Occupational Structure Research Articles

Transformations of Race and Class in South Africa: Discussion Article of Book on Urban Inequality: Theory, Evidence and Method in Johannesburg by Owen Crankshaw

ABSTRACT This Discussion Article examines the exciting, innovative new book (2022) by Owen Crankshaw. It focuses on a summary including some comments on Crankshaw‘s key findings for the Greater Johannesburg Area for 1970–2011. It focuses primarily on his book’s Part 1 on issues of “Occupational Class Structure transformations”, but with some consideration also of Part 2 on geographical housing “Spatial Order transformations” by race and class (the author’s concepts). These core findings on socioeconomic transformations over this 40-year period have very important implications for political debate about the future of South Africa. These debates are vital not only for academics, but equally for public intellectuals and social activists in our country, and also for a wider readership in other countries particularly of the South where such urban inequality questions of class, poverty and social marginalization are fundamental. With this broad audience in mind, empirical findings are summarized and its methodology assessed, in general in very favorable light. Nonetheless, critical questions are raised about the book’s reliance on comparative case studies of cities of the North with little reflection on political implications for “Southern” cities. It is also critiqued for insufficient theoretical consideration of the impact of a global post-1970s, knowledge-based Capitalist Industrial Revolution on the class structure of Johannesburg. Notwithstanding, this is a sociological book of very high scholarship whose findings about post-Apartheid South African transformation are a must-read and must-debate.

Problems of the Relocation Scheme in Pegi -Kuje Area of the Federal Capital Territory (F.C.T) Abuja.

This paper examines the problems of the relocation scheme at pegi in Kuje area council of the FCT, Nigeria. The study elicited data from 100 respondents who were selected from houses built by government and individuals. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire using cluster sampling technique to give equal representation of relocatees both in government constructed quarters and owner constructed quarters, where 50 questionnaires were administered to each quarters to form a sample frame and statistically analysed to test for differences in the housing quality, access to public services, occupational structure and income level using Independent sample t test, custom table and chi-square, so as to ascertain the degree of accomplishment of the resettlement committee’s recommendation to the effect that the exercise should bring about improvement in the people’s living through provision of basic amenities in their new domain. It was observed that relocation of the people of Idu-Karmo to Pegi has influenced their occupations negatively and has caused a general decline in their income level and has also worsened their access to quality public services, but has brought about better housing and also proximity to school and clinic but these public facilities are substandard . It was recommended among others, that government should engage affected persons in skills acquisition program and also grant them soft loans to boost their businesses alongside ensuring proper monitoring in order to build their human capacity and self-reliance. It is also imperative that government provides them with better health and educational facilities to utilize services at a subsidized rate which will prevent relocatees from plunging into poverty if they needed to rely solely on out of pocket financing to meet these needs.

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCY PROFILE OF DESIGNING MATHEMATICS LESSON PLANS FOR GRADE 3 IN THE DIRECTION OF STEM EDUCATION

In the current era of Industrial Revolution 4.0, the development speed of science and technology in the direction of STEM education is increasing day by day; the amount of scientific knowledge is produced at an increasingly rapid rate; Occupational structure in society is also changing rapidly... requiring people to have enough capacity to adapt the world context and the needs of society. Those competencies can be formed and developed through the STEM education model. In this article, we propose the process and illustrate the lesson plan for Maths subject based on theoretical research on STEM education and the reality of STEM teaching Mathematics in Grade 3 in some primary schools in Vietnam.

Role of per-capita income and occupational structures in determining the nutritional status of children under five years: A study in rural areas of Panipat district

Role of per-capita income and occupational structures in determining the nutritional status of children under five years: A study in rural areas of Panipat district

Severe, large-scale bushfire threatens metapopulation function of quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in south-western Australia

Background The risk of large, severe bushfires is increasing in Australia, and little is known about their impact on threatened species. Aims This study aimed to investigated the abundance, occupancy and metapopulation structure of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) for 5 years following a large, severe bushfire in Western Australia. Methods Data collected across spatiotemporally replicated transects were used to estimate probabilities of occupancy and abundance, and to evaluate the influence of covariates. Key results Quokka abundance was reduced to 16% of pre-fire levels, with distances up to 74 km separating subpopulations. Recolonising quokkas occupied habitat in parts of the landscape that had retained some vertical vegetation structure and contained a sedge-dominated understorey, and where damage by feral pigs was low. This coincided with topographic refugia that consisted of deep, mesic riparian systems or perched wetland systems. After 5 years, abundance had increased to 46% of pre-fire levels, with distances of 5–30 km separating subpopulations. Conclusion Quokka recovery rate is slower than expected, and the metapopulation remains vulnerable to further fragmentation arising from disturbances that affect habitat patch suitability and movement corridors. Implications Proactive protection of refugia and spatiotemporal habitat connectivity within and surrounding the fire scar is critical for metapopulation recovery.

Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin Using Sequencing of Freshly Isolated Muscle Stem Cells.

Actively transcribed genes harbor cis-regulatory modules with comparatively low nucleosome occupancy and few high-order structures (="open chromatin"), whereas non-transcribed genes are characterized by high nucleosome density and extensive interactions between nucleosomes (="closed chromatin"), preventing transcription factor binding. Knowledge about chromatin accessibility is crucial to understand gene regulatory networks determining cellular decisions. Several techniques are available to map chromatin accessibility, among which the Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) is one of the most popular. ATAC-seq is based on a straightforward and robust protocol but requires adjustments for different cell types. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for ATAC-seq of freshly isolated murine muscle stem cells. We provide details for the isolation of MuSC, tagmentation, library amplification, double-sided SPRI bead cleanup, and library quality assessment and give recommendations for sequencing parameters and downstream analysis. The protocol should facilitate generation of high-quality data sets of chromatin accessibility in MuSCs, even for newcomers to the field.

STEM education and gender income parity in USA, 2019

Gender economic parity is critical toward attaining sustainable economic development. Scholarship has attributed gendered structure of occupations and earning differences as manifestation of their human capital skills and personal choices—based on the availability of jobs and labor in the market—as proposed by the Human Capital and the Neoclassical Economic Theorists. Feminists, however, question such simplistic likening of earnings and occupational attainments with their human capital skills as it masks the complex layers of discrimination faced by women in contemporary labor market. All over the world, women have restricted access to quality education, especially in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)- and professional-disciplines. This occurs due to the complex ways in which patriarchal society, culture, class, race, regionality and local-scale policies intersect with each other. This study examines the relationships between professional and STEM-based educational attainments among women with their earnings and earning-gaps compared to men in U.S. Counties. I use 5-years-(2015–2019)-Amerucan Community Survey (ACS) data from the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) to compute occupation-based location quotients and for descriptive, correlations and regression analyses. Low-to-modest levels of education for women associate with lower earnings whereas women with Professional and Master's degree and those majoring in Business and Science & Engineering associate with higher earnings and relative wellbeing. However, there exists better gender parity concerning female-versus-male earnings for modest-to-lower educated categories. This suggests better negotiation power of males in the labor market regardless of their education. These findings point toward the significance of Feminist Political Ecologists and Labor Market Segmentation theorists in capturing nuanced complexities of gendered discrimination across U.S. Counties.

Nature of Occupational Structure and Workforce Participation in Economy in India

Nature of Occupational Structure and Workforce Participation in Economy in India

THE ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE GARO CASTE: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

In the present paper an effort is made to understand economic life of a caste namely Garo of Hindu fold belonging to the category of scheduled castes, in a traditional bound society engaged in priestly work to the Vankar and the Chamar castes of Shudra Varna. In this paper relationship between occupation and economy has been analysed. The paper also highlights emerging situations and the forces that are responsible for change and continuity in the traditional occupational structure. The findings of the research indicates that in Indian society a situation has been emerging which stresses to revive the old tradition and social values of society at macro level. Induced efforts from government, bureaucrats and leaders were seen meaningful in framing welfare schemes. Over a period of time, the skills were found benefitting the stakeholder.

Return Migration and Occupational Change: The Case of Pakistani Migrants Returned from the Middle East

This paper examines the factors affecting occupational composition of Pakistani workers upon their return from Middle East employment by using the 1986 ILO/ARTEP Survey of Return Migrant Households. In view of the concentration of workers in lowstatus occupations prior to migration, there was a great incentive for them to change these occupations after return. The study shows that the economic resources gained from overseas employment gave migrants the strength to seek independent employment, and there was a clear move out of the production-service occupations into business and agriculture occupations. This movement was strongly related to migrants’ length of stay in the Middle East. Since the occupational structure of the general population remained almost unchanged in the 1970s and 1980s, the employment trends exhibited by return migrants could largely be attributed to overseas migration. However, the study shows that businesses and farms established by migrant workers were small-scale.

Żydowskie osadnictwo wiejskie w świetle ankiety włościańskiej 1814 roku: postrzeganie Żydów a rzeczywistość społeczno-gospodarcza na początku XIX wieku

Jewish Rural Settlements in the Light of the Peasant Survey of 1814: The Perception of Jews and the Socio-Economic Reality at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century In 1814 the government launched the Peasant Survey, aimed at collecting local elites’ opinions on the best ways of improving the living conditions of peasants. The 140 responses, almost all of them containing comments on Jews, are a rich source of knowledge about the rural Jews of that period. This paper analyzes the Jewish theme in the survey: the predominant critical perception of Jews and various accusations against them as well as proposed reforms. The comparison with the results of the 1819 census of rural Jews in the Kraków voivodeship, including their occupational structure, demonstrates the gap between the elites’ judgement and the reality.

Environmentally driven phenotypic convergence and niche conservatism accompany speciation in hoary bats

Species that are geographically widespread may exist across environmentally heterogeneous landscapes that could influence patterns of occupation and phylogeographic structure. Previous studies have suggested that geographic range size should be positively correlated with niche breadth, allowing widespread species to sustain viable populations over diverse environmental gradients. We examined the congruence of phenotypic and phylogenetic divergence with the environmental factors that help maintain species level diversity in the geographically widespread hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus sensu lato) across their distribution. Genetic sequences were analyzed using multiple phylogenetic and species delimitation methods, and phenotypic data were analyzed using supervised and unsupervised machine learning approaches. Spatial data from environmental, geographic, and topographic features were analyzed in a multiple regression analysis to determine their relative effect on phenotypic diversity. Ecological niches of each hoary bat species were examined in environmental space to quantify niche overlap, equivalency, and the magnitude of niche differentiation. Phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses support existence of three geographically structured species of hoary bat, each of which is phenotypically distinct. However, the Hawaiian hoary bat is morphologically more similar to the South American species than to the North American species despite a closer phylogenetic relationship to the latter. Multiple regression and niche analyses revealed higher environmental similarities between the South American and Hawaiian species. Hoary bats thus exhibit a pattern of phenotypic variation that disagrees with well-supported genetic divergences, instead indicating phenotypic convergence driven by similar environmental features and relatively conserved niches occupied in tropical latitudes.

Are female-dominated occupations a secure option? Occupational gender segregation, accompanied occupational characteristics, and the risk of becoming unemployed

Abstract In the German labour market, research hints towards a reversal in gender-specific risk of becoming unemployed: While women previously faced higher risk than men, in recent years, they have consistently lower risk. This paper analyses this reversal by focusing on the role of occupational gender segregation. I discuss theoretical differences in the labour supply and demand structure and thus in the unemployment risk of male- and female-dominated occupations caused by crowding and technological and sectoral change. Using the German National Educational Panel Study combined with occupation level data, I analyse the transition to unemployment over three decades. The results confirm gender-specific trends over time: While women faced higher risk of becoming unemployed in the 1980s, they face significantly lower risk than men in the 21st century. A Karlson-Holm-Breen decomposition shows that the lower risk of women in the newest decade under observation is mediated by the unequal distribution of men and women over the occupational structure. Yet, the higher risk of women in the 1980s cannot be traced back to differences in male- and female-dominated occupations. On the contrary, the results suggest that women were more likely to become unemployed in that decade independent of their occupation.

Industrial Structure and a Tradeoff Between Productivity and Economic Resilience

Abstract The structures of regional economies play a critical role in determining both a region’s productivity and its resilience to shocks. We extend previous work on the regional occupation and skills structure by analyzing the effect of a region’s industry structure. We operationalize the concept of economic structure by constructing a network of interdependent economic components, employing ecological techniques of co-occurrence analysis to infer interactions between industries. For each U.S. metropolitan statistical area, we create an aggregate measure of economic tightness that captures the degree of interconnectedness among a region’s industries. We find that industry tightness, which we find is partly driven by rare industry pairs, is positively correlated with a region’s economic productivity, negatively correlated with a region’s change in productivity following the Great Recession. This study contributes to an understanding of the tradeoff between productivity and resilience, which is intended to help policy makers that face similar real-world tradeoffs.

Development of job quality in Sweden 1968–2010

Skill-upgrading and service expansion are two trends that have characterised labour markets for a long time. What this entails for job quality over the long term is not well understood. This study considers the development of job quality in Sweden between 1968 and 2010. It explores how changes in job quality relate to the occupational structure, compared to within-job changes. Using data from the Level-of-Living-survey a measure of job quality including job complexity, physical work environment, stress and flexibility is constructed. The development is estimated over time and by gender. Regression methods are employed to examine how changes relate to the job distribution. Results show that average job quality has improved for both genders, while variation has decreased. A majority of the increase for women can be explained by changes in the job distribution, while the opposite is true for men.

Telework during the pandemic: Patterns, challenges, and opportunities for people with disabilities

BackgroundTelework has benefits for many people with disabilities. The pandemic may create new employment opportunities for people with disabilities by increasing employer acceptance of telework, but this crucially depends on the occupational structure. ObjectiveWe compare people with and without disabilities in the expansion of telework as the pandemic began, and the evolution of telework during the pandemic. MethodsWe use U.S. data from the American Community Survey from 2008 to 2020 and the Current Population Survey over May 2020 to April 2022 period. Prevalence and trends are analyzed using linear probability and multinomial logit regressions. ResultsWhile workers with disabilities were more likely than those without disabilities to telework before the pandemic, they were less likely to telework during the pandemic. The occupational distribution accounts for most of this difference. Tight labor markets, as measured by state unemployment rates, particularly favor people with disabilities obtaining telework jobs. While people with cognitive/mental health and mobility impairments were the most likely to telework during the pandemic, tight labor markets especially favored the expansion of telework for people with vision impairments and difficulty with daily activities inside the home. ConclusionsMany people with disabilities benefit from working at home, and the pandemic has increased employer acceptance of telework, but the current occupational distribution limits this potential. Tighter labor markets during the recovery offer hope that employers will increasingly hire people with disabilities in both telework and non-telework jobs.

Hamallar ve Hamallık Mesleği Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma (Elazığ Örneği)

The subject of this research is porters working in transportation works in Elazig. In this study, the world of meaning of those who perform the porter profession is focused and the nature of heavy-duty transportation works is examined. For this purpose, it is concentrated on the socio-demographic characteristics of the porters, their experiences of the porter profession and their work life in the context of working conditions. In addition, it is tried to analyze the occupational diseases peculiar to porters, their social environment's view of themselves, their perceptions of technological developments and the current situation/future of the porter's profession, the socio-economic problems they experience and their coping strategies, their work/non-work social relations, their expectations for the future from a sociological point of view. The in-depth interview technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The data that is the subject of the research, are based on the interviews and observations made with porters who informal workers in the Saray Mosque square and surrounding coffeehouses in the city center of Elazig. In this context, interviews were conducted with 17 porters with semi-structured questions. Compared to its historical background, the profession of porter is transforming today. According to the research findings, porters with low education levels in general and who do not have any other job opportunities and perceptions are more likely to encounter risky, uncertain and precarious conditions at the socio-economic level. As a result, the burden of the porters, who are trying to hold on to the urban life, is getting heavier day by day with the transformations in the occupational structure. It can be said that the porters are forced to struggle more.

Understanding Sectoral Shifts In Labour Market And Wage Inequality In India: With Special Reference To Economic Reforms

The inception of economic reforms in 1991 was the starting point towards integrating the Indian economy with the global economy. India opens its eyes to the reality and realizes the vast potential of a market economy. Economic reform leads to gradual integration of economies through free movement of goods, services and capital. The idea that economic reform can create "losers" as well as "winners" has, after an initial resistance, begun to attract the attention of economic researchers and of policy makers at both the national and multilateral levels. This paper aims to explore two key aspects of the impact of economic reform on the labor market i.e. shift in labor market and wage inequality. The period of study is 1971-2021. Indian occupational structure was changed in the post reform period. The study finds that after economic reforms the share of employment in agriculture sector decline. The paper observed an increasing trend of employment in industrial sector especially in construction sector. Again employment in service sector also shows a rising trend. Wage disparities between skilled and unskilled labor have increased as a result of economic restructuring.

The strength of gender norms and gender‐stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents

AbstractWe empirically test the hypothesis that adolescents' occupational aspirations are more gender‐stereotypical if they live in a region where the societal norm towards gender equality is weaker. For our analysis, we combine rich survey data describing a sample of 1,434 Swiss adolescents who attended 8th grade in 2013 with municipal voting results dealing with gender equality and policy. We find that occupational aspirations predominantly follow gender stereotypes and that adolescents living in municipalities with a stronger norm towards gender equality are significantly less likely to aspire for a gender‐stereotypical occupation, even after controlling for individual‐level controls. At the same time, we also find that the association is surprisingly weak – in the sense that adolescents tend to aspire for gender‐stereotypical occupations even in the most gender‐progressive municipalities. Moreover, a more detailed analysis shows that the association mainly reflects the intergenerational transmission of occupations from parents to their children and/or regional differences in the prevailing occupational structure. We discuss the implications of these findings and several mechanisms that are consistent with the evidence from our analysis.

The Occupational Structure of England and Wales: the 1939 National Register

Abstract A gap in the census surveys for England and Wales between 1921 and 1951 hinders the analysis of their labour structure for the interwar years. The present article uses a dataset containing occupational titles from the National Register – a census-like enumeration of 1939, recently digitised by the genealogy service ‘Find My Past’ – which was previously assigned numerical codes (the pst system). The study expands the existing data analysis on the occupational structure of England and Wales by introducing three further variables: the gender of the surveyed individuals, their age, and the shares of the inactive population per gender and age groups.