Occupational Class Research Articles

Are urban labour markets more dynamic? Vacancies and urban scaling

This paper shows that there is superlinear scaling of vacancies with employment size. That is, there are disproportionally more vacancies relative to employment in urban areas, not just for overall employment, but also for occupational and educational classes. Hence vacancies are more strongly concentrated than the jobs to which they refer. Moreover, we find that, compared to all employment, the concentration of labour demand increases with required skill levels. We show that the stronger growth of jobs in cities is unable to explain this finding and propose an alternative explanation based on vacancy chains in spatially related labour markets. The results suggest that on-the-job searchers have better possibilities in cities to improve their position. This helps explain the higher mobility of especially younger workers in cities and the superior quality of job-worker matches in large labour markets.

Land use and land cover mapping of the Saco River’s watershed, State of Maranhão, Brazil

Land use and land cover mapping benefits landscape understanding and its changes, especially those resulting from anthropogenic actions in the physical environment. The present study aimed at mapping land use and coverage of the Saco River’s watershed (located in Codó, state of Maranhão). The area comprises the coconut forest (named Mata dos Cocais), a region that encompasses the characteristics of different biomes on the same temporal and spatial scale. The methodology applied was based on remote sensing techniques developed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, processing data from Landsat 8 and supervised classification. The results showed a predominance of dense vegetation in the basin under study, in addition to a reduced occupation by classes of urban area and water bodies. The overall accuracy was 79% and dense vegetation presented a higher user and producer accuracy than the general, with 91 and 87%, respectively. On the other hand, the highest commission and omission errors were those in urban areas and water bodies, which coincided with the lowest occupation classes in the Saco River basin. These results are pioneering for the coconut forest and provide data for strategic planning of environmental actions.

Sickness absence due to mental and somatic diagnoses by occupational class in Finland, 2011–2021

Abstract Background Sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders has strongly increased in Finland during recent years while sickness absence due to somatic diagnoses has continued to decrease. Research is lacking on recent trends in SA by occupational class, especially during years of increasing mental disorders. The aim of the study is to analyze these trends during 2011-2021. Methods National register data from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kela), Statistics Finland and Finnish Centre for Pensions were linked for all employed Finns aged 25-64 for years 2011-2021 (yearly N about 2 million). SA was measured by sickness allowance, compensated by Kela after 10 days of absence. Age-standardized yearly prevalences of SA due to different diagnoses were calculated for women and men in four occupational classes over 2011-2021. Logistic regression was used to assess differences between occupational classes adjusted for age, marital status, education and region of residence. Results SA due to mental disorders has greatly increased in all occupational classes in Finland after year 2016 among both women and men, while SA due to musculoskeletal and other somatic diagnoses has continued to decrease. Increase in SA due to mental disorders has been largest among lower non-manual employees, especially among women, whereby also overall SA prevalence among female lower non-manual employees has reached the level of manual workers. Men show broadly similar trends but manual workers still have the highest overall SA prevalence. Relative adjusted differences between occupational classes decreased slightly between 2011 and 2021. Conclusions Clear occupational class differences persisted in diagnosis-specific SA throughout 2011-2021. However, the magnitude and order of the class differences changed along with increasing SA due to mental disorders. Occupational class differences should be taken into account when aiming to prevent further increases in SA due to mental disorders. Key messages • Sickness absence (SA) due to mental disorders has increased in all occupational classes in Finland after year 2016, while SA due to somatic diagnoses has continued to decrease. • Increase in SA due to mental disorders has changed the overall occupational class differences in SA in Finland largely because the increase has been strongest among lower non-manual employees.

Occupational class difference in COVID-19 symptoms in France: contribution of work-related exposures

Abstract Background The association between socio-occupational class and SARS-CoV-2 infection remains inconclusive and may depend on the setting and the pandemic stage. Our study aims to quantify self-reported COVID-19 symptoms by occupational class (OC) in spring 2020 in France and explain observed differences using work-related risk factors. Methods We analyzed data from the EpiCoV population-based cohort, comprising 46,849 active workers aged 18-64 in metropolitan France. COVID-19 symptoms were sudden loss of taste/smell, fever with cough, fever with shortness of breath, or fever with chest oppression. Separating regions highly affected by COVID-19 from other regions, we related OC with reporting of COVID-19 symptoms and assessed the mediation effect of work-related SARS-CoV-2 exposures (contact with the public, using public transportation, self-perceived exposure) using the Karlson-Holm-Breen mediation analysis method. Results During the study period, 7.1% of the workers reported COVID-19 symptoms. In both regions, work-related SARS-CoV-2 exposures were related to higher reporting of symptoms, and those exposures were more prevalent in the lowest than in the highest OCs. However, the association of OC with reporting symptoms was not the same in the two regions. In less affected regions, the lowest OC reported COVID-19 symptoms less often than the highest OC, whereas in highly affected regions, symptoms were more frequent in middle OCs, and this was partly explained by work-related SARS-CoV-2 exposures. Conclusions Different socio-occupational patterns of symptoms were observed in the two groups of regions. The situation in the less affected regions, with more reporting in the highest relative to the lowest classes, may be attributable to exposure factors playing a role opposite to that of work-related exposures. Further studies on OC disparities in COVID-19 severity are needed based on hospitalization and mortality. Key messages • During the early pandemic, in regions less affected by COVID-19, the upper occupational class reported more COVID-19 symptoms, whereas the middle class did so in highly affected regions. • Work-related exposure to SARS-CoV-2 mediates the association between occupational class and reporting COVID-19 symptoms to some extent, even when the occupational gradient is reversed.

The double disadvantage faced by adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds with mental health problems affects earnings up to mid-life

Early childhood socioeconomic disadvantage and mental health problems are both important determinants of adult social and economic experiences, but little is known about how they interact in this respect. We aimed to assess whether poor mental health in adolescence exacerbates labour market inequalities originating from low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood. We use a birth cohort of individuals born in 1958 in England and follow their employment experiences and cumulative earnings up to age 55. We proxy low SES in childhood with father's occupational class at the time the respondent was aged 11, and use caregiver (usually, parent) ratings of the Rutter inventory at age 16 to identify mental health problems in adolescence. We fit ordinary least squares (OLS) models to estimate the effect of growing up in a low-SES family and experiencing mental health problems (conduct or emotional problems) in adolescence on cumulative earnings (log-transformed). We use an interaction term to test whether the association between mental health problems (conduct and emotional separately) and earnings differed by socioeconomic group. Individuals who experienced conduct problems in adolescence had lower cumulative earnings and employment levels up to age of 55. Moreover, the association between mental health problems and cumulative earnings was higher among individuals who also experienced low SES in childhood. Families from a higher socioeconomic group may have more effective means to counteract the adverse impacts of adolescent mental health problems, likely due to broader access to resources, support systems and opportunities. This underscores the role of structural supports in addressing socioeconomic inequalities in mental health outcomes and their long-terms implications.

A genetically informed study reveals modifiable pathways in skin cancer

BackgroundIdentifying modifiable risk factors is essential for the prevention of skin cancer; however, establishing causality can be challenging in conventional epidemiological studies. This study aimed to determine the causal associations of potentially modifiable risk factors with skin cancer using Mendelian randomization (MR).MethodsGenetic instruments for 53 risk factors, including socioeconomic status, dietary and lifestyle factors, anthropometric measures, medication use, and comorbidities, were identified from previous genome-wide association studies. Two-sample MR analyses were performed using summary statistics for three major types of skin cancer: melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Findings were verified using multiple MR methods under different assumptions and replication datasets.ResultsGenetic liability to sunburn occasions, actinic keratosis, and prior skin cancers was associated with a higher risk of all three types of skin cancer, whereas genetic liability to vitiligo was associated with a lower risk. For specific skin cancer types, genetically predicted higher nevus counts and occupational class were associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Genetic liability to rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, and increased physical activity were associated with a lower risk of BCC. Genetically predicated body mass index showed a negative association with BCC, and a positive association with SCC.ConclusionsOur study reaffirmed several previously established risk factors and identified novel potential risk factors for skin cancer. Further work is needed to unravel the biological pathways in different skin cancer types and translate our findings to inform public health policies.

Intergenerational poverty persistence in Europe – Is there a ‘Great Gatsby Curve’ for poverty?

While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household employing information on the inability to meet basic needs and financial hardship when growing up, together with parental education and occupational social class. The strength of the association between current poverty based on the indicators at the core of the EU’s social inclusion process and these measures of parental poverty is assessed and compared across countries. The cross-country variation in poverty persistence is probed concerning its relationship with the current and past extent of poverty: persistence tends to be stronger where current or parental poverty is higher, analogous to the Great Gatsby Curve relating intergenerational income mobility to income inequality at the country level. Mediation analysis highlights the role of own education as well as occupation in underpinning the observed relationship between current and parental poverty.

Trajectories of work disability and unemployment before and after a common mental disorder diagnosis among young private sector employees in Sweden-a register-based longitudinal study.

To identify trajectory groups of work disability (WD), including sick leave and disability pension, and unemployment three years before and sixyears (from Y-3 to Y + 6) after a common mental disorder (CMD) diagnosis and to investigate associations of socio-demographic, work-related and clinical factors with trajectory membership. A longitudinal nationwide register-based study was conducted including individuals aged 22-29 years, gainfully employed in the private sector, with a CMD diagnosis in specialised healthcare or prescribed antidepressant (N = 12,121) in 2014 (Year 0/Y0), with follow-up from Y-3 to Y + 6. Group-based trajectory analyses identified groups of individuals who followed similar trajectories of months of WD and unemployment, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression determined associations between socio-demographic, work-related and clinical factors and trajectory membership. In the CMD group, we identified three trajectory groups, each for WD and unemployment. Only 7% individuals belonged to a 'Fluctuant high' trajectory group with four months of WD in Y0, which peaked at 7months in Y + 3 and reduced to 5months in Y + 6. For unemployment, 15% belonged to an 'Increasing medium' trajectory group that steadily increased from 1.3months in Y0 to 2.6months in Y + 6. Sex, educational level and musculoskeletal disorders for WD, and educational level, living area and occupational class for unemployment, influentially determined the variance across the CMD trajectory groups. Specific vulnerable groups regarding unfavourable WD (women, low education and musculoskeletal disorders) and unemployment (manual work, low education and rural residence) trajectories require special attention regarding their return-to-work process following a CMD diagnosis.

Mental Health and Medicine Use for Headache: A Nationally Representative Study of Adolescents in Denmark.

This study examined the prevalence of headache medicine use among Danish adolescents and explores the link between mental health, frequent headaches, and medicine use for headache. We hypothesized that poor mental health increases headache occurrence, leading to greater medicine use. The 2022 Danish Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study surveyed 5292 students aged 11, 13, and 15. Self-reported data included headache frequency, medicine use for headache, and five mental health indicators: life satisfaction, emotional symptoms, loneliness, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed the association between mental health indicators and headache medicine use, adjusting for headache frequency. Weekly headaches were reported by 33.1%, and 43.6% used headache medicine in the past month. Poor mental health correlated with higher headache and medicine use rates. Analyses adjusted for sex, age group, and occupational social class found significantly increased odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for medicine use for headache among students with low life satisfaction (2.27; 1.88-2.75), among students with 2+ emotional symptoms (2.28; 1.92-2.69), students who often felt lonely (2.08; 1.69-2.55), students with low self-efficacy (1.37; 1.16-1.61) and students with low self-esteem (1.59; 1.36-1.85). When accounting for headache frequency, the association between poor mental health and medicine use diminished and became nonsignificant. Poor mental health was linked to increased medicine use for headache. The findings suggest that frequent headaches may explain the association between poor mental health and the use of headache medicine. Promoting rational medicine use and enhancing mental health among adolescents is essential.

Prevalence and Predictors of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Children Attending an Asthma Clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Ghana

Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and type of CAMs, and predictive factors among Ghanaian children with asthma. Methodology: A cross-sectional study involving 110 children with physician-diagnosed asthma attending the Asthma Clinic of the Department of Child Health (DCH), Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra were consecutively recruited between February 2018 to May 2019. Data were collected with a semi-structured, pre-tested, investigator-administered questionnaire. Results: Out of the 110 participants, forty-nine (44.5%) had used CAM within the last 12 months. The three most frequently used remedies as standalone or in combination were honey (80.0%), garlic (34.2%) and lemon/lime (26.3%%). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, CAM use among children aged 10--13 years was over 4 times the use among those aged 5--9 years (AOR=4.45, 95% CI: 1.32-14.98, p=0.016), 71% less among female children (AOR: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.10-0.80, p=0.017) and 85% less among mothers in middle occupation class relative to the low occupation class (AOR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.77, p=0.023). Conclusion: There was high prevalence of CAM use among the children attending the asthma clinic, KBTH. Adolescents and children from low occupational class are more likely to use CAM, while the female child was less likely.

Cognitive reserve as residual variance in cognitive performance: Latent dimensionality, correlates, and dementia prediction.

Cognitive reserve (CR) is typically operationalized as episodic memory residualized on brain health indices. The dimensionality of more generalized models of CR has rarely been examined. In a sample of N = 113 dementia-free older adults (ages 62-86 years at MRI scan; 58.4% women), the domain-specific representation of general cognition (COG) before vs. after residualization on brain indices (brain volume loss, cerebral blood flow, white matter hyperintensities) was compared (i.e., COG vs. CR). COG and CR were assessed by 15 tasks spanning five domains: processing speed, verbal memory, visuospatial memory, fluid reasoning, and vocabulary. Measurement invariance and item-construct representation were tested in a series of structural factor analyses. COG and CR were then examined in relation to 22 risk and protective factors and dementia status at time of death. Item-factor loadings differed such that CR more strongly emphasized fluid reasoning. More years of education, higher occupational class, more hobbies/interests, and fewer difficulties with personal mobility similarly predicted better COG and CR. Only the sub-domain of visuospatial memory (both before and after residualization) was associated with conversion to dementia by end-of-life (r = -.30; p = .01). Results provide tentative support for the role of fluid reasoning (intelligence) as a potential compensatory factor for age- and/or neuropathology-related reductions in processing speed and memory. Intellectually stimulating work, efforts to preserve personal mobility, and a diversity of hobbies and interests may attenuate age- and/or pathology-related reductions in cognitive functioning prior to dementia onset.

One Step Further to Unsustainability: Effects of the International Crisis on Antalya Housing Market

One of the cities affected most by the war between Ukraine and Russia has undoubtedly been Antalya, which hosted many Russian and Ukrainian tourists for years. After the war broke out, those who came to this city, known by both countries’ citizens who were not subject to any restrictions, were no longer tourists but settled there and became long-term residents. The increase in sales and rentals to foreigners has affected the owner-occupied and rental housing markets in many ways. These sales and increased demand have directly caused the prices of housing units to rise and the number of rental housing units to become insufficient. This paper highlights the process and changes in the housing market in Antalya during the international crisis between Russia and Ukraine. The main findings revealed that the increasing number and prices of housing for sale in the central districts negatively affect the rental sector and limited housing provision in the face of an increase in recorded population during the periods examined. These unregulated and unsustainable housing markets result in various risks and consequences, especially for residing households, many occupational classes and development scenarios of the city. To overcome these problems, regulations on legal and policy perspectives and considering a foreign residency policy together with housing policy in Türkiye are highlighted.

Contribution of Landsat Multispectral Images to the Land Cover Dynamics of the Toéghin-Bangré Watershed for the Period 1998 to 2022 in Burkina Faso

Remote sensing plays an important role in the continuous observation of the earth's surface. It produces large databases that can be used to map and monitor natural resources. To this end, land-use maps are genuine planning and decision-making tools for natural resource management. The aim of this study is to use remote sensing products to show the dynamics of land use, to understand these dynamics and their impact on water resources in general and on hydrology in particular. Specifically, it is a question of identifying the similarities and differences that have occurred, and finally evaluating the rate of change. The methodology adopted is the use of the likelihood algorithm to produce three thematic classifications for the years 1998, 2010 and 2022. Overall accuracy is determined from the confusion matrix, which ranges from 80% to 91%. Supervised classification yielded seven occupancy classes: water bodies, cultivated areas, gallery forests, habitats/outcrops, grassy savannahs, wooded savannahs and bare ground. Quantification of change from 1998 to 2022, assessed by the rate of change (Tc), shows a progressive trend estimated at 31.82% (habitats/outcrops) and 43.40% (grassy savannah), and a regressive trend estimated at -17.92% (cultivated areas); -95.15% (gallery forests); -51.93% (water bodies) and -78.36% (bare ground). At the end of our study, diachronic analysis enabled us to quantify changes between the years 1998-2010, 2010-2022 and overall 1998-2022 with good precision.

Physical activity modification over time according to socioeconomic position: results from the EPIC-Italy cohort study

ObjectivesOur study aimed to investigate how physical activity (PA) changes over an 11-year follow-up among adults from different socioeconomic positions (SEP) near retirement age. Moreover, an analysis of different PA...

Cognition and Return to Work Status 2 Years After Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Return to work after breast cancer (BC) treatment depends on several factors, including treatment-related adverse effects. While cancer-related cognitive impairment is frequently reported by patients with BC, to date, no longitudinal studies have assessed its association with return to work. To examine whether cognition, assessed using objective and subjective scores, was associated with return to work 2 years after BC diagnosis. In a case series of the French Cancer Toxicities (CANTO) cohort, a study of patients with stage I to III BC investigated cognition from April 2014 to December 2018 (2 years' follow-up). Participants included women aged 58 years or younger at BC diagnosis who were employed or looking for a job. The outcome was return to work assessed 2 years after BC diagnosis. Objective cognitive functioning (tests), cognitive symptoms, anxiety, depression, and fatigue were prospectively assessed at diagnosis (baseline), 1 year after treatment completion, and 2 years after diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explain return to work status at year 2 according to each cognitive measure separately, adjusted for age, occupational class, stage at diagnosis, and chemotherapy. The final sample included 178 women with BC (median age: 48.7 [range, 28-58] years), including 37 (20.8%) who did not return to work at year 2. Patients who returned to work had a higher (ie, professional) occupational class and were less likely to have had a mastectomy (24.1% vs 54.1%; P < .001). Return to work at year 2 was associated with lower overall cognitive impairment (1-point unit of increased odds ratio [1-pt OR], 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13-0.79; P = .01), higher working memory (1-pt OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.23-3.59; P = .008), higher processing speed (1-pt OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.20-3.36; P = .01) and higher attention performance (1-pt OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.04-2.64; P = .04), higher perceived cognitive abilities (1-pt OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03-1.21; P = .007), and lower depression (1-pt OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74-0.93; P = .001) at year 2 assessment. Return to work at year 2 was associated with several measures assessed at baseline and year 1: higher processing speed (1-pt OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37-4.31; P = .003 and 1.95; 95% CI, 1.14-3.50; P = .02), higher executive performance (1-pt OR, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.28-5.75; P = .01, and 2.88; 95% CI, 1.36-6.28; P = .006), and lower physical fatigue (10-pt OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69-0.95; P = .009 and 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.98; P = .02). In this case series study of patients with BC, return to work 2 years after diagnosis was associated with higher cognitive speed performance before and after BC treatment. Cognitive difficulties should be assessed before return to work to propose suitable management.

Industry of employment and occupational class in relation to cardiovascular health by race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age and income among adults in the USA: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundRacially minoritised groups tend to have poorer cardiovascular health (CVH) than non-Hispanic (NH)-White adults and are generally more likely to work in labourer or support service positions where job strain—associated...

The great recession, neurotic personality, and subjective sleep quality among patients with mood disorders

Previous studies exploring the effects of the business cycle on sleep have mostly focused on the general population, and their results have been inconclusive. This study aimed to explore the effects of the 2008 economic crisis and personality traits on the subjective sleep quality of outpatients with mood disorders. In this cross-sectional study, patients with mood disorders were recruited from two medical centers and a psychiatric hospital. Socio-demographics, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were collected through in-person interviews. Candidate predictors significantly associated with PSQI scores in univariate analysis were included in a multiple linear regression model. There were 334 participants; 29% had unipolar depression, and 71% had bipolar affective disorder. The average PSQI score was 11.0 (±4.0). A higher degree of neuroticism [β(se) = 0.49 (0.07), p < 0.001] and recession period (vs. recovery period) [β(se) = 1.72 (0.47), p < 0.001] were associated with a higher PSQI score after adjusting for education, occupational class, and diagnosis. In conclusion, neuroticism and macroeconomy were independent predictors of subjective sleep quality in patients with mood disorders. This study suggests that large-scale economic crises have negative impacts on the sleep health of high-risk clinical populations.

Disparities in sleep duration and quality by industry of employment and occupational class among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States

ObjectiveTo investigate disparities in the work-sleep relationship between Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) and non-Hispanic (NH)-White populations. MethodsUsing data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 20,828) in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated prevalence of short sleep duration (<7 hours) among NHPIs (10%) and NH-Whites for each of 7 employment industry categories and 3 occupational classes. Mean age was 41 ± 0.5years for NHPIs and 49 ± 0.2years for NH-Whites. Women comprised 52% of both groups. ResultsNHPIs were more likely than NH-Whites to report short sleep duration across all industry of employment categories (except for food and accommodation services) and occupational classes. The disparity was widest among NHPI and NH-White workers in the “professional/management" industry category, with NHPIs having higher prevalence of very short (<6 hours; 20% vs. 7%) and short sleep (30% vs. 22%) durations and lower prevalence of recommended sleep duration (45% vs. 68%) and waking up feeling rested (53% vs. 67%). Among the occupational classes, the NHPI-White disparity was widest among participants who held support service occupations. Although professionals had the lowest and laborers had the highest prevalence of short sleep among the three occupational classes in both NHPI and NH-White groups, short sleep duration prevalence was higher among NHPI professionals (35%) than NH-White laborers (33%). NH-White workers across industry and occupational classes had higher sleep medication use prevalence compared to NHPI workers. ConclusionsThe work environment via occupation type may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in short sleep. Further investigations are warranted.

Preservative contact allergy in occupational dermatitis: a machine learning analysis.

Occupational dermatoses impose a significant socioeconomic burden. Allergic contact dermatitis related to occupation is prevalent among healthcare workers, cleaning service personnel, individuals in the beauty industry and industrial workers. Among risk factors, the exposure to preservatives is frequent, since they are extensively added in products for occupational use. The goal of this study is to investigate the contact allergy patterns in order to understand the linkage among hypersensitivity to preservatives, occupational profiles, patients' clinical and demographic characteristics. Patch test results were collected from monosensitized patients to Formaldehyde 2%, KATHON 0.02%, thimerosal 0.1%, and MDBGN 0.5%; information was also collected for an extended MOAHLFA (Male-Occupational-Atopic-Hand-Leg-Face-Age) index. To assess the relationship between allergen group and occupational-related ACD, the chi-square test for independence was utilized. To uncover underlying relationships in the data, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and categorical principal components analysis (CATPCA), which are machine learning approaches, were applied. Significant relationships were found between allergen group and: occupation class, atopy, hand, leg, facial, trunk, neck, head dermatitis, clinical characteristics, ICDRG 48h and ICDRG 72h clinical evaluation. MCA and CATPCA findings revealed a link among allergen group, occupation class, patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, the MOAHLFA index, and the ICDRG scores. Significant relationships were identified between the allergen group and various manifestations of dermatitis. The utilization of machine learning techniques facilitated the discernment of meaningful patterns in the data.

Black Americans' Diminished Health Returns of Professional Occupations: A Thirty-Year Follow-Up Study of Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Occupational classes exert substantial effects on both subjective and objective health outcomes. However, it remains unclear whether the health impact of similar occupational classes varies across racial groups among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Grounded in the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs), which posits that health benefits from resources such as employment are systematically weaker for racial minority populations, particularly Non-Latino Black individuals, this study tested Black-White disparities in the effects of similar occupational classes on health outcomes in middle-aged and older adults. Utilizing data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we employed a 30-year longitudinal design with a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Six occupational classes-operator, managerial, professional specialty, sales, clerical/admin, and service-served as the key predictor variables (independent variables), with race as the moderator. Various health outcomes, including self-rated health, chronic disease, body mass index (BMI), activities of daily living (ADL), and cognitive function, were measured longitudinally from wave 1 to wave 15 (from baseline to 30 years later). Statistical analyses, incorporating logistic regression models, were conducted to assess associations between occupational class and health outcomes overall and based on race. Our analysis included 7538 Non-Latino White or Non-Latino Black participants followed for up to 30 years. Initial findings revealed positive health effects of professional occupations on cognitive function and self-rated health over 30 years of follow-uWe also identified significant interactions between race and professional occupational class on all health outcomes, indicating notable racial differences in the effects of professional occupations on health outcomes across domains. The effects of professional occupational class were weaker for Non-Latino Black individuals than for Non-Latino White individuals. Consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, our findings indicated less pronounced positive effects of professional occupations on a wide range of health outcomes for Non-Latino Black individuals compared to Non-Latino Whites. These disparities emphasize the critical need to address structural factors that contribute to the diminished returns of prestigious occupations for Non-Latino Black populations.