Obstetric Training Research Articles

Sustainability in midwifery work - Development of a curricular element for midwifery primary training and further education

Sustainability in midwifery work - Development of a curricular element for midwifery primary training and further education

The effect of woman-centred midwifery childbirth care training on the level of woman-centred care competency and job satisfaction levels of midwives

The effect of woman-centred midwifery childbirth care training on the level of woman-centred care competency and job satisfaction levels of midwives

Evalution of the simulation-based interprofessional emergency obstetric team training program given to midwifery and first and emergency students

Evalution of the simulation-based interprofessional emergency obstetric team training program given to midwifery and first and emergency students

Status of midwifery training in Luxembourg

Status of midwifery training in Luxembourg

Mapping of Iranian midwifery curriculum according to the International Confederation of midwives competencies

BackgroundEvaluating the curriculum based on its success rate in preparing skilled midwives proficient in performing professional skills is a fundamental component of the midwifery education system. This study aimed to evaluate the content, strengths, and weaknesses of the midwifery curriculum in Iran based on the most recent ICM midwifery education standards in all competence areas, as well as to obtain expert feedback on the necessary courses or lessons for the curriculum using the Delphi method.MethodsThis research was conducted in two phases: comparative analysis and the Delphi method. In the comparative analysis, the curriculum mapping tool was used to compare Iran’s midwifery curriculum for bachelor’s degrees to the international standards for midwifery education proposed by ICM in 2019 by a four-point Likert scale (adequate- relatively adequate- relatively inadequate- inadequate). Two individuals evaluated the curriculum independently for the presence of theoretical and clinical courses for attaining each relevant competency. In case of disagreement, the opinion of a third person was used. After identifying the academic deficiencies and weaknesses of the curriculum, the Delphi technique was used with the cooperation of the midwifery board members and directors of midwifery groups from across the country to collect feedback about new courses or lessons that need to be incorporated into the curriculum.ResultsAfter a comparative analysis, 24 out of 315 essential competencies for ICM in the midwifery curriculum were found to be inadequate or relatively inadequate based on the three experts’ opinions after reviewing the programmatic courses and lessons in the curriculum. In 79.5% of the knowledge area and 71.6% of the skill area, the curriculum for midwifery in Iran corresponded to ICM essential competencies. After surveying expert members during multiple Delphi rounds, the members agreed to add some lessons to the midwifery curriculum, design a new course, and hold related workshops to cover the competencies identified as inadequate or relatively inadequate in the comparative analysis.ConclusionThe Iranian midwifery curriculum for acquiring 24 items of ICM essential competencies was deemed inadequate or relatively inadequate. Therefore, it seems in addition to revising Iran’s midwifery curriculum following ICM competencies, providing midwifery policymakers with infrastructure and additional support to develop and implement effective midwifery training programs is necessary to ensure that midwives are trained and equipped with the necessary competencies for practice.

The routes of hysterectomy: A survey of current practices amongst members of the International Society for Gynaecologic Endoscopy (ISGE)

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the current opinion on the routes of hysterectomy amongst the members of the International Society for Gynaecologic Endoscopy (ISGE), as well as the perceptions of potential barriers that inhibit gynaecologists from offering a minimally invasive hysterectomies (MIHs) to their patients. Study designAn anonymous, electronic survey was designed, including the questions about the surgeon location and length of gynaecological practice, preferred approach to hysterectomy, approximate number of surgical cases performed during the year preceding the survey (2021), and potential barriers and contraindications to performing MIHs. It was validated by 12 practicing gynaecologists. Subsequently, the survey was sent to all practicing gynaecologists who are the members of the ISGE. ResultsWe received a response from 159 members of ISGE (29 % response rate), of which 92 % with ≥ 5 years in practice since the completion of their residency training in Gynaecology and Obstetrics. When asked about the preferred route of hysterectomy for themselves or their relatives, 59 % chose total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), 19 % vaginal hysterectomy (VH), 8 % chose laparoscopically-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) and 5 % chose total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). However, TAH was the most performed hysterectomy procedure undertaken by the respondents in the year preceding the survey. When asked about the main obstacles to performing MIHs, more than half of the respondents highlighted insufficient training during residency and insufficient surgical experience. Only 25 % of the responders acknowledged reading the ISGE guidelines on performing vaginal hysterectomy. ConclusionsContrary to a full understanding of the benefits of MIHs, lack of training, as well as insufficient surgical experience and unawareness of existing evidence-based guidelines were the main reasons for the high rate of TAH among the ISGE members who participated in the study. All efforts should be directed at teaching VH and TLH techniques during residency, continuous acquisition of practical experience, and use of validated patient selection guidelines for MIH in daily clinical practice.

An ethnographic study evaluating emergency obstetric care education and training in a remote, fragile region of Southeast Asia: Study protocol.

To evaluate emergency obstetric care education and training within a medical assistant training program, being delivered in a remote, fragile region of Southeast Asia. This will aid in the identification of potential areas of enhancement to improve the management of obstetric emergencies. An ethnographic study, adopting a multi-methods approach. Emergency obstetric care education and training will be assessed through documentary analysis and interviews (online or face-to-face) with educators and trainers (N ~ 6-7). Student experiences will be explored using in-person focus groups, facilitated by an external trainer involved in delivering the program (N ~ 10-12). A reflective field diary will provide insight into the lived experience of postgraduate students (N ~ 4-5). Data will be collected between May 2022 and May 2023. The full data set will be triangulated and analysed using the READ approach; (1) ready your materials, (2) extract data, (3) analyse data and (4) distil your findings. Institutional ethical approval was obtained from a university in October 2021, and inter-country regional access was gained following adherence to their local ethical requirements. The findings from this study may help to inform the future design of the medical assistant training program. It is anticipated that the knowledge gained from this study will enhance the education and training of mid-level health providers at local, national, and international levels. This work intends to contribute to addressing Sustainable Development Goal 3, Target 1 of reducing maternal mortality to 70:100,000 live births in low-income countries. This protocol adhered to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist. No formal PPI has been undertaken; however, stakeholders involved in delivering the education and training have been consulted.

Advancing postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynaecology: Report from ENTOG UK exchange and scientific meeting

Advancing postgraduate training in obstetrics and gynaecology: Report from ENTOG UK exchange and scientific meeting

The training of midwives to perform obstetric ultrasound scan in Africa for task shifting and extension of scope of practice: a scoping review

IntroductionUltrasound scan is one of the essential assessments that is crucial in the early identification of health risks during antenatal care. Its accessibility to women in low-and middle-income countries remains a serious challenge because ultrasound scans are not within the scope of practice for midwives. However, task shifting and extension of scope of practice aim to train midwives to assess pregnant women through an ultrasound scan. This paper aims to report the findings of a scoping review on the training of midwives to perform obstetric ultrasound scans in Africa.MethodsThe 6-step iterative framework for scoping reviews by Arksey and O’Malley was used to determine the extent of qualitative and quantitative evidence available on the training of midwives on obstetric ultrasound scans, which includes specifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, extracting and charting data, collating, summarising, and synthesising and reporting findings.ResultsA total of 12 articles from eight African countries were included in this scoping review. Three main themes and 13 sub-themes emerged and they are: obstetric ultrasound scan training, challenges experienced by midwives from task shifting and extension of scope of practice regarding obstetric ultrasound scan, and the value of task shifting and extension of scope of practice regarding obstetric ultrasound scan to midwives.DiscussionDespite the available evidence that the training of midwives on obstetric ultrasound scans is essential to ensure the accessibility of quality antenatal health services, the training of midwives on obstetric ultrasound scans in some African countries remains a serious challenge. It is evident from this scoping review results that there is a need for African countries to incorporate obstetric ultrasound scans as part of the scope of practice of midwives. Task shifting necessitates prioritising the training of midwives on the use of obstetric ultrasound scans as one of the steps towards the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal number 3 targets by 2030.

Ready Day One: What Residents and Program Directors Think is Needed for a Successful Transition to Residency

To evaluate perceived gaps in preparedness, current on-boarding practices, and need for specialty wide resources in the transition to residency training in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional survey of current U.S. OB/GYN residents and program directors (PDs) at the time of the resident in-training exam was conducted in 2022. Both groups provide demographic information and identified specific knowledge, skills, and abilities in need of more preparation at the start of residency. PDs were queried on perceptions of readiness for their current first year class, educational on-boarding practices, and their preference for standardized curricular materials and assessment tools. Chi-squared and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare perceptions of skills deficits between PDs and residents, and the relationship of preparedness to program type and resident year in training. Response rates for residents and program directors were 64.9% and 72.6% respectively. A majority (115/200, 57.5%) of program directors agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, "In general, I feel that my new interns are well prepared for residency when they arrive at my program." Both groups agreed that basic suturing and ultrasound skills were deficits. Residents identified a need for better preparation in management of inpatient issues while PDs identified time management skills as lacking. There was considerable heterogeneity of program on-boarding practices across the specialty. Most PDs agreed or strongly agreed that a standardized curriculum (80.5%, 161/200) and assessment tools (75.3%, 150/199) would be helpful. OBGYN PDs feel that not all residents arrive prepared for residency and overwhelmingly support the development of standardized transition curricular and assessment tools, similar to the curriculum developed in general surgery. Based on input from PDs and residents, early curricular efforts should focus on basic surgical, ultrasound, and time management skills and on management of inpatient issues.

Simulation-Based Training in Emergency Obstetric Care in Sub-Saharan and Central Africa: A Scoping Review.

Every day approximately 810 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth worldwide. Around two thirds of these deaths happen in sub-Saharan Africa. One of the strategies to decrease these numbers is improving the quality of care by emergency obstetric simulation-based training. The effectiveness of such training programs depends on the program's instructional design. This review gives an overview of studies about emergency obstetric simulation-based training and examines the applied instructional design of the training programs in sub-Saharan and Central Africa. We searched Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception to May 2021. Peer-reviewed articles on emergency obstetric, postgraduate, simulation-based training in sub-Saharan and Central Africa were included. Outcome measures were categorized based on Kirkpatrick's levels of training evaluation. The instructional design was evaluated by using the ID-SIM questionnaire. In total, 47 studies met the inclusion criteria. Evaluation on Kirkpatrick level 1 showed positive reactions in 18 studies. Challenges and recommendations were considered. Results on knowledge, skills, and predictors for these results (Kirkpatrick level 2) were described in 29 studies. Retention as well as decay of knowledge and skills over time were presented. Results at Kirkpatrick level 3 were measured in 12 studies of which seven studies demonstrated improvements of skills on-the-job. Improvements of maternal and neonatal outcomes were described in fifteen studies and three studies reported on cost-estimations for training rollout (Kirkpatrick level 4). Instructional design items were heterogeneously applied and described. Results of 47 studies indicate evidence that simulation-based training in sub-Saharan and Central Africa can have a positive impact across all four levels of Kirkpatrick's training evaluation model. However, results were not consistent across all studies and the effects vary over time. A detailed description of instructional design features in future publications on simulation-based training will contribute to a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms that determine why certain training programs are more effective in improving maternal and neonatal healthcare outcomes than other.

Evaluation of the Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care training in Gondar, Ethiopia; a mixed methods study.

In Ethiopia maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality remains high. Timely access to quality emergency obstetric and neonatal care is essential for the prevention of adverse outcomes. Training healthcare providers can play an important role in improving quality of care, thereby reducing maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate change of knowledge, skills and behaviour in health workers who attended a postgraduate Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care training in Gondar, Ethiopia. A descriptive study with before-after approach, using a mix of quantitative and qualitative data, based on Kirkpatrick's model for training evaluation was conducted. The evaluation focussed on reaction, knowledge, skills, and change in behaviour in clinical practice of health care providers and facilitator's perspectives on performance. A 'lessons learned approach' was included to summarize facilitators' perspectives. Health care providers reacted positively to the Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care training with significant improvement in knowledge and skills. Of the 56 participants who attended the training, 44 (79%) were midwives. The main evaluation score for lectures was 4,51 (SD 0,19) and for breakout sessions was 4,52 (SD 0.18) on scale of 1-5. There was a statistically significant difference in the pre and post knowledge (n = 28, mean difference 13.8%, SD 13.5, t = 6.216, p<0.001) and skills assessments (n = 23, mean difference 27.4%, SD 22.1%, t = 5.941, p<0.001). The results were the same for every component of the skills and knowledge assessment. Overall, they felt more confident in performing skills after being trained. Local sustainability, participant commitment and local context were identified as challenging factors after introducing a new training program. In Gondar Ethiopia, the Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care training has the potential to increase skilled attendance at birth and improve quality of care, both vital to the reduction of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect.

Parents' psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging populations, and shrinking family sizes. The increase in child abuse and neglect cases, most likely by inexperienced and insufficiently knowledgeable parents, necessitates education on childcare and intervention techniques in nursing and midwifery training. In particular, attachment formation early in life between mother and infant is crucial. To accurately teach sensitive and comprehensive information on intervention techniques for mother-child attachment formation, realistic videos, and educational materials are necessary. Although pseudoeducational materials are available, they might be limited in explaining complex realism, particularly to support breastfeeding that involves both parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two. In a previous study in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model, we experimentally controlled infant feeding and nurturing through 24 h of constant sensing and collected 1 month of quantitative data on psychological indices that possibly translated to psychological development. Age-dependent dynamic visualization of these data by multivariate analyses inferred causal relationships between early parental feeding and psychobiological rhythm formation. In the same primate model, we identified a spontaneous case of breastfeeding failure in which the father inhibited his neonatal infant's feeding and the mother appeared to abandon nurturing, leading to clinically significant weight loss in the infant. Thus, we explored intervention techniques to promote mother-infant interaction. The mother was trained to allow the infant to spontaneously explore her breast. Initially, the mother refused to display the feeding pose potentially due to pain associated with breast engorgement. Massage was used to soften the breast and feeding was reintroduced. We hypothesize that activation of instinctive attachment formation mechanisms by encouraging spontaneity in each parent and child is the key to successful feeding intervention.

Transparency around abortion training on obstetrics and gynecology residency program websites

ObjectivesThe availability of family planning and abortion training in residency is a concern for applicants, particularly following the overturning of Roe v Wade. We aimed to characterize public information on abortion training in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in states with and without abortion bans. Study designWe abstracted residency program data using a publicly available database of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. We performed a systematic internet search of each program’s website to identify information on abortion training. We defined states with abortion bans as those with total or near-total bans as of November 2022. Using Stata SE 16, we used Student t tests and Fisher exact tests to characterize differences between programs with public abortion training information and those without. ResultsOf 293 obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, 197 (67.2%) included online information regarding abortion training. Of 64 programs in states with abortion bans, 34 (53%) had public information regarding abortion training, compared to 163 (71%) of the 229 programs in states with legal abortion. Programs with publicly available abortion training information were more likely to be academic (49.8% vs 26%, p < 0.001) and have a higher percentage of female residents (86.6% vs 82.9%, p = 0.003). Programs in states with legal abortion were more likely to use words like “abortion” (36.2% vs 17.7%, p = 0.05). ConclusionsOnly two-thirds of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs publicize abortion training information. Almost half of all programs in states with abortion bans do not share this information, revealing a need for improved transparency to better inform residency applicant decision-making. ImplicationsDuring the 2022–2023 academic cycle, one-third of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs did not include information about family planning or abortion training online. In states with abortion bans, this number increased to almost one-half. These findings serve as a call to action for programs to clarify their commitment to abortion training.

Augmented and Controlled Virtual Reality as Ways to Train Obstetricians and Gynecologists on the Basis of a Simulation Center

The authors present their own experience of using high-tech training equipment with elements of augmented virtual reality in the educational process of obstetricians and gynecologists. Based on this experience, a controlled virtual reality complex has been developed, where for the first time students have the opportunity to actively influence the proposed scenario, eliminate possible errors in the implementation of the algorithm of necessary actions, and come as close as possible to the ideal conduct of medical manipulations. This complex also opens up wide prospects for its use for medical purposes.

Novice learners’ perspectives on obstetric airway crisis decision-making training using virtual reality simulation

BackgroundCurrent training on managing an obstetric difficult airway crisis is likely inadequate, as real-life opportunities to practice are rare. Frequent simulation training sessions could be helpful but are resource intensive. Virtual reality (VR) simulation training may be a potential tool to complement existing simulation curricula. MethodsIn this pilot qualitative study, a VR simulation scenario of an obstetric airway crisis was designed to test the decision-making of novice learners rotating through obstetric anesthesia training. Individual interviews were conducted pre-VR to assess learning needs and post-VR to assess perspectives on utilizing the VR teaching tool. The interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed. ResultsTwenty-one residents were recruited and participated in the study. Analysis of pre-VR interviews identified three major themes, including gaps in the current curriculum, lack of confidence in managing obstetric difficult airway crises, and recognition that simulation is resource intensive. Post-VR interview themes revealed that VR could be helpful in learning decision-making under stress. Suggested improvements included better video and audio quality, and adding haptic feedback and potential multiplayer features in the future. ConclusionWe identified the advantages of VR simulation and its potential as an intervention to address gaps in our curriculum. Areas of improvement were identified for more effective future implementation.

A survey of United States obstetric anesthesiologists’ perceived value of obstetric anesthesiology fellowship

IntroductionSubspecialty training in obstetric anesthesiology is associated with improved patient outcomes and reduced anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality. Despite this, the demand for fellowship-trained obstetric anesthesiologists far exceeds the supply. This survey study aimed to evaluate the perceived value of obstetric anesthesiology subspecialty training on career trajectory, job satisfaction, quality of life, and job autonomy. MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board approval, we conducted a cross-sectional study of fellowship-trained obstetric anesthesiologists in the United States of America. In March and April 2022, program directors of obstetric anesthesiology fellowships distributed an electronic survey link containing 29 multiple-choice questions to their program alumni. Survey content included respondent demographic characteristics, practice models, career information, and perceived value of an obstetric anesthesiology fellowship. ResultsWe surveyed 217/502 (43%) fellowship-trained obstetric anesthesiologists with a response rate of 158/217 (73%). Most worked in urban, academic, and level IV perinatal health centers. The majority believed an obstetric anesthesiology fellowship was “extremely beneficial” (77%), enhanced quality of life (84%), improved the quality of patient care (99%), and was influential in helping obtain their first post-training job (86%). The perceived value of the fellowship included an enhanced career trajectory, a sense of purpose, improved job satisfaction, a sense of work community, lower burnout, involvement in maternal health initiatives, increased mentorship, and departmental leadership. ConclusionIn this survey study, fellowship-trained obstetric anesthesiologists perceived a positive impact of fellowship training on career trajectory, job protection and autonomy, quality of life, and job satisfaction. This information may be meaningful to trainees considering pursuing a fellowship and a career in obstetric anesthesiology.

A global study on the abortion views and knowledge of trainee obstetrician-gynecologists.

To assess the knowledge and views of trainee obstetrician-gynecologists (ObGyn) on abortion. A cross-sectional study of trainee ObGyn was conducted by the World Association of Trainees in Obstetrics and Gynecology. A study-specific questionnaire designed using Google Forms® was utilized for the study. The questionnaire was distributed electronically to study participants, to gather information on their sociodemographic characteristics, opinions, knowledge, and training on abortion. Collected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS, version 25. Most (140, 74.8%) trainee ObGyn reported that abortion was legal in their countries and most (171, 91.4%) supported the legalization of abortion. Eleven (5.9%) trainees who did not support the legalization of abortion cited religious concerns as their most common reason (5/11, 45.5%). Nearly three-quarters (133, 71.1%) of the trainees would perform an abortion on request. Most of the trainees reported that abortion education was included in the medical school curricula (131, 70.1%) and the ObGyn residency training programs (155, 82.9%) in their countries. Notwithstanding, 36.4% (68) either did not know or did not correctly know the legal status of abortion in their countries. There is some disparity between ObGyn trainees' knowledge of safe abortion and their awareness of the legality of the same in their countries. There is a need for all countries to include abortion education in the curricula of medical schools and all ObGyn residency programs should offer abortion training to all residents. There is a need for increased advocacy for the legalization of abortion in countries where abortion remains criminalized.

Perspectives on training in obstetrics and gynaecology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Thematic analysis of trainee responses from a pan-European survey.

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has affected many aspects of the lives of medical professionals. Postgraduate training has also been affected and mitigation plans are still ongoing. To understand the perspectives of trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology (ObGyn) during the pandemic. A cross-sectional exploratory survey conducted electronically from 20th of April 2020 to 1st July 2020. The original questionnaire comprised of 40 questions and a free-text option. The free-text questions covered five main domains: effect of the pandemic on training, worries about training, acquisition of skills during the pandemic, training period and extensions and responsibilities outside training during the pandemic. The responses to these questions in the survey were analysed using pragmatic thematic analysis. Trainees felt there was lack of training as well as training opportunities. Some took the pandemic as an opportunity to gain new skills. Trainees were also worried about time in training and uncertainty about extensions. Lastly, many had concerns pertaining to patient care, an inability to contribute to departmental organisation, and dissatisfaction with the implemented policies. The difficulties in Obstetrics and gynaecology training due to the pandemic need to be mitigated. When planning for reshaping the training programmes to accommodate for the discrepancies caused, trainers need to consider the perspectives of trainees and actively involve them in the decision making, designing and executing future plans. Efforts are currently underway to address the training time lost during the pandemic in Europe. Recognising the paramount importance of providing exceptional care for women and children across the continent, it becomes imperative to consider the valuable perspectives and insights offered by those who represent the future generation of specialists in the field.

Assessment of a Brief Standardized Obstetric Ultrasound Training Program for Individuals Without Prior Ultrasound Experience.

Obstetric volume sweep imaging (OB VSI) is a simple set of transducer movements guided by external body landmarks that can be taught to ultrasound-naive non-experts. This approach can increase access to ultrasound in rural/low-resources settings lacking trained sonographers. This study presents and evaluates a training program for OB VSI. Six trainees without previous formal ultrasound experience received a training program on the OB VSI protocol containing focused didactics and supervised live hands-on ultrasound scanning practice. Trainees then independently performed 194 OB VSI examinations on pregnancies >14 weeks with known prenatal ultrasound abnormalities. Images were reviewed by maternal-fetal medicine specialists for the primary outcome (protocol deviation rates) and secondary outcomes (examination quality and image quality). Protocol deviation was present in 25.8% of cases, but only 7.7% of these errors affected the diagnostic potential of the ultrasound. Error rate differences between trainees ranged from 8.6% to 53.8% (P < 0.0001). Image quality was excellent or acceptable in 88.2%, and 96.4% had image quality capable of yielding a diagnostic interpretation. The frequency of protocol deviations decreased over time in the majority of trainees, demonstrating retention of training program over time. This brief OB VSI training program for ultrasound-naive non-experts yielded operators capable of producing high-quality images capable of diagnostic interpretation after 3 hours of training. This training program could be adapted for use by local community members in low-resource/rural settings to increase access to obstetric ultrasound.