Occupational Cancer Research Articles

High Grade Muscle-Invasive Urinary Bladder Cancer in A 36 Year Old Male Patient: A Case Report & Review of Literature

We are reporting a case of urothelial bladder cancer in a 36 year old male patient with no history or exposure to any risk factors. The incidence of urothelial bladder cancer is very low in young individuals i.e. below 40 years of age with reported rate of incidence around 0.1-0.4 %. Most of the times, these young individuals present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with low grade and low stage. As the age increases, the incidence of high grade bladder cancer increases along with it. The index case presented with high grade muscle invasive bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis without any known risk factors. The 5-year survival of urothelial bladder cancer is better in young patients (93.8 %) as compared to older people(85.1 %). Cigarette smoking is responsible for development of bladder cancer in majority of patients followed by exposure to occupational carcinogens. Role of genetic alterations in development of bladder cancer is still under research and process of urothelial bladder carcinogenesis is unanswered in young individuals.

Protocol for a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Interventions to Reduce Exposure to Occupational Solar UltraViolet Radiation (UVR) Among Outdoor Workers.

Background: Solar UltraViolet Radiation (UVR) is considered the most relevant occupational carcinogenic exposure in terms of the number of workers exposed (i.e., outdoor workers) and UVR-induced skin cancers are among the most frequent types of occupational cancers worldwide. This review aims to collect and evaluate all the available preventive interventions conducted on outdoor workers to reduce their solar UVR related risk, with the final purpose of reducing the burden of occupational skin cancers for outdoor workers.Methods: We will search the following databases for peer-reviewed original research published: MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, and EMBASE. We will include only interventional studies, both randomized and non-randomized, with an adequate comparison group, therefore excluding cross-sectional studies, as well as case-reports/series, reviews, and letters/comments. The systematic review will adhere to the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews. After the literature search, studies to be included will be independently reviewed by two Authors, first based on title and abstract, then based on the full text, according to the inclusion criteria. Conflicts will be solved by a third Author. Two authors will independently extract the required data from included studies and perform quality assessment according to the relevant domain for Risk of Bias assessment proposed by the Cochrane collaboration group. In case of sufficient homogeneity of interventions and outcomes evaluated, results from subgroups of studies will be pooled together in a meta-analysis.Discussion: Following the principles for the evaluation of interventions for cancer prevention established by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, this systematic review will investigate the effectiveness of the interventions, and consequently it will provide reliable indications for the actual reduction of skin cancer incidence in outdoor workers.

Blastomogenic effect of oil and products of its processing

Recently, in a number of new and old industries, there has been an increased incidence of occupational cancer among workers. IV Davydovsky (1959) gives the following data: if in the USA in 1928 there were 98 cases of occupational and industrial cancer per 100 thousand workers, then in 1952 there were already 500; in Europe during the same period the number of cases of occupational cancer increased more than 3 times - from 2200 to 7200. Similar indications can be found in L. M. Shabad (1947), Huper (1952), P. P. Dvizhkov (1960), P. A. Bogovsky (1960).

Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure in the Ontario Civil Infrastructure Construction Industry.

Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is a known lung carcinogen and a common occupational exposure in Canada. The use of diesel-powered equipment in the construction industry is particularly widespread, but little is known about DEE exposures in this work setting. The objective of this study was to determine exposure levels and identify and characterize key determinants of DEE exposure at construction sites in Ontario. Elemental carbon (EC, a surrogate of DEE exposure) measurements were collected at seven civil infrastructure construction worksites and one trades training facility in Ontario using NIOSH method 5040. Full-shift personal air samples were collected using a constant-flow pump and SKC aluminium cyclone with quartz fibre filters in a 37-mm cassette. Exposures were compared with published health-based limits, including the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS) limit (1.03 µg m-3 respirable EC) and the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) recommendation (5 µg m-3 respirable EC). Mixed-effects linear regression was used to identify determinants of EC exposure. In total, 149 EC samples were collected, ranging from <0.25 to 52.58 µg m-3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 3.71 µg m-3 [geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 3.32]. Overall, 41.6% of samples exceeded the FIOH limit, mostly within underground worksites (93.5%), and 90.6% exceeded the DECOS limit. Underground workers (GM = 13.20 µg m-3, GSD = 1.83) had exposures approximately four times higher than below grade workers (GM = 3.56 µg m-3, GSD = 1.94) and nine times higher than above ground workers (GM = 1.49 µg m-3, GSD = 1.75). Training facility exposures were similar to above ground workers (GM = 1.86 µg m-3, GSD = 4.12); however, exposures were highly variable. Work setting and enclosed cabins were identified as the key determinants of exposure in the final model (adjusted R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001). The highest DEE exposures were observed in underground workplaces and when using unenclosed cabins. This study provides data on current DEE exposure in Canadian construction workers. Most exposures were above recommended health-based limits, albeit in other jurisdictions, signifying a need to further reduce DEE levels in construction. These results can inform a hazard reduction strategy including targeted intervention/control measures to reduce DEE exposure and the burden of occupational lung cancer.

Burden of Mortality from Asbestos-Related Diseases in Italy.

Asbestos is one of the major worldwide occupational carcinogens. The global burden of asbestos-related diseases (ARDs) was estimated around 231,000 cases/year. Italy was one of the main European asbestos producers until the 1992 ban. The WHO recommended national programs, including epidemiological surveillance, to eliminate ARDs. The present paper shows the estimate of the burden of mortality from ARDs in Italy, established for the first time. National standardized rates of mortality from mesothelioma and asbestosis and their temporal trends, based on the National Institute of Statistics database, were computed. Deaths from lung cancer attributable to asbestos exposure were estimated using population-based case-control studies. Asbestos-related lung and ovarian cancer deaths attributable to occupational exposure were estimated, considering the Italian occupational cohort studies. In the 2010–2016 period, 4400 deaths/year attributable to asbestos were estimated: 1515 from mesothelioma, 58 from asbestosis, 2830 from lung and 16 from ovarian cancers. The estimates based on occupational cohorts showed that each year 271 deaths from mesothelioma, 302 from lung cancer and 16 from ovarian cancer were attributable to occupational asbestos exposure in industrial sectors with high asbestos levels. The important health impact of asbestos in Italy, 10–25 years after the ban, was highlighted. These results suggest the need for appropriate interventions in terms of prevention, health care and social security at the local level and could contribute to the global estimate of ARDs.

Perceptions of Work-Related Health and Cancer Risks Among Women Firefighters: A Qualitative Study.

We use a qualitative method to gain further insight into women firefighters' experiences, perceptions of cancer, health, and safety risks in the fire service. We conducted six focus groups with U.S. women firefighters. Participants engaged in a 60 to 75-minute, semi-structured discussion and completed a sociodemographic questionnaire. A qualitative descriptive approach was used to inductively create themes. Data collection concluded when saturation was met. Forty-nine women firefighters participated. Qualitative results indicated the main health concerns include: occupational cancer risks including, risks related to hazardous exposures, sleep disruption and stress; and women's health concerns including, cancer, pregnancy and breastfeeding, and lack of resources. Women firefighters are concerned about their risk for cancer due to their occupation and identify a lack of resources specific to health and safety needs of women firefighters.

Current diesel engine exhaust exposure in the Ontario construction industry

Introduction: Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is a known carcinogen and a common occupational exposure in Canada, particularly within construction. The use of diesel-powered equipment in the construction industry is widespread, but little is known about DEE exposures and occupational disease in this work setting. The objective of this study was to characterize and identify key determinants of DEE exposure at construction sites in Ontario.&#x0D; Methods: Diesel particulate matter (DPM) measurements were taken from workers employed on seven infrastructure construction worksites in Ontario. Full-shift personal air samples were collected from workers using a constant-flow pump and SKC aluminum cyclone with 37-mm quartz fibre filters in an open-faced cassette. Samples were analyzed for elemental carbon (EC), a surrogate of DEE exposure, following NIOSH method 5040. Exposures were compared to recommended health-based limits, including the Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety (DECOS) limit (1.03µg/m3 respirable EC) and the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) recommendation (5µg/m3 respirable EC). A determinants of exposure model was constructed.&#x0D; Results: In total, 126 DPM samples were collected, ranging from &lt;0.47-52.58µg/m3 with a geometric mean (GM) of 4.23µg/m3 (geometric standard deviation (GSD)=3.05). Overall, 44.8% of samples exceeded the FIOH limit, mostly within underground worksites (93.5%), and 88.8% exceeded the DECOS limit. Underground workers (GM=13.20µg/m3, GSD=1.83) had exposures approximately 4-times higher than below grade workers (GM=3.56µg/m3, GSD=1.94) and 9-times higher than aboveground workers (GM=1.49µg/m3, GSD=1.75). Work grade, enclosed cabs, and seasonality were identified as the major determinants of exposure.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study provides a better understanding of current DPM exposure in Canadian construction. Most exposures were above recommended health-based limits, signifying a need to further reduce DPM levels in construction. These results can inform a hazard reduction strategy including a new occupational exposure limit and targeted intervention/control measures to reduce DPM exposure and the burden of occupational cancer.

Return to Work in Survivors With Occupational Cancers.

The aim of this study is to investigate the change in employment status in survivors with occupational cancers at the time of diagnosis until 2 years. In this study, we included 382 occupational cancer workers from Labor Insurance Database. After applying exclusion criteria, 86 workers in 2004 to 2015 were included. The mean age of cancer workers were 51.38 ± 9.1119 years old and the average salary of industry of NTD 31,492 ± 10,696. Salary adjustment was the most change in the employment status in cancer survivors. Salary adjustment (37%), 28- to 45-year-old group (55%), male (30%), and Southern district (34%), had the most workers on day 730. Wholesale and Retail Trade had the most of percentage of cancer survivals remained on workplace. Change of employment status in cancer survivors are important to decrease the impact of economic burden on society.

Break-even Analysis of Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) Exposure Interventions in the Construction Sector.

We investigated long-term economic impacts of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) removal interventions in the construction at the societal level. We estimated costs and benefits of two RCS exposure interventions, use of "respirators" and "wet method," over a 30-year time period. We identified economic impacts of the interventions under four different scenarios. Under current practices, we estimated that approximately 125 lung cancer cases attributable to RCS exposure would arise in 2060. Under the full exposure removal scenario, we estimated there would be 53 new cases. Over the 30-year time period, the estimated cumulative averted cases are 787 and 482 for respirators and wet method, respectively, which amount to net benefits of $422.13 and $394.92 million. Findings provide important information for policymakers seeking to reduce the economic burden of occupational lung cancer in society.

HF02-03 THE DISCOVERY OF OCCUPATIONAL BLADDER CANCER AMONG DYE WORKERS

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory of Urology Forum II (HF02)1 Sep 2021HF02-03 THE DISCOVERY OF OCCUPATIONAL BLADDER CANCER AMONG DYE WORKERS Behnam Nabavizadeh, Gregory Amend, and Benjamin Breyer Behnam NabavizadehBehnam Nabavizadeh More articles by this author , Gregory AmendGregory Amend More articles by this author , and Benjamin BreyerBenjamin Breyer More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001993.03AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The association between occupational exposure to aromatic amines and bladder cancers is well-established; however, the history of its discovery is not well-known among urologists. Herein, we aimed to report the promising research endeavors which formed the basis of our current understanding of occupational bladder cancer. METHODS: We performed a literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar to find abstracts, articles and book chapters relevant to the discovery of work-related bladder cancer. We also used Google search engine to gather historic reports available on news websites. RESULTS: In 1856, the first synthetic dye was accidentally produced by William Perkin, an 18-year-old British chemistry student working on production of synthetic quinine from coal tar. He patented his “mauveine” dye and established a factory to commercialize the first synthetic dye. A few decades later, Ludwig Rehn, a German surgeon, noticed a disproportionately high incidence of bladder cancer among dye workers. He reported the first cases in 1895 and called them “aniline tumors”. However, he was not eventually able to prove the causal pathway of chemical exposure to bladder cancer. A similar phenomenon was observed among dye workers in the U.S. in 1930s. Wilhelm Hueper, a German pathologist, was hired by DuPont, a big dye company in the U.S., to scrutinize the etiology by performing animal studies. Unlike previous unsuccessful animal models, Hueper chose female dogs and successfully induced bladder cancer by subcutaneous injection and oral administration of ß-naphthylamine. However, the company blocked publication of Hueper’s findings and he was dismissed from the company. The full report of his work was published in 1938 and he concluded that ß-naphthylamine is at least one of the carcinogens leading to bladder cancer. It took until 1955 when the company terminated the production of noxious dye substances. In 1976, they declared that 339 of 2000 workers who were exposed to ß-naphthylamine were eventually diagnosed with bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Many work-related cases of bladder cancer among U.S. dye workers developed after Rehn’s initial report in 1895. Industry was slow to acknowledge the harmful impacts of the carcinogenic compounds. Pioneering epidemiology and translational research eventually led to strong confirmation of the causal pathway and eventual work protections. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e238-e238 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Behnam Nabavizadeh More articles by this author Gregory Amend More articles by this author Benjamin Breyer More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Facteurs de risque professionnels des cancers bronchopulmonaires : données épidémiologiques, repérage des expositions et enjeux médico-sociaux: Occupational risk factors for bronchopulmonary cancer: epidemiological data, identification of exposure and medico-social issues

Bronchopulmonary cancers are the most common occupational cancers. Recent epidemiological estimates show attributable risk fractions to work of 14.6% of cases of bronchopulmonary cancer (19.6% in men, 2.6% in women) in France, representing approximately 5,900 cases in 2015. These data contrast with the number of cases currently compensated annually as an occupational disease under the general social insurance system (1,000 to 1,200 cases per year during the last decade, the vast majority of cases being related to previous exposure to asbestos).Many aetiologies or occupational exposure situations are identified as definite carcinogens with an excess of bronchopulmonary cancers in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. They justify preventive measures making it possible to eliminate or limit these exposures in the workplace. When caring for a patient with bronchopulmonary cancer, tools are available (particularly questionnaires for identifying occupational exposures, biometrological analysis of biological samples to better assess past exposure to asbestos), which allow any physician, in particular the pulmonologist, to identify significant previous exposure to occupational carcinogens. In this case, given the important medico-social issues, specific procedures (declaration for compensation as an occupational disease, additional request to the Compensation Fund for Asbestos Victims (FIVA) and sometimes early termination of activity for situations of exposure to asbestos) must be systematically considered and explained to the patient.© 2021 SPLF. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Transnational Hazard: A History of Asbestos in South Korea, 1938-1993

How do hazardous industries move around the world? Hazardous industries, those that deal with toxic materials or significantly pollute the surrounding environment, have a history of relocating to so-called pollution havens. This paper examines a history of asbestos in South Korea that begins in 1938 when the largest asbestos mine in East Asia started operation and ends in 1993 when an asbestos textile factory worker was recognized as the first occupational cancer case. It highlights how global political and economic regimes introduced, supported, and depended on the asbestos industry. Towards the end of Japanese Colonialism, asbestos mines were developed in the peninsula to support the increasing need in the archipelago. After the Second World War, U.S. foreign aids supported asbestos manufacturing, together with the areas deemed foundational to industrial rehabilitation and self-reliance. Pushing for the modernization of landscapes, and industrialization of the economy, the South Korean government in the 1960s and the 1970s actively promoted foreign investments in the asbestos industry. This paper pays attention to the movements of things, people, and knowledge between borders in following asbestos dust from the present to the past. This paper illuminates how political economic interests intervene in a slowly and steadily progressing disaster by engaging this history of asbestos with today''s occupational and environmental health problems.

Screening for Lung Cancer in Individuals Who Never Smoked: An International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee Report

Screening with low-dose computed tomography of high-risk individuals with a smoking history reduces lung cancer mortality. Current screening guidelines and eligibility criteria can miss more than 50% of lung cancers, and in some geographic areas, such as East Asia, a large proportion of the missed lung cancers are in never-smokers. Although randomized trials revealed the benefits of screening for people who smoke, these trials generally excluded never-smokers. Thus, the feasibility and effectiveness of lung cancer screening of individuals who never smoked are uncertain. Several known and suspected risk factors for lung cancers in never-smokers such as exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational carcinogens, radon, air pollution, and pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung diseases, and intrinsic factors, such as age, are well noted. In this regard, knowledge of risk factors may make possible quantification and prediction of lung cancer risk in never smokers. It is worth considering if and how never smokers could be included in population-based screening programs. As the implementation of these programs is challenging in many countries owing to multiple factors and the epidemiologic differences by global regions, these issues will need to be evaluated in each country taking into account various factors, including accuracy of risk assessment and cost-effectiveness of screening in never smokers. This report aims to outline current knowledge on risk factors for lung cancer in never smokers to propose research strategies for this topic and initiate a broader discussion on lung cancer screening of never smokers. Similar considerations can be made in current and ex-smokers, which do not fulfill the current screening inclusion criteria, but otherwise are at increased risk. Although screening of never smokers may in the future be effectively conducted, current evidence to support widespread implementation of this practice is lacking.

Mesothelioma Mortality in Brazil from 2000 to 2019: Despite underreporting, an overview for the necessary public policy approach

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Asbestos identifies a group of minerals widely used by the industry due to the low cost of exploration. Asbestos is carcinogenic, causes lung cancer and mesothelioma. Mortality due to mesothelioma is a public health problem and in Brazil the number of Asbestos-Related Diseases is increasing at the expense of diagnosis and underreporting. Brazil is among the five largest global suppliers and consumers of asbestos. Work-related carcinogens are responsible for considerable disease burden worldwide. The results provide guidance for prevention and control initiatives. In the world, occupational Lung cancer accounted for 86% of the deaths, mesothelioma for 7.9%. Asbestos was responsible for the largest number of deaths due to occupational carcinogens (63%). AIM: to describe mesothelioma mortality rates in Brazil. Period 2000 to 2019. METHODS: Descriptive study with data collection through DataSus / MS and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE. RESULTS:Mortality rate in Brazil in the year 2000 was 0.35 / 100 thousand inhabitants and in 2019 it was 1.02. States with higher rates concentrate a high degree of urbanization and the use of asbestos in civil construction. The underreporting and latency of occurrence of Mesothelioma influenced the results. In Brazil in 2007 it was 0.41 deaths / million inhabitants. In the United Kingdom 17.8 deaths / million inhabitants, Australia 16.5; USA 13.32 and Italy 10.3 all in 2007.The United States imported 300 tons of asbestos from Brazil in 2020, an increase of 30% compared to 2019 CONCLUSIONS:There is a significant increase in mortality rates by mesothelioma in Brazil. Knowing the mortality rates contributes to the adoption of public policies and actions in primary care and a better notification of cases and deaths. It is necessary to promoting on occupational and environmental health and a policy to ban asbestos in Brazil is necessary. KEYWORDS: Occupational epidemiology, Mortality, Cancer and cancer precursors,Policy and practice

The role of melatonin hormone and its receptor (type1A) as anti-cancer against carcinogenic effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in Iraqi refinery workers

Air pollution is a global health threat and causes millions of human deaths annually. Outdoor and indoor air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the most prevalent cause of respiratory disorders, lung disease, pregnancy disorders, endocrine disturbances, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer because pollutants can alter gene expression via epigenetics like DNA methylation and histone modifications which can initiate tumorigenesis and progressed to cancer. Carcinogenicity of PAHs can be eliminated by endogenous melatonin hormone (MT) via binding to its receptor (MTNR1A) that act as free radicals scavenger therefore it protects the body from developing occupational cancer. Aims of studyTo predict the protective effect of melatonin hormone as anti-cancer through binding to its receptor (MTNR1A) against any type of cancer that can be induced by chronic exposure to air pollutants. Subjects and methodsThis study includes 168 participants, they have been divided into three groups (control, refinery field workers and refinery office workers). PAH was analyzed for each participant by GC/MS whereas melatonin hormone and MTNR1A were measured by ELISA technique. ResultsPAHs were absent in the blood of control, and they were elevated in refinery worker’s specimens. Concentration of MT was higher in field worker than in office and control group as well as MTNR1A, also there is a relation between their levels and duration of exposure. ConclusionExposure to PAHs can lead to oxidative stress that can damage DNA resulting in many types of cancer but this carcinogenic effects of PAHs can be eliminated by natural endogenous biomolecules such as MT and its receptor (MTNR1A) therefore their elevation has a beneficial effect as anti-cancer to reduce the oxidative stress and prevent tumorigenesis.

Urinary glyphosate concentration in pregnant women in relation to length of gestation

Human exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) is increasing rapidly worldwide. Most existing studies on health effects of glyphosate have focused on occupational settings and cancer outcomes and few have examined this common exposure in relation to the health of pregnant women and newborns in the general population. We investigated associations between prenatal glyphosate exposure and length of gestation in The Infant Development and the Environment Study (TIDES), a multi-center US pregnancy cohort. Glyphosate and its primary degradation product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)] were measured in urine samples collected during the second trimester from 163 pregnant women: 69 preterm births (<37 weeks) and 94 term births, the latter randomly selected as a subset of TIDES term births. We examined the relationship between exposure and length of gestation using multivariable logistic regression models (dichotomous outcome; term versus preterm) and with weighted time-to-event Cox proportional hazards models (gestational age in days). We conducted these analyses in the overall sample and secondarily, restricted to women with spontaneous deliveries (n = 90). Glyphosate and AMPA were detected in most urine samples (>94 %). A shortened gestational length was associated with maternal glyphosate (hazard ratio (HR): 1.31, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.71) and AMPA (HR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.00–1.73) only among spontaneous deliveries using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. In binary analysis, glyphosate and AMPA were not associated with preterm birth risk (<37 weeks). Our results indicate widespread exposure to glyphosate in the general population which may impact reproductive health by shortening length of gestation. Given the increasing exposure to GBHs and the public health burden of preterm delivery, larger confirmatory studies are needed, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and newborns.

Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens and Occupational Epidemiological Cancer Studies in Iran: A Review.

Simple SummaryOccupational cancers can be prevented by eliminating hazardous substances or by reducing workers’ exposures. Characterizing the extent of exposure to carcinogens in workplaces and industries is a crucial first step to exposure control. Iran is one of the most industrialized countries in the Middle East, yet lacks an overview of the extent of exposure to carcinogens and comprehensive risk management. This review provides an overview of studies conducted to date and demonstrates the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to inform occupational research and exposure control in Iran and beyond. Introduction: The extent of exposure to occupational carcinogens is not well characterized in Iran, and little is known about the burden of occupational cancer. Objectives: This study aimed to describe exposure to occupational carcinogens and occupational epidemiology studies in Iran. Methods: Relevant studies up to January 2021 in Iran were identified through three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar). Results: Forty-nine publications from 2009 to 2020 (one cohort, 11 case-control, 34 exposure monitoring studies, and three cancer burden studies) were included. The exposure monitoring studies were conducted mainly in the petroleum industry, metal industry, manufacturing of electronics, manufacturing of plastics, construction industry, and service industry. A few of the case-control studies also reported increased risk of cancers in relation to work in those industries. Conclusions: Occupational cancer epidemiology in Iran is at an early stage. Both epidemiological and exposure monitoring studies are generally limited in size to provide robust evidence of occupational cancer risks. A coherent strategy to estimate the occupational cancer burden in Iran should start with conducting epidemiological studies along with systematic monitoring of occupational carcinogens for use in hazard control and research.

Occupational cancers in urology

Cancers can be triggered by occupational causes. In the field of urology, bladder cancer is by far the most frequent occupationally induced tumor disease. Causes are particularly carcinogenic aromatic amines and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The frequency of this disease has shifted over the last decades from the classical hazard in the chemical industry to the users. Among avariety of hazardous occupations, hairdressers and painters are the best known. Rarely, renal cell carcinoma can be triggered by high trichloroethylene exposure and mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by asbestos. If a disease that can be caused by occupational activities has been confirmed (e.g. urinary bladder cancer), the risk factors must be recorded by acomplete occupational history from the first employment on in order to be able to report asuspected occupational disease. In addition, spinal cord injury due to occupational and commuting accidents can lead to urinary bladder cancer over the long term.

Effect of occupational risk factors in cancer incidence in Iran: a Systematic Review

Background: Cancer is the main cause of death in developed countries and the second main cause of death in developing countries. The aim of this study was to review the occupational risk factors and cancer incident in Iran. Materials and Methods: this present systematic review was done based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines on Persian articles with no time limits in publication and collected from January 2019 to April 2019 from Sid, Magiran and Google Scholar Databases. Some search terms including “job” or “occupation” “occupational exposure” or “cancer” or “neoplasm were used. Results: A total number of 103 articles were detected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 18 studies remained in this systematic review with 13897 sample size and 7187 diagnosed patients. Most included studies researched on non-melanoma skin as the most studied cancer and sunlight exposure as the most carcinogenic reported occupational risk factor. Among included researches, only four studies were directly related to occupational cancer with 1837 sample size and 604 diagnosed various cancers in workers that focused on kidney, bladder and mesothelioma cancers (Pleural mesothelioma and Perivascular mesothelioma) .The results showed that, the cancer was reported in some occupations more than others. Conclusion: Most included researches reported skin cancer and exposure to sunlight as the most studied cancer and occupational risk factor respectively. As regard to importance of effective risk factors on cancer incidence , identification and control of occupational risk factor in the work environment should be a main key element of national cancer control program in countries specially developing countries. So it is recommended to develop the researches in field of occupational cancer in Iran.

An Assessment on Ethanol-Blended Gasoline/Diesel Fuels on Cancer Risk and Mortality.

Although cancer is traditionally considered a genetic disease, the epigenetic abnormalities, including DNA hypermethylation, histone deacetylation, and/or microRNA dysregulation, have been demonstrated as a hallmark of cancer. Compared with gene mutations, aberrant epigenetic changes occur more frequently, and cellular epigenome is more susceptible to change by environmental factors. Excess cancer risks are positively associated with exposure to occupational and environmental chemical carcinogens, including those from gasoline combustion exhausted in vehicles. Of note, previous studies proposed particulate matter index (PMI) as a measure for gasoline sooting tendency, and showed that, compared with the other molecules in gasoline, 1,2,4–Trimethylbenzene, 2–methylnaphthalene and toluene significantly contribute to PMI of the gasoline blends. Mechanistically, both epigenome and genome are important in carcinogenicity, and the genotoxicity of chemical agents has been thoroughly studied. However, less effort has been put into studying the epigenotoxicity. Moreover, as the blending of ethanol into gasoline substitutes for carcinogens, like benzene, toluene, xylene, butadiene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., a reduction of secondary aromatics has been achieved in the atmosphere. This may lead to diminished cancer initiation and progression through altered cellular epigenetic landscape. The present review summarizes the most important findings in the literature on the association between exposures to carcinogens from gasoline combustion, cancer epigenetics and the potential epigenetic impacts of biofuels.