Occasional Words Research Articles

Особенности перевода окказиональных единиц в англоязычной версии повести А. Платонова «Котлован»

The aim of the research is to identify the mechanisms for translating occasional units (nonce formations) in the English version of A. Platonov’s dystopian novella “The Foundation Pit” (1930). The originality of the research lies in the differentiation of units of occasional syntagmatics, i.e., occasional words, phrases, and constructions, and the identification of methods for translating these units from Russian into English. As a result, the research revealed that occasional words in the analyzed work are primarily translated using loose and descriptive translation. Occasional phrases created through intentional violations of lexical-semantic compatibility are translated through contextual substitution, calquing, mixed, descriptive, and loose translation, as well as addition and grammatical substitution. Occasional constructions created based on intentional violations of grammatical compatibility of words are translated through calquing, mixed translation methods, and through grammatical and contextual substitution. In many analyzed contexts, more than one syntagmatic violation was identified, including violations of stylistic norms of the Russian language, which pose a particular challenge in translation.

Языковые особенности молодежных субкультур (на примере субкультуры эмо)

The article examines the linguistic features of various subcultures, which is an urgent problem of modern linguistics. This is because of their wide and rapid spread among young people. A special case of this type of linguistic personality is the emo linguistic personality, which is the object of this study. The study of linguistic material, which is an emic discourse, allows you to cover the intellectual sphere of the personality, the linguistic personality of EMO, characterized by its worldview, worldview, which is based on the emic philosophy of death and immortality. The pur-pose of the article is to identify the linguistic features of the EMO subculture, reflecting the phi-losophy, life values and principles of its representatives. The article summarizes new material on the topic under study, taken from EMO forums, which allows us to identify certain specifics of the subcultural language of EMO kids. Based on the study, several deliberate phonetic, spelling, and grammatical distortions of words have been detected, resulting in the development of occasional words, some of which may be conditionally recognized. An attempt was made to determine the ways of creative expression in the speech of emo subculture members. The examination of EMO forums revealed that aphorisms are often used in the speech activity of representatives of this sub-culture, which may be classified relativistically into groups. It has been shown that language is an important means of representing the philosophy and life beliefs of representatives of the emic subculture, which encourages the free expression of one’s own feelings.

THE DYNAMICS OF SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUALLY COINED AUTHOR’S NEOLOGISMS: FROM ‘VIOLATING’ THE LANGUAGE SYSTEM TO REALIZING ITS POTENTIAL

The description of author’s neologisms (occasional words) by linguistics demonstrates the dynamics of their scientific understanding: initially perceived as ‘violators’ of language standards, they eventually acquire the status of speech units that reveal the potential of the linguistic word-formation subsystem. In this regard, the canonical markers of occasionalisms need to be reconsidered. The most complicated marker of the author’s neologism is non-normativity: the very fact of its occurrence or inconsistency (structural or semantic) with the language word-formation standards could be considered non-normative. The question of the normativity/non-normativity of an occasional word in academia could be considered within the framework of diachronic and synchronic approaches. The study of the non-normativity markers of author’s neologism is most productive if carried out on the basis of a single semantic family realized in the text: within this approach occasional expressions that seem individually non-normative often form a coherent system that fits perfectly into linguistic word-formation standards. Within the academic perception discourse author’s neologism as a realized potential of the word-formation system should be distinguished from actual neologism - the result of word formation. In fact, the criteria for distinguishing neologisms from occasional words are not always clear, the boundaries are unsteady: there are many cases when an occasionalism starts to reproduce itself and enters the language vocabulary which might indirectly indicate that native speakers perceive it as a standard lexical unit. The change in the status of an occasional word in linguistics as well as general attention to the functioning of language noted in modern linguistics led to the fact that the author’s neology began to be studied at school: educational information about it is included in contemporary school Russian textbooks and workbooks.

Occasional words with colorative semantics in the poetry of Igor Severyanin

INTRODUCTION. One of the famous poets of the 20th century is the founder of egofuturism, Igor Severyanin, whose work is distinguished by its outrageousness and tendency to novelty. Igor Severyanin’s colorful vocabulary immerses you in an atmosphere of enigma and mystery. The purpose of the study is to describe and interpret the semantic field of color vocabulary as a special component that forms the specifics of the author’s color vision reflected in the poetic picture of the world by Igor Severyanin. It seems advisable to comprehend corporate occasionalisms in the poet’s lyrics, which is insufficiently represented in the scientific literature.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The method of linguistic description, continuous sampling, the method of the author’s card file is used, methods of classification and systematization of colorative lexemes are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is established that the vocabulary with the meaning of color in the work of Igor Severyanin is not episodic, but is one of the characteristic features of his poetics and reflects the author’s worldview, the concept of being and emotional connotations using occasional adjectives.CONCLUSION. The dominant colors (purple and lilac) and the specificity of the meanings of the author’s own characteristics of the color vocabulary, representing the poetic color vision and handwriting of the Russian poet, are revealed; partial color meanings (adjective, noun, verb, adverb), among which complex adjectives occupy a special place. The occasional color lexemes of Igor Severyanin form special semantic fields objectifying the idiosyncrasy of the Russian poet.

Language representation of the concept of entropy – energy in the journalism of E. Zamyatin

The article is devoted to identifying the features of the linguistic representation of the idea of revolutionary renewal of the world, which is the most important for the worldview system of E. Zamyatin. The study was carried out in line with the anthropological trend that is relevant in modern linguistics. The focus is on vocabulary related to the reflection of the concept of entropy - energy transferred by E. Zamyatin from the field of physical and mathematical knowledge to the field of the humanities. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the functional features of words combined into a lexical-semantic group with a common meaning of the subjects of the revolutionary process, as well as the representation of the concept of revolution in the writer’s journalism. The main objectives of the study are to determine the individual author’s component in the meanings of keywords and describe their systemic relationships. The main research method is contextual analysis. In the process of identifying actualized semes in the structure of lexical meaning, the method of component analysis is used; when determining the subtlest semantic nuances associated with the peculiarities of the writer’s individual worldview, the semantic-stylistic method is used. Historical and literary articles and essays by E. Zamyatin became the source of factual material. The result of the analysis was a description of a significant fragment of his individual picture of the world. The study of the writer’s journalism in the proposed perspective was undertaken for the first time. As a result, a conclusion was made about the principles of constructing a lexical microsystem that reflects the dialectical views of E. Zamyatin, the contextual meanings of keywords were identified, and methods for updating these meanings were described. The principle of binary oppositions, which underlies the writer’s comprehension of reality, determined the specifics of his idiostyle: the use of language game techniques based on the opposition of the meanings of a polysemic word, the active use of contextual antonyms and occasional words.

Графодеривация как способ образования окказиональных инноваций в газетном и рекламном дискурсах

This article is devoted to the description of occasional word formation in the language of the modern press and advertising on the example of recent innovations formed with the help of graphic derivation as well as highlighting a popular set of word-formation techniques that are part of the specified word-formation method, which is used by journalists and advertisers to create a language game.
 The object of our study was occasional graphic innovations formed with the help of different types of graphic derivation.
 Graph derivatives are registered in certain contextual conditions and are not widely used, therefore most of them are occasional, non-codified, invariant, they lack an ideal generalized form. The active formation of new models of graphic derivatives indicates a certain productivity of this class of nominative-expressive units in the modern Russian language.
 The usage of graph derivatives in newspaper discourse and advertising makes possible to double the meaning of newspaper and advertising texts, increasing their capacity.
 Among the methods of graphic derivation, a significant role is played by the creation of occasionalisms with a graphically marked segment, various paragraphemic elements (single quotation marks, parentheses (brackets), punctuation marks, strikethroughs, money symbols, etc.).
 The use of occasional words formed as a result of graphic derivation in newspaper headlines, texts, slogans gives the texts a playful beginning, draws the attention of readers to various key Russian and foreign socio-political events, as well as to the advertised goods.
 Collected and analyzed material can be useful in Russian language classes in the study of word formation in both Russian and foreign audiences, as well as in some master's and postgraduate courses.

Frustration vs provocative strategies: the efficiency of use during a pandemic

The article deals with the features of news headlines during the period of high prevalence of coronavirus, Ebola fever and monkey pox. The purpose of the study is to identify the most common speech strategies and tactics, linguistic means which are used to influence the addressee. The author pays special attention to such expressive speech strategies as frustrating and provocative ones. The frustration strategy involves influencing the psychological condition of the addressee, affecting his biological, social or existential fear. This speech strategy is implemented through the tactics of mongering negative emotions and shocking with «facts», the intimidation tactics, the tactics of appealing to statistical data, etc. The provocative strategy is investigated as the intentional conduct of the addresser towards the recipient, destabilizing his emotional state and inciting him to the actions desired by the author. The described strategy is often implemented with the investigating information tactics or the emotionally destabilizing tactics. The article analyzes examples of news headlines demonstrating the use of frustrating and provocative speech strategies, as well as tactics and linguistic means that are used to implement these strategies. In the research the author comes to the conclusion that the authors of newscasts or news articles use such linguistic means that affect the audience as homonyms, paronyms, occasional words, epiphora, metaphor, personification, antithesis, polysemy, precedent phenomena, idioms, proverbs, parcellation.

THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL NATURE OF DIALOGUE IN A LITERARY TEXT

The article analyzes the linguistic and cultural nature of dialogic discourse in a literary text. The research work provided for the consideration of linguistic and cultural criteria of dialogue at the semantic level. Having studied the speech ethics of a person through language, we can trace the mentality of the nation, religious views, customs, national culture. For this reason, language researchers have recently been particularly interested in the language of the addressee, the relationship between the addressee and the addressee. This conclusion underlines the main relevance of the research work. Learning the language of works of art can answer many questions of today. The use of the hero's language in the work, the artistic means and proverbs found in it, reflecting national knowledge, the use of ritual names and concepts, occasional words successfully reaches the reader through dialogic discourse. Thanks to the successfully selected dialogic language, it becomes possible to determine the style of the writer. In the research work, an analysis of the linguistic and cultural nature of the Kazakh dialogue was carried out, based on works on dialogue in foreign and domestic linguistics. The article reveals the surface and internal structures of dialogic discourse in a literary text. The surface structure refers to information about the characters involved in the dialogue, his knowledge and skills, social status, description of his relationship with another character. And in the internal structure we see linguistic units, cultural markers that give a national code in which speech and actions, cognition and character of the hero are manifested. In the research work, through cultural markers in the text of the artwork, dialogues were obtained in which the specifics of the ethnos, culture, cognition, and image of the world are clearly expressed. The research work has established that the semantic level of the linguistic and cultural nature of dialogic discourse in a literary text is manifested in cultural codes, cultural markers, symbols, their meanings in surface and internal structures. The article takes into account the fact that in literary works the speech act is linguistically analyzed and the speech act of the characters corresponds to speech ethics, the communicative units of the language are clearly expressed in the national-cultural aspect, the descriptive method, the structural-semantic method of analyzing the content and composition of dialogical conversations, contextual methods and methods of linguoculturology are used for contextual and pragmatic analysis to identify national features in the dialogical received.

Occasional words in the modern Russian language of the turn of the centuries: semantic and word-formation aspect

Occasional words in the modern Russian language of the turn of the centuries: semantic and word-formation aspect

CHANGES IN THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN 2020-2022

The research paper examines the system of replenishment of the lexical layer of words that entered the lexicographic structure of the Kazakh language during the pandemic of 2020-2022. In the space of institutional discourse, terms that have actively entered the field of medicine have been identified. With the help of an electronic resource "Qazcorpus.kz" the frequency of covid lexemes was determined. The lexico-semantic word-formation structure of new complex words, which are dominated by the covid words, crown, quarantine has been studied. The creation of new periphrases describing diseases that arose during the pandemic was discovered. The topics of media articles and poems of poets written during the quarantine period were analyzed. The new terms were divided into thematic groups: therapeutic term, sanitary and hygienic term, socio-political term, educational term, and psychological term. The activity of occasional words and the pragmatic motive of new figurative expressions were also considered. It is established that a number of neologisms were translated by hybrid words. It was revealed the frequency of words of condolence during the pandemic, and an increase in phobic emotional vocabulary. It is confirmed that changes and global situations in society are primarily clearly expressed in language. As the materials of the paper, new covid lexemes from the media and the social network were collected.

임의 조어 수단, ‘혼성’(Контаминация) 고찰: 개념과 유형을 중심으로

The purpose of this article is examin in detail the forms of nonce words by individuals in relation to the formation of new words. Second chapter is devoted to the problem of differentiation between potential and occasional words. The paper analyzes general and particular features of occasionalisms and potential words. Third chapter is devoted to the issue of some promising and not fully studied aspects of lexical contamination. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that, despite the numerous works devoted to contamination, the following aspects of it still remain unresolved or not fully developed: strategies for decoding the constituent components of the contaminant, the direction of decoding the contaminant is analytical or synthetic, the functions of contaminated formations and their linguistic creative potential. As a result, each researcher identified different ranges, terms, and types of classification, and it was confirmed that the difficulty of such a multifaceted type classification was to prove the broad function of the lexical contamination. These and some other issues of further study of contamination are considered in this article.

Some markers of authorial conflict intention in Internet comments during the COVID-19 pandemic

The range of conflict markers in confrontational interaction is determined largely both by the situation provoking the collision and by the conditions for the communication implementation. The context of the conflict in this work was the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The conditions for the conflict implementation became the virtual environment; Internet comment. The purpose of this reseach is to calculate the verbal and non-verbal markers of conflict speech behavior observed in Internet comments during the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this goal the methods of complex communicative-pragmatic analysis, linguostylistic analysis and contextual analysis were used. With the methods of statistical analysis the frequency of the indicated verbal and non-verbal markers manifestation was determined and the preferred speech means to implement authorial conflicting intention in the designated time period was established. The verbal markers are some pejoratives, colloquies, jargon, occasional words, zoo-metaphors, English-language intersperses, phraseological units, lexemes with negative connotation which characterize human mental development, contain an expressive negative assessment of health, level of education, ethnic, racial, national, social affiliation of the characterized person, negative nomination of persons from the point of view of the profession, origin, socially condemned activities, persons with non-actual behavior, dissonant views, ideas and positions, language tools with the semantic meaning of threat, isolation, vaccination, imperatives, parceled constructions, subjunctive, multiple questions, repetitions, incomplete sentences, parallel constructions. Non-verbal markers include text in capital letters, strikethrough text, erratives, Internet memes. These verbal and non-verbal markers ensure the implementation of strategies and tactics of the conflict speech behavior of communicants of this period; they are the key factors in constructing attitude among the audience.

Semantic dominants of 2020 neologisms as a means of coding reality in the Russian language

The relevance of the research is explained by the insufficient studying of the phenomenon of repeating semes in neologisms of a certain time period in the aspect of the interpretative function of language. The purpose of the study is to analyze the semes in the semantic structure of the neologisms of the coronavirus era and to characterize the part of linguistic worldview in the crisis period. The research material included occasional words recorded in Russian media and thematically connected with one theme - the 2020 pandemic. The source of the research is “The Dictionary of Russian Language of Coronavirus Epoch.” The research was conducted within the framework of sociolinguistics with the method of componential analysis of semantics, word-building and context analyzes. In the process of the research, the thematic subgroups were identified; in each subgroup, the occasional nominations were revealed; the means of evaluation were determined (some productive bases - for compounds; word-building formants - for affixal derivatives), and a general interpretive seme was determined (based on the contextual meaning). Finally, the total number of the words connected with a semantic dominant was determined. These data are presented in the summary table which demonstrates the percentage of representation, and hence the degree of significance of each dominant in the process of language coding of reality. As a result of the study, the semantic dominants uniting the occasional words of different authors and demonstrating the typical assessments of COVID-19 are revealed; the degree of frequency of semantic dominants is determined. The novelty of the research is explained by the specifics of the conducted semantic analysis: for the first time, common semes reflecting the peculiarities of the emotional and mental state of the society are revealed on a significant homogeneous array of word-building derivatives.

The life cycles of the suffix -ost’- in Russian

The research summarises the general framework of N. M. Shansky’s PhD thesis which initiated a range of historical lexicological and synchronic linguistic studies. The paper provides arguments and examples showing the development of the scientist’s ideas on the lexical material of the 19th century. An example is N. M. Shansky’s concept of "semantic centres" in the process of filling in important socio-cultural lacunae. Involving a range of lexemes in structuring the concept "Social Environment" through the formation of relevant connotative components in them (kazarmennost’ – salonnost’ – kabinetnost’ – berlozhnost’ – keleinost’ / Engl. barrackness – salonness – cabinetness or officeness – denness – secrecy) provides a good illustration of the scientist’s idea. The average (relative) number of derivatives with ­ost’­ in the modern language is 3 500 – 4 000 lexemes. The paper examines the lexical and word-formation innovations that expand the field of derivational bases (foreign vocabulary, calques or loan translations, and semi-calques as well as low colloquial vocabulary). Additionally, the study analyses the mechanisms of interaction between the formal and the semantic criteria with the supremacy of the latter as it contributes to the removal of the previous morphonological limitations (derivation from relative adjectives ending in ­skiy). Deriving lexemes with the double ­ost’ suffix has become possible within the word-formation pattern ending in ­ost’: one suffix is in the derivational base, the other – in the stem of the derived word (skorostnost’, lichnostnost’ / Engl. high­speedness, personhood). The paper also outlines the chronological dissonance in the formation of adjectival nouns ending in ­skost’ in Russian abroad half a century ahead of the time they appeared in the language of the metropole. The ­skost’ pattern expands the nominative field by means of including surname derivatives (dostoevskost’, chekhovskost’, stalinskost’, khrushchevskost’, and others). The semantic-motivational stimulus is the "semantic increment" formed in relative adjectives due to the strong pragmatic connotation of particular precedent surnames. Thus, lexemes with the derivational suffix ­ost’­ in the modern language show ample opportunities for development both on the basis of intralingual potentials and as a result of fo reign language influence. The research employed critical-analytical, constructive-synthetic methods, definitional analy sis, the method of distinguishing between synchronic and diachronic word-formation, multiple motivation, the method of analysing usual and occasional words.

THE SPECIFIC OF THE TRANSLATION OCCASIONAL WORDS IN THE ENGLISH-LITERARY DISCOURSE

We have analyzed the ways of translating occasional words in the English-literary discourse. In our research we use the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, comparative method and contextual analysis. The aim of the research is to determine the specifics of the translation of occasional words and to confirm or refute the productive or unproductive forms of the formation of occasionalisms. As a result of the research, the author came to the conclusion that the occasional words have some difficulties for translation. To translate occasionalisms the translator should know the translation techniques, know the features of the word-formation model and also have a lateral thinking and creative abilities. Analyzing our research we come to conclusion that translators use calques (50%) as a productive model. However, other translation techniques were also used: transcription, transliteration, semantic neologism and functional equivalent.

Lexicographic experience of the youth lexicon description

The article is devoted to the study of the lexicographic experience of describing the youth lexicon and the theoretical foundations of its complex multidimensional representation in the dictionary. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, its lexical system is being rapidly updated, which is due to various extralinguistic factors. One of the signs of the times is the activation of occasional word formation. The main reason for the appearance of occasionalism is the need for a special means of expression that arises in the process of communication. The authors of this article have studied occasional words, which are the result oflinguo-creative activity of students (aged 17 to 21). The chosen approach provides an opportunity in the process of research to find out which areas of reality, already indicated by the vocabulary of the literary language, are covered with new formations for the second time. Such facts testify to the undeniable importance of these areas in the life of native speakers of this age group. The term «occasional word» in the proposed work is used to refer to «all speech innovations, systemic and asystemic; speech neoplasms created with deviations from the modern word-formation system of the language; system formations that are the implementation of a productive word-formation model in a speech act. The main method for describing the identified occasional neoplasms was ideographic classification, i.e. systematization of words on logical and conceptual grounds: reality is divided logically, and lexical units are correlated with one or another isolated sphere. Within the allocated spheres, separate areas are distinguished, each of which is divided into smaller groups.

Неузуальные способы словообразования в дискурсе СМИ

A characteristic feature of modern media is the active production of numerous occasional innovations, which are characterized by expressiveness and implement the language game. The analysis of the innovations that we have encountered in the Russian and Kazakh Russian language press allows us to talk about the variety of ways of language game. The purpose of this article is to describe some non-casual game methods and techniques of the formation of occasional words that we have encountered in two discourses of modern media (written and oral), for further use of this material in classes in Russian as a foreign language. The article describes innovations formed according to some occasional word-formation models that are used by journalists to create a language game. According to our observations, the most common occasional way of word-formation game is contamination, represented by particular varieties: inter-conditional overlay («pure» and with formal modifications), cross-overlay and word-formation by analogy with the replacement of a substantive root component. Also, such a method of expressive word formation as «hocus-pocus» reception, or repetition-sounding, is actively implemented. Analysis of innovations that we found in two discourses of modern Russian and Kazakh Russian-language media (written and oral), allows us to speak about the variety of methods of word-formation. The material for the article was collected directly by the author for the period 2008-2020 (the headlines of publications from Russian and Kazakh Russian-language newspapers, the texts of articles, materials from Internet sites and political programs aimed at different audiences). The author believes that the collected and described material can be used in a foreign audience in the study of courses in morphemics, word-formation and lexicology of the modern Russian language.

Окказионализмы как способ реализации лингвокреативности (на материале англоязычного художественного дискурса)

Рецензируемые научные журналы МГОУ. Журналы МГОУ входящие в перечень ВАК: География, История, Международные отношения, Политология, Лингвистика, Педагогика, Психология, Филология, Физика-математика, Философия, Экономика, Юриспруденция

Окказиональное слово- и фразеотворчество в художественной прозе С. А. Есенина

The language of Sergei Yesenin’s prose is still poorly studied. The article aims to analyze Yesenin’s individual authorial formations extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the story Yar, the short story “Bobyl and Druzhok” and the novella At White Water. The main methods of analysis were descriptive, component, and contextual ones. As a result of the study, we identified Yesenin’s individual authorial lexemes, bilexemes and phraseological units. We recorded occasional names of everyday objects, natural phenomena, as well as names of people, animals and body parts formed by suffixation, prefixation and suffixation, and composition. For the derivation of adjectives the writer uses suffixation (with various suffixes, sometimes unproductive), occasional patterns (with missing stages in the derivation chain), and composition. To coin verbs, Yesenin chooses mainly prefixation-suffixation and prefixation-suffixation-postfixation methods. He also adds a derivational morpheme to an onomatopoetic word, which is occasional by nature. When coining participles and adverbs, Yesenin uses mainly traditional schemes, but takes the stems of occasional and dialect verbs as generating ones. His adverbs are mostly lexical occasionalisms and are formed mainly by prefixation-suffixation. We also recorded authorial particles and interjections in Yesenin’s prose. A features of the writer’s individual creative manner is the presence of the so-called bilexemes his works. Yesenin’s prose contains occasional phraseological units, in which a unit’s component is replaced, a unit is part of a comparative construction with a completely replaced predicative component, a unit is broken, a unit’s composition is expanded, several units are combined, a unit is shortened or dephraseologized. A separate group is units with the concept “God” – these are modified set phrases and formations created by Yesenin himself. The structural and semantic analysis of the transformed and authorial phraseological units showed their main functions: emotive, evaluative, transmitting additional information and saving speech resources. Transforming a phraseological unit, Yesenin introduces various semantic clarifications, enhances expression and achieves a comic effect. Occasionalisms are found both in the author’s speech and in characters’ remarks. The performed analysis of Yesenin’s individual authorial formations from literary prose, as well as the appeal to the poet’s lyrics give us grounds to conclude that, for Yesenin, occasional words and phrasess are not just a means of expression, but an integral element of his individual style that, on the one hand, emphasizes the originality of his language, and, on the other, brings it closer to the poetic traditions of folk speech, which indicates the versatility of Yesenin’s talent.

THE ROLE OF OCCASIONAL WORDS IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

Nonce (occasional) words have mainly been studied as means to solve immediate problems of communication in spoken language and as stylistic devices in written language. Obviously, little attention has been paid to their specific role in oral communication while the research of occasional words in real interpersonal communication reveals the dynamic tendency of language development. The present paper is an attempt to reveal structural, semantic and pragmatic features of occasional words taken from live communication. It is based on the study of a set of occasional words that reveal the daily changes in the language and the role of those words in oral speech.