Obtained ZnO Nanoparticles Research Articles

Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticle using Lidah Mertua (Sansevieria trifasciata) Extract through Sol-Gel Method and Its Application for Methylene Blue Photodegradation

Methylene blue is widely used in the textile industry and is difficult to degrade naturally because of its heterocyclic aromatic structure. One technique that can be used to degrade methylene blue is through a photocatalytic process using ZnO nanoparticles. This study aims to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Lidah mertua extract (Sansevieria trifasciata) as a capping agent by the sol-gel method, and determine the characteristics and stability of ZnO nanoparticles in methylene blue photodegradation. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles begins with drying Lidah mertua, grinding it, and then extracting it using distilled water. Furthermore, the extract was reacted with Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O 0.15 M at pH 8. The extract was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and the ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) DRS, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Lidah mertua extract has OH (hydroxyl), CN, CH, and C=C functional groups. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles have a crystal size of 19.324 nm. The crystalline phase is hexagonal; the morphology is spherical, with a particle size of 79.153 nm and a band gap energy of 3.21 eV. ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a methylene blue decolorization of 98.50% through 43.41% by adsorption and 55.09% by photocatalytic mechanism. ZnO nanoparticles showed good stability for a three-cycle reaction. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

Surface Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized via Chemical Route

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles belong to the new age of nanomaterials; they are being used tremendously for the advancements of biomedicine and modern therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The current antimicrobial treatment methods fail on various levels. Thus, the recent study is dedicated to synthesizing stable zinc oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles as an alternative treatment option is explored. Methods: In the current research, fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles is carried out via the wet chemical method. To further confirm the purity and stability of the synthesized material, characterization was performed via zeta potential analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Result: SEM and TEM revealed the spherical structure of zinc oxide nanoparticles, also having slight agglomeration at a few points. The thermal stability was tested via thermogravimetric analysis and differential Scanning Calorimetry depicting the strength of the nanomaterial at a very high temperature. Elemental composition was evaluated using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy showing 96.01% zinc and 3.99% oxygen, demonstrating the purity of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. It confirms that no other elements are present apart from zinc and oxygen. Conclusion: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized via a wet chemical method using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide. This fabrication procedure is reliable, cheap, and yields the most stable byproducts. Characterization was carried out via several analytical techniques to check the authenticity of the synthesized nanomaterial, thus revealing that the obtained ZnO nanoparticles could be used in medical interventions as a safe option.

Ultrasound-assisted sol-gel synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic application of ZnO nanoparticles

In this study we synthesized nano-sized ZnO particles by ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method. The materials were, then, sintered at different temperatures of 400 o C, 500 o C, 600 o C, and 700 o C. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, UV VIS, FE-SEM, and TEM. The results showed that ZnO nanoparticles have a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure, spherical and hexagonal shapes, and an average size of 22-30 nm. ZnO nanoparticles were used as photocatalysts to decompose methylene blue under ultraviolet light. The results showed that the materials are able to decompose methylene blue under ultra-violet lights. The material sintered 600o C achieved the highest efficiency. From that, it can be concluded that ZnO nanoparticles have potential applications as photocatalysts for organic dyes removal in aqueous solutions.

Antibacterial Activity of Solvothermal Obtained ZnO Nanoparticles with Different Morphology and Photocatalytic Activity against a Dye Mixture: Methylene Blue, Rhodamine B and Methyl Orange.

In this paper, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) by forced solvolysis of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O in alcohols with a different number of -OH groups. We study the influence of alcohol type (n-butanol, ethylene glycol and glycerin) on the size, morphology, and properties of the obtained ZnO NPs. The smallest polyhedral ZnO NPs (<30 nm) were obtained in n-butanol, while in ethylene glycol the NPs measured on average 44 nm and were rounded. Polycrystalline particles of 120 nm were obtained in glycerin only after water refluxing. In addition, here, we report the photocatalytic activity, against a dye mixture, of three model pollutants: methyl orange (MO), methylene blue (MB), and rhodamine B (RhB), a model closer to real situations where water is polluted with many chemicals. All samples exhibited good photocatalytic activity against the dye mixture, with degradation efficiency reaching 99.99%. The sample with smallest nanoparticles maintained a high efficiency >90%, over five catalytic cycles. Antibacterial tests were conducted against Gram-negative strains Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, and Gram-positive strains Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The ZnO samples presented strong inhibition of planktonic growth for all tested strains, indicating that they can be used for antibacterial applications, such as water purification.

Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites based on chitosan with ZnO-Curcumin

The present paper studied the possibility to obtain nanocomposites of chitosan incorporated with ZnO NP, whose surface has been modified with bioactive compounds. To obtain ZnO nanoparticles, the biogenic method was used and the anchoring of curcumin (CRC) on the surface of the particles was followed. Chitosan-based ZnO-CRC were synthesized using ex-situ method that involves the separate preparation of ZnO particles and their dispersion in the chitosan matrix by mechanical and ultrasonic mixing. The structural and morphological studies of the synthesized samples were carried out using X-ray diffraction, SEM microscopy, FTIR and EDX spectroscopy, and the wetting capacity. The XRD analysis revealed wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO, anchoring of curcumin to the oxide surface, with an average crystallite size about 18.7 nm. The morphological study shows that the particles have spherical formations, with dimensions in the nanometric range and a relatively uniform distribution of ZnO particles in the matrix. Elemental composition of samples was identified using EDX analysis. Contact angle was measured to evaluate the hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic character of the surfaces. The results demonstrate that the synthesized materials have morpho-structural and wetting characteristics that allow the extension of applicability in biotechnological fields as coating systems.

Development of ZnO/PANI/Ag nanocomposite for synthesis of bioactive xanthene‐1,8(2H)‐dione derivatives

In this work, we have developed an effective and novel heterogeneous ZnO/polyaniline (PANI)/Ag nanocomposite, which was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation method at low temperature. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles were used for its surface functionalization with PANI‐supported silver nanoparticles via self‐assembly redox polymerization method. Further, the high catalytic activity of ZnO/PANI/Ag nanocatalyst was investigated for the one‐pot synthesis of xanthene derivatives via condensation of 5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione and different aromatic aldehydes under neat reaction condition. The advantage of this current work includes short reaction time, easy work‐up, solvent free, high product yield, good chemistry metrices values, easily recoverable and reusable catalyst up to six cycles.

Use of artificial intelligence models for the reduction of nanoparticle size in the synthesis of ZnO

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study evaluates the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI) model for predicting the best experimental conditions to reduce particle size during the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. Firstly, an artificial neural networks (ANN) was trained using 52 experimental data from the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The selected input variables were temperature, experimental time, and NaOH concentration, and the output variable was nanoparticle size. The performance of the ANN was measured with the root mean square error and mean absolute percentage error, and the obtained values for the selected ANN were 0.67% and 9.87%, respectively. These values were calculated by using real and predicted values.RESULTSA genetic algorithm (GA) model was coupled with the ANN to find the best operational conditions for the reduced size of ZnO nanoparticles. According to the AI model, a temperature of 59 °C, an experimental time of 56 min, and a concentration of NaOH of 0.08 should be tested to obtain ZnO nanoparticles with 5.67 nm of diameter. After applying the conditions predicted by the model, ZnO nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 5.3 ± 0.4 nm were obtained. The results were confirmed by using several characterization methods, such as approximation of effective masses (5.3 nm), equation Debye–Scherrer (5.2 nm), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM) selected micrograph (5.5 nm). The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated using the synthetic dye thymol blue. The best discoloration efficiency was reached by the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles at 74%, while the commercial ZnO only achieved 58%.CONCLUSIONAccording to the ANN‐GA model, it was possible to predict the experimental conditions needed to obtain ZnO nanoparticles with reduced sizes and excellent photocatalytic activity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Decoration of laser-ablated ZnO nanoparticles over sputtered deposited SnO2 thin film based formaldehyde sensor

Heterojunction based metal oxide semiconductors have a great potential to detect toxic gases and volatile organic compounds. Here, we report a synthesis technique to obtain ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) via laser ablation method in ambient atmosphere using a nanosecond pulse laser. The laser ablated ZnO NPs were used for the decoration of sputtered deposited SnO2 thin film to realize n-type ZnO/n-type SnO2 heterojunction based formaldehyde (HCHO) gas sensor. Fabricated ZnO/SnO2 sensor shows 3 times higher response (response = 20) to 50 ppm HCHO, faster response-recovery dynamics (τres = 4 s and τrec = 30 s) and better selectivity compared to pristine SnO2 sensor at lower operating temperature (250 °C). The ZnO/SnO2 heterojunction based sensor also can detect < 0.25 ppm HCHO, which allows for lower detectable limit of sub-ppm HCHO. Therefore, the ZnO/SnO2 sensor shows enhanced sensing performance due to oxygen vacancies and n-n heterojunction structures provides more effective electrons for oxygen adsorption which speeds up the electronic transport at the interface of two materials. Synthesis of metal oxide composite NPs using pulse laser ablation method could be a promising alternative rapid route for the fabrication of highly sensitive gas sensors to detect most common indoor air pollutant.

Experimental investigation of E-beam effect on the electric field distribution in cross-linked polyethylene/ZnO nanocomposites for medium-voltage cables simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics

This study investigated the electric field distribution of underground cable insulation in cross-linked polyethylene/zinc oxide (XLPE/ ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) for medium-voltage (MV) cables. The ZnO NPs that were obtained by three methods of preparation were classified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained ZnO NPs were semi-spheres with sizes of 35–55 nm on TEM images. XLPE/ ZnO films with various ZnO NP weight contents (i.e., 0, 1, 3, and 5%) were exposed to varied dosages of 3-MeV electron beam (EB); 0 kGy, 15 kGy, 20 kGy, and 25 kGy. The optimum film XLPE/ 5-ZnO, which has ZnO NP content (5 wt%), irradiated at 25 kGy, according to alternating current (AC)/ DC conductivity (AC: 1 × 10−4 S/m; DC: 12.44 × 10−2 S/m) in minimum relative permittivity (2.24), was obtained. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to simulate the electric field distribution within an MV cable of 25-kGy XLPE/ 5-ZnO insulation. The maximum uniform electric field was found in the middle of the 25-kGy XLPE/5-ZnO film sample, rather than at the top or bottom, which might be attributed to the significantly low relative permittivity of the new 25-kGy XLPE/5-ZnO film cable.

3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane functionalized ZnO materials for improving the gas sensitivity to 2-butanone

In recent years, researchers have discovered that self-assembled monolayer functionalized surfaces could improve the gas-sensing performance of semiconductor oxide-based sensors. In the present work, metal-organic framework material ZIF-8 was selected as the self-sacrificial template, and then ZIF-8 materials were calcined at a high temperature to obtain ZnO nanoparticles. Subsequently, the surface of ZnO was modified to install a single layer of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). In comparison with the pure ZnO-based sensor, the sensor based on 0.5 vol% APTES/ZnO had higher response to 2-butanone. The response has remarkably improved mainly due to APTES molecules capture electrons from the surface of ZnO to widen the electron depletion layer. In addition, the amine (–NH2) group of the APTES monolayer enhanced the specific interaction between the sensing material and 2-butanone, thereby the performance of the sensor was improved. After functionalization with 0.5 vol% APTES, the lower detection limit of the sensor reached as low as 200 ppb, while that of the pure ZnO-based sensor was 500 ppb.

One pot synthesis of Ag-Au/ZnO nanocomposites: a multi-junction component forsunlight photocatalysis

ABSTRACT Plasmonic nanoparticles nanoparticles incorporation increases the photo-physical conversion rate in the semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate the one-pot ZnO/(Ag-Au) nanocomposite for enhanced the visible light photocatalysis. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles are of 10–20 nm size and the deposited metal nanoparticles are of 1–3 nm. The light absorbance spectrum indicated the characteristic band edge absorbance of ZnO (~350 nm) as well as the SPR peaks of Ag (~420 nm) and Au (~520 nm). Enhanced absorption received for the metal nanoparticles deposited ZnO nanocrystals indicate the technological importance of the materials. Emission spectrum of the materials indicated the metal nanoparticles inhibited electron–hole pair recombination process. The photocatalytic methylene blue degradation efficiency of ZnO/(Ag-Au) (87%) nanocomposite is much higher than the ZnO/Ag (65%) and ZnO/Au (57%) nanocomposites. Studies indicated the performance improvement is due to the bimetallic nature over their pristine nature of Ag and Au.

Dissection of the antibacterial mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles with manipulable nanoscale morphologies

Despite the extensive uses of ZnO nanoparticles as promising antimicrobial agents to tackle the severe microbial infections, the systematic antibacterial studies on ZnO nanoparticles with manipulable nanoscale morphologies at the genetic expression level remain ill-defined. In this study, via a controllable thermal decomposition, ZnO nanoparticles of different morphologies were facilely prepared. Additionally, the surface PEGylation of ZnO was conducted to obtain the nanoparticles of low biotoxicity. While all the prepared ZnO nanoparticles exhibited the significantly chemical activities, the pronounced antibacterial effect of obtained ZnO nanoparticles was also identified, in which the ultra-small ones (~5 nm) showed the best performance. Moreover, the antibacterial activities of ZnO nanoparticles were studied by bacterial nucleic acid leakage, alkaline phosphatase, biofilm and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis of ZnO nanoparticles with different morphologies against Escherichia coli (E. coli) revealed the underlying antibacterial mechanism involved the signal transduction, material transport, energy metabolism and other biological processes. Therefore, the cost-effective preparation of ZnO nanoparticles with distinct morphological features provides insights for the development of application specific antibacterial agents.

Ecofriendly and low-cost synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles from Acremonium potronii for the photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes

Nanoparticles (NPs) have enormous applications in every field of science by their particular size, diverse morphology, and higher surface-ratio, which provide them for unique properties. Nanosized materials can be used to overcome almost every challenge in science. The development of nanoscience, metal or metal oxide NPs have emerged as promising materials. Especially, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have remarkable applications in diverse fields including cosmetic, optical, and electrical fields, biomedicine, and catalysis. Several cost-effective strategies using different chemicals, plants, and microbes mediated ZnO NPs are reported in several studies, among which fungal-mediated approaches have gained tremendous interest due to their eco-friendly and simple protocols. In this study, we report the formation of ZnO NPs with sizes ranging between 13 and 15 nm using Acremonium potronii, a new fungal species found in fruits, soil, and marine environments. The obtained ZnO NPs are characterized by several analytical techniques, and their catalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue dye is investigated, including a kinetic study to investigate the rate of degradation process. The ZnO NPs can degrade about 93% of the dye. This work demonstrates the potential of the synthesized ZnO NPs as dye removal catalysts and offers a platform for the application of A. potronii.

Self-assembled ZnO-rGO nanocomposite, a solid-state transformation to control its crystallite size

Nano-structured ZnO and reduced graphene oxide composites (ZnO-rGO) were self-assemble obtained via hydrothermal process. The composites were synthetized under hydrothermal conditions, using different amounts of a binder agent, in order to control the anchorage between the precursors (ε-Zn(OH)2 and graphene oxide). Afterwards, a heating treatment was performed to induce the self-assembly of phases. Results indicates that a few layer graphene oxide was obtained with an average thickness of 6 sheets. X-Ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis revealed that it is possible to obtain ZnO nanoparticles with crystallite size of around 15 nm, while the thermogravimetric analysis showed ~70 wt% of ZnO. The characterization by scanning-transmission electronic microscopy evinced that the ZnO nanoparticles were well distributed and anchored between and over the rGO sheets, forming at the same time a microporous structures with surface areas up to 78 m2/g. Therefore, the control of crystallite size of ZnO particles in the composite material was successfully carried out, promoting a good interaction between the metal oxide and the rGO sheets. Finally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evaluation was performed, and the results confirmed the codependency between the structural and physicochemical characteristics with the electrical conductivity. Hence, the formed materials are expected to have high capacity and stability if used as electrode of lithium-ion batteries.

Removal of CTAB by synthesized ZnO nanoparticles

In this study, the catalytic mechanism of cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant,by pure ZnO nanoparticles was investigated.Further observed ZnO nanoparticles synthesization by precipitation method in aqueous solution with sulfates of metallic precursors.Adding,XRD(X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) were observed for the crystalline and structural analysis of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles.SEM shows obtained ZnO nanoparticles are of size 180.4 nm.For phase identification o f a crystalline material XRD was used and to observe chemical properties of ZnO nanoparticles,studied FTIR (Fourier Transmission of Infra-Red).The maximum percentage removal of CTAB was found to be 95% by varying different conditions by time,dosage,pH and temperature parameters.

Psidium Guajava Leave Extract as Reducing Agent for Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Application to Impart Multifunctional Properties for Cellulosic Fabrics

Nowadays, cotton fabric treatment with nanoparticles has been increasingly high because of its unique properties. In this study, using the bioactive compounds in Psidium guava leave extracts, zinc precursors were reduced to obtain ZnO nanoparticles using two extracts, namely, water extract and ethanol extract. A comparative evaluation was carried out to analyze and develop a wider understanding of the effect of processing parameters on the ZnO nanoparticles. The ZnO nanoparticles have been characterized using a particle size analyzer, Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, and Thermal Gravimetrical Analysis (TGA) to determine their structure. The cotton fabric was treated with ZnO nanoparticles in the presence and absence of different natural biopolymers, namely; alginate, chitosan, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The treated cotton samples were characterized by atomic absorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UPF value, antimicrobial activity, and self-cleaning properties. It was found that the cotton fabric treated with ZnO-chitosan nanocomposites gives the higher UPF values and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans of all other treated fabrics.

UV-light photocatalytic degradation of non-ionic surfactants using ZnO nanoparticles

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a photocatalyst for photodegradation of two model non-ionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and C12E10). The first part of the investigation was focused on the synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles, since its crystalline structure strongly impacts its photocatalytic properties. Based on the results of the XRD analysis, it was concluded that the obtained material occurred in the form of hexagonal wurtzite with a polycrystalline structure. FT-IR and XPS analyses were used to elucidate and confirm the nanomaterial structure, whereas investigation of N2 adsorption/desorption and SEM/TEM imaging allowed to establish that the synthesized ZnO was characterized as a mesoporous material with uniform, spherical shape and particle size fluctuating between 90 and 130 nm. The second part of the study included spectrophotometric assessment of the photodegradation process. The use of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles allowed to achieve efficient photodegradation of both C12E10 (92%) and Triton X-100 (82%) after 1 h of UV irradiation. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism was used to describe the reaction kinetics. Subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis of the residues indicated that the degradation mechanism is most likely based on both central fission of the surfactant molecules with further terminal oxidation of poly(ethylene glycol) and terminal oxidation leading to carboxylic derivatives of surfactants.

Mechanochemical Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and their Antibacterial Activity against Escherichia Coli

Crystalline ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a mechanochemical method using zinc acetate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide as starting materials, and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a protective agent. Mechanochemical activation of the solid-state reaction was achieved at low temperatures in a rapid laboratory ball mill. A three-level full factorial experimental design was used to investigate the effect of milling time and surfactant ratio on ZnO crystallite size. The product powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallite size of ZnO samples estimated from XRD is consistent with the SEM images and found to be less than 40 nm. The crystallite size of the ZnO decreased as the surfactant ratio increased. There is an optimal milling time of 60 minutes in order to obtain ZnO nanoparticles with the smallest average grain size. The antibacterial activity of the obtained products against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was examined, and the minimum inhibitory concentration value was 5 mg/mL. ZnO synthesized by this simple method can be considered potentially as an effective bactericidal agent.

Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Doped with Cobalt Using Bimetallic ZIFs as Sacrificial Agents.

We report here a simple two-stage synthesis of zinc–cobalt oxide nanoparticles. We used Zn/Co-zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 materials as precursors for annealing and optional impregnation with a silicon source for the formation of a protective layer on the surface of oxide nanoparticles. Using bimetallic ZIFs allowed us to trace the phase transition of the obtained oxide nanoparticles from wurtzite ZnO to spinel Co3O4 structures. Using (X-ray diffraction) XRD and (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) XANES techniques, we confirmed the incorporation of cobalt ions into the ZnO structure up to 5 mol.% of Co. Simple annealing of Zn/Co-ZIF-8 materials in the air led to the formation of oxide nanoparticles of about 20–30 nm, while additional treatment of ZIFs with silicon source resulted in nanoparticles of about 5–10 nm covered with protective silica layer. We revealed the incorporation of oxygen vacancies in the obtained ZnO nanoparticles using FTIR analysis. All obtained samples were comprehensively characterized, including analysis with a synchrotron radiation source.

Reliable preparation of ZnO nanoparticles by different synthesis methods for bactericidal applications

This study evaluated three different synthesis methods to obtain ZnO nanoparticles. The structural and morphological properties of the latter were characterised by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The chemical composition of the particles was identified by energy dispersion spectrometry (EDS), and UV–vis spectroscopy was employed to characterise them. As a result, interesting differences in morphology and size were revealed. X-ray diffraction showed differences in the chemical structure and crystallite size of the ZnO powders. The morphologies obtained and analysed in this study present several forms, such as spheres and flowers, with particle sizes between 24 nm and 56 nm. These variations in the size and shape of the ZnO nanoparticles changed their bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli.