Occupational Shifts Research Articles

Mutant Huntingtin stalls ribosomes and represses protein synthesis in a cellular model of Huntington disease

The polyglutamine expansion of huntingtin (mHTT) causes Huntington disease (HD) and neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that mHtt promotes ribosome stalling and suppresses protein synthesis in mouse HD striatal neuronal cells. Depletion of mHtt enhances protein synthesis and increases the speed of ribosomal translocation, while mHtt directly inhibits protein synthesis in vitro. Fmrp, a known regulator of ribosome stalling, is upregulated in HD, but its depletion has no discernible effect on protein synthesis or ribosome stalling in HD cells. We found interactions of ribosomal proteins and translating ribosomes with mHtt. High-resolution global ribosome footprint profiling (Ribo-Seq) and mRNA-Seq indicates a widespread shift in ribosome occupancy toward the 5′ and 3′ end and unique single-codon pauses on selected mRNA targets in HD cells, compared to controls. Thus, mHtt impedes ribosomal translocation during translation elongation, a mechanistic defect that can be exploited for HD therapeutics.

Participant-perceived occupational outcomes after two years of yoga for chronic pain

Introduction The study aim was to investigate the perceived impact and experience of long-term involvement in community-based group yoga for people with chronic pain. Methods Eleven participants, who previously completed an 8-week yoga intervention and continued attending yoga at a community pain clinic for 2 years, participated in the study. A mixed-methods approach was employed. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure data were collected during the 8-week yoga study (baseline) and after 2 years of yoga (follow-up). Baseline and follow-up Canadian Occupational Performance Measure data were compared to measure change in perceived occupational performance and satisfaction. Individual qualitative interviews were conducted to explore participants’ perceived impact and experience of long-term yoga involvement. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and qualitative interviews were analyzed using an inductive approach. Findings Canadian Occupational Performance Measure scores significantly improved between baseline and follow-up. Three main themes emerged from qualitative interviews: (a) Occupational shift from “existing” to “living,” (b) The change process is “progressive,” and (c) Yoga is “a positive thing I do in my life.” Conclusion Long-term involvement in community-based group yoga may improve and sustain occupational performance and satisfaction. Occupational therapists may consider yoga as a tool to promote occupational gains in people with chronic pain.

Job Polarization and the Flattening of the Price Phillips Curve

This paper shows that the change in the occupational composition of the labor market in favour of non-routine jobs -i.e. job polarization- flattens the price Phillips Curve (PC). Using data from the European Monetary Union and exploiting the fact that job polarization accelerates during recessions, we obtain two results. First, countries experiencing a bigger shift in the occupational structure during a downturn exhibit a flatter PC afterward. Second, the occupational shifts experienced during the Great Recession and the Sovereign Debt Crisis explain up to a forth of the flattening of the curve in the 2002-2018 period. We reconcile this evidence through a New Keynesian model with unemployment and search and matching frictions. Heterogeneity in the fluidity across segments of the labor market -i.e. differences in the separation and hiring rate across jobs- is the source of PC flattening.

Acrylates as a significant cause of allergic contact dermatitis: new sources of exposure.

Acrylate monomers have a wide range of applications. Since the 1950s, many reports of occupational origin allergic contact dermatitis due to (meth)acrylate monomers have been published. During last decades, (meth)acrylate allergy has undergone an occupational shift from dentistry toward beauty industry and medical devices. The aim of the study was to conduct a literature review on acrylates as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis, current sources of exposure as well as identification of professional groups with an increased risk of this allergy and methods of effective prevention. Database review: Medline search (PubMed), Wiley Online Library and Web of Science base in years 1956–2019 using the following keywords: acrylates, manicurists, dentists, dental technicians, medical devices, occupational exposure, and allergic contact dermatitis. 204 346 articles containing the term ‘acrylates‘ have been found. They include 2 042 articles with the word ‘manicurists’, 169 919 – ‘dentists’, 218 236 – ‘dental technicians’, 2 427 418 – ‘medical devices’. Fifty-nine articles were chosen based on analysis of abstracts and full texts. In the past allergy to acrylates was mainly of occupational origin and dental technicians were the most often affected professional group. Since the long-lasting manicure has become popular, this problem concerns both manicurists and their customers. Moreover, the new significant trend is non-occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by medical devices especially dedicated to diabetes patients.

Occupational Diversification and Livelihood Pattern of the Tribes Living in Attappady Region

India is a country with varied heritage and culture. Due to advancement in socio-economic structure, standard of living, life style and technology, the tribes had an overall change in all the aspects. The traditional occupation of the tribes being hunting had seen a drastic change due to the introduction of forest policies and the restriction towards hunting. The shift in occupation of tribes is based on their locations and other available opportunities. In this aspect, the present research probes to analyse the major determinants of changes in occupation of the tribes living in Attappady region of Kerala state. Purposive Random Sampling method has been adopted to select the sample respondents. The data have been collected from 67 respondents and analysed with multiple regression analysis. The result showed that gender, education and total debt of the family have significant impact on occupational diversification leading to transformation in the livelihood pattern of the select respondents in the study area.

PERGESERAN TERITORI SEBAGAI BENTUK ADAPTASI PADA TERAS RUMAH AKIBAT PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA DI KAMPUNG PELANGI, KOTA SEMARANG

Abstract: Tourism has the opportunity to be able to give a good influence on several aspects (economic, social, cultural, and environmental), so it makes one of the strategies of the Semarang City government to be used to solve the problems of slums in Kampung Wonosari. Kampung Wonosari which was changed into a tourist village, and changed its name to Kampung Pelangi. In addition to the positive effects obtained, but there are also negative effects due to changes in the function of the village. One of the negative influences is that there is a shift in territorial occupancy because people have to share their space with visitors. From this phenomenon, this research will raise the issue of territorial shift as a form of adaptation due to the development of tourism in the village. Based on these problems the purpose of this study is to determine the form of territory shifting from the form of adaptation that occurred. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method. So we get realistic results from the object of shifting territory on the porch as a form of adaptation to follow the development of the village into a tourist attraction.

Sleep Disorders and Fatigue among Health Care Providers Working at University Hospitals

Background and Objective: Sleep disorder and fatigue are common among health care workers (HCWs) and negative-ly affect their quality of life and caregiving to the patients. Early diagnosis and rapid modification of causative factors might prevent the potential disastrous results of these problems on personal and population health. This study aimed to evaluate the state of sleep and fatigue among HCWs of hospitals affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sci-ences, Iran, and their related factors. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2014 to December 2014 among HCWs at hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Demographic data, medical history, and occupation-al shift information were recorded. Sleep quality was assessed by the valid and reliable Persian versions of Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Fatigue was evaluated by valid and reliable Persian version of Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: 595 HCWs participated in the study. According to ISI, 48.4% of HCWs experienced subthreshold insomnia, 25.4% were affected by moderate, and 5.0% by severe clinical insomnia. PSQI indicated poor sleep quality in 79.8% of the participants. 71.6% of HCWs had FSS of 4 or more, which was correlated to gender, age, and sleep quality. Correla-tion of sleep quality components with participants’ shift characteristics was also investigated. Conclusion: Sleep disorders and fatigue are common in HCWs of university hospitals. Correction of certain modifiable factors can reduce negative consequences of sleep disorders and fatigue in HCWs.

Shifting perceptions of social class: Race-based shifts in class-related occupations

ABSTRACT Based on social expectations associating White and Black racial categories with higher and lower ends of the social hierarchy, respectively, the criteria used in interpersonal judgments of social class categorizations should differ between White and Black targets, with Black targets needing objectively lower criteria than White targets to achieve a particular subjective level of social class. In an analysis of the occupations assigned to Working- and Middle-Class targets, respondents assigned occupations of higher financial and educational attainment, higher social status, more influence, and greater desirability to a White target than to a comparably described Black target. Despite this pattern, however, respondents judged the occupations assigned to a Black target as lower in prestige than those they assigned to a White target. The results are discussed in the context of interracial perceptions of social standing and motivations for societal change.

Forest Cover Change Pattern after the Intervention of Community Forestry Management System in the Mid-Hill of Nepal: A Case Study

An account of widespread degradation and deforestation in Nepal has been noticed in various literature sources. Although the contribution of community forests (CF) on the improvement of forest cover and condition in the Mid-hill of Nepal is positive, detailed study to understand the current situation seems important. The study area (Tanahun District) lies in the Gandaki Province of western Nepal. The objective of this study was to estimate the forest cover change over the specified period and to identify factors influencing the change. We used Landsat images from the years 1976, 1991, and 2015 to classify land use and land cover. We considered community perception in addition to the forest cover map to understand the different causes of forest cover change. Forest cover decreased from 1976 to 1991 annually at a rate of 0.96%. After 1991, the forest increased annually at a rate of 0.63%. The overall forest cover in the district regained its original status. Factors related to increasing forest cover were emigration, occupation shift, agroforestry practices, as well as particularly by plantation on barren lands, awareness among forest users, and conservation activities conducted by local inhabitants after the government forest was handed over to community members as a community forest management system.

The Impact of Occupational Shift Work and Working Hours During Pregnancy on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221:563–576) Women make up a significant proportion of the workforce, and most work during their pregnancies. While studies have found an association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and various working hours, such as shift work or working longer than the standard 40-hour work week, the results have been conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of shift work and long working hours during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes, and to determine if there is a relationship between the length of working hours and these outcomes.

A new method for quantifying heterochrony in evolutionary lineages

AbstractThe occupation of new environments by evolutionary lineages is frequently associated with morphological changes. This covariation of ecotype and phenotype is expected due to the process of natural selection, whereby environmental pressures lead to the proliferation of morphological variants that are a better fit for the prevailing abiotic conditions. One primary mechanism by which phenotypic variants are known to arise is through changes in the timing or duration of organismal development resulting in alterations to adult morphology, a process known as heterochrony. While numerous studies have demonstrated heterochronic trends in association with environmental gradients, few have done so within a phylogenetic context. Understanding species interrelationships is necessary to determine whether morphological change is due to heterochronic processes; however, research is hampered by the lack of a quantitative metric with which to assess the degree of heterochronic traits expressed within and among species. Here I present a new metric for quantifying heterochronic change, expressed as a heterochronic weighting, and apply it to xiphosuran chelicerates within a phylogenetic context to reveal concerted independent heterochronic trends. These trends correlate with shifts in environmental occupation from marine to nonmarine habitats, resulting in a macroevolutionary ratchet. Critically, the distribution of heterochronic weightings among species shows evidence of being influenced by both historical, phylogenetic processes and external ecological pressures. Heterochronic weighting proves to be an effective method to quantify heterochronic trends within a phylogenetic framework and is readily applicable to any group of organisms that have well-defined morphological characteristics, ontogenetic information, and resolved internal relationships.

Mixed micellization of bile salts and transglycosylated stevia and enhanced binding and solubility of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using mixed micelle

This research investigated the efficacy of mixed micellar systems as an innovative chemical means of improving the binding properties of poorly water-soluble drugs. The formulations based on the mole fraction were used to prepare mixed micelles using anionic sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) or sodium cholate (NaC), and nonionic transglycosylated stevia (Stevia–G). Surface tension and dynamic light scattering (DLS) assessed the characteristic of the NaDC–Stevia–G and NaC–Stevia–G mixed micelles. Rubingh approach evaluated the interaction parameter (−βm), which demonstrated synergistic interaction between the anionic and non-ionic surfactant. Mixed micelle was used to assess the binding constant (Kb) and solubility of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ethenzamide (ETZ), and ibuprofen (IBF). Kb values increased, but the mean occupancy (i) of ETZ and IBF per micelle decreased by increasing αStevia–G 0.1 to 0.9, predicting a shift in occupancy of drugs from Palisade to Stern layer. At αStevia–G 0.9 the maximum solubility of ETZ and IBF was 7.50 and 2.60 mmolL−1 for NaDC–Stevia–G and 5.60 and 1.70 mmolL−1 for NaC–Stevia–G. To get a better comprehension about micellization behavior and preferential interaction of the drugs under study, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed. The MD analysis assessed that the poorly water-soluble drugs demonstrated strong binding in the presence of NaDC–Stevia–G as compared to NaC–Stevia–G mixed micelle. Ultimately, in pharmaceutical applications, mixed micelle of bile salts-Stevia-G can be used as an effective drug solubilizing agent.

Skull remains of the dinosaur Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil): With comments on the early evolution of sauropodomorph feeding behaviour.

Saturnalia tupiniquim is a sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian–c. 233 Ma) Santa Maria Formation of Brazil. Due to its phylogenetic position and age, it is important for studies focusing on the early evolution of both dinosaurs and sauropodomorphs. The osteology of Saturnalia has been described in a series of papers, but its cranial anatomy remains mostly unknown. Here, we describe the skull bones of one of its paratypes (only in the type-series to possess such remains) based on CT Scan data. The newly described elements allowed estimating the cranial length of Saturnalia and provide additional support for the presence of a reduced skull (i.e. two thirds of the femoral length) in this taxon, as typical of later sauropodomorphs. Skull reduction in Saturnalia could be related to an increased efficiency for predatory feeding behaviour, allowing fast movements of the head in order to secure small and elusive prey, a hypothesis also supported by data from its tooth and brain morphology. A principal co-ordinates analysis of the sauropodomorph jaw feeding apparatus shows marked shifts in morphospace occupation in different stages of the first 30 million years of their evolutionary history. One of these shifts is observed between non-plateosaurian and plateosaurian sauropodomorphs, suggesting that, despite also having an omnivorous diet, the feeding behaviour of some early Carnian sauropodomorphs, such as Saturnalia, was markedly different from that of later Triassic taxa. A second shift, between Late Triassic and Early Jurassic taxa, is congruent with a floral turnover hypothesis across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

Do Labor Demand Shifts Occur Within Firms or Across Them? Non-Routine-Biased Technological Change, 2000-2016

A large literature has documented occupational shifts in the US away from routine intensive tasks. Theories of skill-biased technological change differ in whether they predict changes in occupational mix within firms, or merely across different firms or industries. Using LinkedIn resume records, BLS OES data, and Compustat employee counts, we estimate occupational employment for publicly traded US firms from 2000 through 2016. We find that faster employment growth among firms that disproportionately employ non-routine workers is the most important cause of SBTC, followed by within firm occupational mix rebalancing. The entry of new firms also plays a role, although firm exit is slightly routine-worker biased. R&D leads firms to have a larger share of routine workers. These results are most consistent with a theory of routine task demand reduction caused by the diffusion of infra-marginally implemented new technologies. We also introduce a new measure of business labor dynamism, capturing the frequency with which firms change their occupational mix. Consistent with trends in productivity and other measures of business and labor market dynamism, this measure has decreased steadily since 2000.

War as a Workplace: Ethical Implications of the Occupational Shift

ABSTRACTSoldiering has traditionally been thought of as something radically different from a job or career, but things are changing. Sociologists have observed an “occupational shift” in military service. A corollary is that soldiers are part of the workforce, and an ethical implication is that soldiers are presumptively entitled to the protection of workplace rights. In recent years, the push to have this acknowledged has gained momentum. The present article begins to explore what it would mean in practice if standard workplace rights were extended to armed forces personnel. The question, more specifically, is how this would constrain the war-making privileges of the state.

Settlement pattern and occupation shift among salt farmers

Madura can be seen as a microcosm of Indonesia as a whole through the various livelihoods of the Madurese people. Madura consists of people living along coastlines and this can be considered as representative of most Indonesian people. The primary occupations of the Madurese people are that of salt farmers and fishermen. Salt as a commercial business is cultivated by the community, is mostly located along the eastern and southern coastlines of Madura, and is adjusted to various circumstances, including lower rainfall in the area. During the rainy season, salt ponds are turned into shrimp ponds and farmers’ occupations change accordingly. The job of a salt farmer is not trouble-free. Problems arise from the erratic and uncertain climate and there are also threats of price instability and imported salt. Farmers are forced to accept such circumstances. This study contributes to the literature by exploring how the livelihood of salt farmers is representative of Indonesian’s maritime characteristics. Ironically, this sector has been increasingly abandoned and has become less desirable, though it plays a strategic industrial role in Indonesia. This study employed a qualitative method and determined its sample using the purposive sample technique. The informants were permanent salt farmers, salt farmers who also worked as shrimp farmers, and salt farmers who completely shifted to shrimp farming. This research was conducted in Lapak Daya, Dungkek, Sumenep. The findings showed that most salt farmers shifted their occupations to shrimp farmers because they considered it to be more profitable. However, some salt farmers who continued to survive in salt farming worked both as salt farmers and shrimp farmers. It was also found that salt farmers generally came from outside Madura, while those from Madura preferred changing their livelihood to farming shrimp due to the higher yields and the fact that the farming does not depend on seasonal changes. Although the number of salt farmers continues to decrease, there are some salt farmers who keep their occupation permanently.

Coastal Shandong, China: The longue durée

Our regional study documents demographic and political shifts in coastal Shandong, China, over 3000 years. Drawing on systematic archaeological settlement pattern findings from a more than 3100 km2 area, we present evidence for occupational shifts from the initial habitation of this long coastal basin by peoples with an extant agricultural village economy to the rise of a linear string of important and seemingly autonomous coastal centers to the breakdown of this network and the region’s eventual incorporation as an ultimate provincial piece into the Qin Empire. These findings illustrate the transition of this coastal zone from emergent polities that were mostly tied into a north-south coastal network during the Neolithic to a seaside province of later empires whose polity capitals were well to the west.

Aspects of the Poverty Scenario in Bangladesh During 2010-2016

This paper investigates a number of inter-related issues pertaining to the recent poverty scenario of Bangladesh – viz., (a) making sense of a marked slowdown in the pace of poverty reduction after 2010, (b) identifying the structural determinants of poverty reduction, and (c) examining regional divergence in the rate of poverty reduction. The analysis identifies falling real wages as the main proximate reason for both slowdown in poverty reduction and rise in income inequality in recent years. The underlying reason, however, is a massive upsurge in rural-to-urban migration which has exerted a downward pressure on real wages in the urban labour market, with repercussion on the rural labour market as well. The main determinants of poverty reduction in the recent years are found to lie in a couple of structural changes – (a) occupational shift, from relatively low-remuneration activities to relatively high-remuneration activities, induced by economic growth and (b) the spread of education, which enables workers to move into relatively high-occupation activities and to earn higher income within the same occupation. Divergent performance in terms of the same two structural factors – namely, occupational shift and the spread of education – are also found to explain a large part of the regional divide in the success in poverty reduction, although additional factors – related to geography and demography – may also be at work.

The Shifting in Women's Occupations in Information Era

Nowadays, women use information technology to support their roles, both domestic and public. Women today still undergo gender inequality; the position of women in most situations is not only different but also inferior or unequal compared to men. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach to describe the occupational shift experienced by women to obtain equality through online business. Starting an online business is not a simple task for women. The struggle to master technology is not easy, since women should get familiar with softwares and hardwares. They should seek networks to obtain customers and strengthen their own business as well. Women should organize their online business, such as attaining capital, searching for models, looking for materials, mastering online trading system, and at the same time seeking out available opportunities. Through information technology, women working online begin to gain equal footing with men.

Changing Cultural Practices, Self-Identifications and Gender Roles of Kurdish and Turkish Catering and Retail Business Owners in London

This paper focuses on the changing cultural practices, self-identifications, and gender roles of Kurdish and Turkish (KT) communities in London. It explores the research question of how the occupational shift from industrial waged labour to self-employment affects the cultural practices, gender roles and identity construction processes of Kurdish and Turkish business owners in catering and retail sectors in London. Depending on a field study consisting of 40 in-depth interviews, this paper draws the conclusions that identification of shared interests and interest alignment in Britain promote bonds of solidarity, new forms of ethnic attachment, which are not salient in the home country and may be helpful to overcome various problems of the KT communities in London.