, as do dependence on natural resources and occurrence of violent conflicts. Overall, variables that strengthen (weaken) the effect of aggregate economic growth on household welfare are scarcer (more abundant) in SSA, which partly explains the weaker effect of economic growth on household welfare.

Real-time rear-end conflict prediction on congested highways sections using trajectory data

Predicting rear-end conflicts in advance can avoid potential crashes and significantly improve road safety, especially in congested road sections. Many existing studies adopt macroscopic aggregated traffic flow state features and or environment features for rear-end conflicts prediction, which seems to overlook the impact of the temporal trends of various features during the conflict process on the outcomes. Thus, this paper uses microscopic trajectory data of front and rear vehicles for conflict prediction and explored the impact of trajectory changes trend on conflicts formation. A Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) is employed to learn and encode conflict and non-conflict trajectory data and perform binary classification. The model has a 93 % recall and a 1.41 % false alarm rate. The Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) tool also explains the relationships between predicted conflict probability and input microscopic trajectory data. From the time analysis of the input trajectory using LIME, the following conclusions can be drawn. In congested road segments, when the speed of the leading vehicle is below 3 m/s and the speed of the following vehicle is above 4 m/s, it has a significant positive effect on the occurrence of conflicts. And some aggressive acceleration behaviors of drivers have the positive effect also. In addition, the reasons for conflicts among most vehicles are identical Because their feature distributions are similar. These findings can provide targeted insights for the management of ATM in congested road segments.

Investigating LiDAR Sensor Accuracy for V2V and V2P Conflict Detection at Signalized Intersections

This paper examined the accuracy of six installed LiDAR sensors at six different signalized intersections in Trois-Rivières City, Quebec, Canada. At each intersection, the crucial leading and following movements that cause vehicle–vehicle (V2V) and vehicle–pedestrian (V2P) conflicts were identified, and the LiDAR results were compared to crash reports recorded by police, insurance companies, and other reliable resources. Furthermore, the intersection crash rates were calculated based on the daily entering vehicle traffic and the frequency of crashes at each intersection. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were utilized over 970,000 V2V and V2P conflicts based on the post encroachment time (PET) and time-to-collision (TTC) safety assessment measures. Bayesian models were used to assess the relationships between different intersection characteristics and the occurrence of conflicts, providing insights into the factors influencing V2V and V2P conflict occurrences. Additionally, a developed image-processing algorithm was utilized to examine the conflicts’ trajectories. The intersections’ crash rates indicated that safety considerations should be implemented at intersections #3, #6, #4, #1, #5, and #2, respectively. Additionally, intersections #6, #4, and #3 were the intersections with the highest rates of vehicle–pedestrian conflicts. Analysis revealed the intricate nature of vehicle and pedestrian interactions, demonstrating the potential of LiDAR sensors in discerning conflict-prone areas at intersections.

Implementasi Kebijakan Penyusunan Daftar Pemilih Pemilu 2024 di Kota Tangerang Selatan

The voter list in each election certainly has a degree of change for the better with the aim of having an accurate, comprehensive and up-to-date voter list. However, problems in the preparation of voter lists still continue to occur in the 2024 election. The purpose of this study is to find out the Implementation of the 2024 Election Voter List Preparation Policy in South Tangerang City. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study model. The results of this study show that the wider the degree of change expected and the many interests and strategies of the actors involved are obstacles to the success of a policy. On the other hand, the relationship between actors in the context of policy is an important factor in the success of policy. The lack of relationships between actors is a determinant factor in the occurrence of conflicts between the actors involved. The lower the relationship between the actors involved makes it difficult to implement policies.

Peranan Kebudayaan dalam Pembangunan: Perspektif Antropologi

The occurrence of various social conflicts and environmental damage in Indonesia, especially in Central Kalimantan, is assumed to be due to the neglect of cultural values ​​and norms which should be a reference in all development planning and implementation. Management of development by referring to cultural values ​​and norms is in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution, Regional Autonomy, and the Concept of Dayak Traditional Law and Customs in Central Kalimantan. Objectively, implementing various development programs in community life requires first getting to know the community, especially traditional communities in remote rural areas in Indonesia. The reason is because each community group has its own potential for self-sufficiency which is based on its unique and special socio-cultural background. Therefore, the development programs introduced should be adapted to the needs and potential of each community.

Impact of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on International Staple Agrifood Trade Networks.

The Russia-Ukraine conflict is a growing concern worldwide and poses serious threats to regional and global food security. Using monthly trade data for maize, rice, and wheat from 2016/1 to 2023/12, this paper constructs three international crop trade networks and an aggregate international food trade network. We aim to examine the structural changes following the occurrence of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. We find significant shifts in the number of edges, average in-degree, density, and efficiency in the third quarter of 2022, particularly in the international wheat trade network. Additionally, we have shown that political reasons have caused more pronounced changes in the trade connections between the economies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Russia than with Ukraine. This paper could provide insights into the negative impact of geopolitical conflicts on the global food system and encourage a series of effective strategies to mitigate the negative impact of the conflict on global food trade.

Current situation and influencing factors of high-level role conflict among clinical teachers: A cross-sectional study.

Role conflict is defined as pressures resulting from multiple job requirements that are perceived as incompatible. The purpose of this population-based cross-sectional study was to explore the current situation and influencing factors of high-level role conflict among clinical teachers at 4 affiliated hospitals of 3 medical universities in southern China. A self-administered online questionnaire was used for data collection through an online survey platform. Chi-square tests were used to determine significant differences for categorical variables. Binary logistic regression analysis models were performed for exploring the influencing factors of role conflict in clinical teachers. A total of 208 clinical teachers successfully completed the questionnaires. Of the respondents, 41.3% reportedly had high-level role conflict, and 58.7% had low-level role conflict. The study found that primary, intermediate, and deputy senior professional title, having a leadership position in the department, and devoting a lot of time to teaching work were associated with an increasing risk of the occurrence of high-level role conflict (all P < .05). However, undertaking moderate or few/very few clinical teaching workloads, keeping clinical teachers informed of the teaching requirements, getting guidance and help from colleagues, and thinking of the teaching work as their obligation were significantly associated with decreasing risks of high-level role conflict (all P < .05). Teaching management departments in hospitals might carry out regular and systematic professional training for clinical teachers to effectively decrease role conflict and improve the quality of clinical teaching.

Leopards at large: population density, habitat utilisation and spatio-temporal overlap of leopards (Panthera pardus) with competitors and prey in the Rajaji Tiger Reserve, northern India

Context In the vicinity of the western Rajaji Tiger Reserve, a significant rise in conflicts between humans and leopards has occurred. These conflicts have resulted in a substantial number of human deaths, with 60% attacks resulting in deaths over a 4-year period. Aims This study aims to examine any potential connection among the non-breeding tigers, leopards, prey, humans and the increased occurrence of conflicts. Methods To address this objective, we conducted an analysis to evaluate the density of leopards, as well as their spatial and temporal behaviour with respect to tigers, prey and humans through on-site habitat use, circular statistics, diel-overlap as well spatial niche breadth and spatial-niche overlap. Key results Our findings showed one of the highest leopard-density estimates (excluding cubs) (mean ± s.e.) of 23.7 ± 4.8 per 100 km2. When examining on-site habitat use by leopards, we found three variables that had a negative influence, namely, human presence, slope, and the presence of tigers. The presence of a large prey (sambar) had a positive influence. Leopards, exhibiting the highest spatial-niche breadth, demonstrated a small overlap with both tigers and humans, while displaying a significant diel overlap with sambar. The niche overlap was notably high with sambar, but very low with humans and tigers. Conclusions Although tigers locally created a zone of spatial and temporal avoidance, at the population level the leopards experienced a surge in numbers in response to the reduced tiger numbers, indicated by their high density. This could be a cause of high leopard movement into nearby human settlements. This unique scenario could have contributed to conflict. Implications Understanding the coexistence among different species and the impact of transient animals is crucial to develop effective management strategies to mitigate conflict. This approach would facilitate and ensure the long-term survival of diverse large carnivores in the tropical forests of southern Asia through sustained support for conservation from local communities.

EFEKTIVITAS BIMBINGAN PRANIKAH DALAM MEWUJUDKAN KELUARGA SAKINAH OLEH KANTOR URUSAN AGAMA (KUA) MAYAMUK KABUPATEN SORONG

The occurrence of marital conflict is often because the marriage is not in accordance with the expectations and goals of the couple who marry. This is due to several things, for example, the bride and groom do not understand the real purpose of marriage even though the marriage is based on mutual love. In order to build a peaceful family, pre-marital guidance is needed, which is an effort to provide assistance to couples in solving problems or information about marriage, which will be faced by prospective brides. The focus of the problem studied are: 1) how is the implementation of premarital guidance program in KUA Mayamuk Sorong Regency? 2) how is the effectiveness of premarital guidance in forming a sakinah family after marriage at KUA Mayamuk Sorong Regency? Based on the sakinah of the researcher's interviews with the three couples who have participated in premarital guidance and have been married, the data obtained has shown that some of these informants have met the benchmarks of a Sakinah family (sakinah i family). Sakinah i families are families that are built on a legal marriage and have been able to fulfill their spiritual and material needs minimally but still cannot fulfill their social psychological needs, such as educational needs, religious guidance and family, following religious social interactions with their environment.

Профилактика межнациональных конфликтов в современном воинском коллективе

The content of interethnic conflicts and the process of their prevention is revealed. The interethnic conflict in the social groups of military personnel is revealed as a type of social conflict that determines the growth of contradictions of values and interests, mutual misunderstanding of cultural priorities, hostility, inconsistency of service and labor behavior, conditions, as well as actions. It is proved that interethnic conflicts in the military team are the result of the deterioration of the level of interethnic culture of communication of military personnel. At the same time, the prevention of interethnic conflicts is the result of the targeted construction of the culture of interethnic communication of military actors. The latter can manifest itself both at the superficial level (characterized by the degree of understanding and assimilation in the consciousness of the peculiarities of various ethnic groups: the presence of necessary ideas, ethnic values, rules, as well as the norms of interethnic communication of military personnel), and at the practical service-labor level (the level of effectiveness of the practices of service implementation of interethnic communication). It is proved that the prevention of interethnic conflicts is the result of the project actions aimed at the formation of the effective culture of interethnic communication, as a result of which the conditions preventing the occurrence of ethnic conflicts among military personnel are created. The prevention of ethnic conflicts through political design determines the process of removing the conditions for the growth of tension, eliminating objective socio-cultural contradictions in the system of interethnic relations. It defines systemic transformations aimed at a temporary homeostatic conflict-free state of the modern military collective.

Alternatif Pidana dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Syariah di Indonesia

The objective of this text is to understand how conflicts are resolved within the realm of Islamic banking and to devise effective solutions. One prevalent challenge is the occurrence of conflicts or disputes within Islamic banks, which are at times inadequately resolved. The problem statement in this research revolves around criminal activities and dispute resolution within the Islamic banking sector. The research methodology used is qualitative, employing the literature review method or library research. The study findings highlight the significant role of Islamic banking in Indonesia across various domains, especially in the financial activities of communities and the economy, catering to individual needs. Nonetheless, operational difficulties may lead to potential conflicts or disputes. These disputes typically require resolution from both parties involved, namely the bank and the customer, as they share equal roles as stakeholders. Two dispute resolution methods have been identified within Islamic banking: litigation (in court) and non-litigation (outside court). This study identifies the challenges arising in Indonesian Islamic banking and proposes solutions to mitigate them. The two dispute resolution methods suggested by the researchers can be used to overcome challenges in Islamic banking, although each method has its own advantages and disadvantages each approach comes with its own strengths and weaknesses.

Fostering Social Harmony: A Peace-building Approach to Conflict Resolution and Enhanced Social Skills

Education is the best means of resolving every conflict that arises in human life. Despite the frequent occurrence of conflict and violence among students, it is still regarded as a norm, posing significant danger if left unaddressed. This acceptance can contribute to the development of a deteriorating culture, perpetuating hostility, intolerance, intergenerational violence, and diminishing social character values, particularly within student communities. This study formulates a peace-building-based conflict resolution learning model to instill the values of students' social skills, which is carried out on students through the non-equivalent control group design. Data were collected and processed using experimental procedures. Data analysis techniques were analyzed using design models processed through VOSviewer design software and the SEM (Structural Equation Model) method. Structural Equation Modeling, better known as SEM, has several other names, such as covariance structure analysis), analysis of latent variables, analysis of confirmatory factors and analysis of linear structure relationships. The results of the research show that the peace-building model of conflict resolution learning is effective in improving students' social skills, this is evidenced by the increased students' understanding of conflict resolution and violence that they experience directly or indirectly. Increased collaboration between students in finding solutions to the cases studied shows a better understanding of differences of opinion among students. Increased solidarity in solving problems within the group. Based on this, peacebuilding-based conflict resolution learning is sufficient to make a good contribution to cultivating the values of social skills that can be applied in students' daily lives.

Toxic relationship in youth communication through self-love intervention strategy

This study set out to identify and analyze toxic relationships in interpersonal communication among adolescents. The toxic relationship, as an unhealthy relationship, does have an impact on the occurrence of internal conflicts. Such relationships often cause the people involved to encounter unproductiveness and mental disorders, which can trigger an emotional outburst that leads to violence. A qualitative approach was used as the research method. The data collection techniques comprised FGD, observation, and in-depth interviews with informants/participants as primary data. The study findings show that first, the perpetrators of toxic relationships, namely toxic people, could be those closest to the victims, such as the nuclear family (father, mother, and siblings). In addition, the perpetrator could be a lover in an unhealthy romantic relationship or peers and even friends who often do the bullying via verbal, physical, or even sexual violence. Second, toxic relationships can be categorized into several forms, namely unhealthy relationships with friends (‘toxic friendship’), parents/family (‘toxic parenting’), lovers, and cheating parents, which can affect a child’s mentality. Actions necessary include the raising of awareness and concern for the community. If violent behavior occurs, it is not permissible to act permissive. The individual approach carried out during victim assistance can entail consultations in the form of ‘vent sessions’. A powerful way to anticipate being trapped in an unhealthy relationship is via self-love. Counselling is carried out with a self-healing approach to restore victims’ self-confidence and maintain their mental health.