Obstacles In Implementation Research Articles

Aloud real- time reading of intensive care unit diaries: A feasibility study

ObjectivesMemories of frightening/delusional intensive care unit experiences are a major risk factor for subsequent psychiatric morbidity of critical illness survivors; factual memories are protective. Systematically providing factual information during initial memory consolidation could mitigate the emotional character of the formed memories. We explored feasibility and obtained stakeholder feedback of a novel approach to intensive care unit diaries whereby entries were read aloud to the patients right after they were written to facilitate systematic real time orientation and formation of factual memories. Research methodologyProspective interventional pilot study involving reading diary entries aloud. We have also interviewed involved stakeholders for feedback and collected exploratory data on psychiatric symptoms from patients right after the intensive care stay. SettingVarious intensive care units in a single academic center. Main outcome measuresFeasibility was defined as intervention delivery on ≥80% of days following patient recruitment. Content analysis was performed on stakeholder interview responses. Questionnaire data were compared for patients who received real-time reading to the historical cohort who did not. ResultsOverall, 57% (17 of 30) of patients achieved the set feasibility threshold. Following protocol adjustment, we achieved 86% feasibility in the last subset of patients. Patients reported the intervention as comforting and appreciated the reorientation aspect. Nurses overwhelmingly liked the idea; most common concern was not knowing what to write. Some therapists were unsure whether reading entries aloud might overwhelm the patients. There were no significant differences in psychiatric symptoms when compared to the historic cohort. ConclusionWe encountered several implementation obstacles; once these were addressed, we achieved set feasibility target for the last group of patients. Reading diary entries aloud was welcomed by stakeholders. Designing a trial to assess efficacy of the intervention on psychiatric outcomes appears warranted. Implications for Clinical PracticeThere is no recommendation to change current practice as benefits of the intervention are unproven.

Pflegeheim-sensitive Krankenhausfälle und Ansätze zur Verringerung der Hospitalisierung von Pflegeheimbewohnerinnen und -bewohnern

ZusammenfassungHintergrundInterventionen zur Vermeidung von potenziell risikobehafteten Krankenhauseinweisungen aus dem Pflegeheim sind von hoher Bedeutung für Patientensicherheit und Versorgungsqualität. Ein Katalog Pflegeheim-sensitiver Krankenhausfälle (PSK) bildet die Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Handlungsempfehlungen.MethodenIn zwei vorangegangenen Forschungsphasen entwickelte ein Expertenpanel einen Katalog mit 58 PSK mittels eines angepassten Delphi-Verfahrens (die RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methode). Dieses Verfahren wurde von der Nord-Amerikanischen gemeinnützigen Research and Development Organisation (RAND) und Klinikern der Universität von Kalifornien in Los Angeles (UCLA) entwickelt. In der hier vorgestellten dritten Projektphase wurden zunächst in einem Expertenworkshop Interventionsansätze zu deren Reduktion entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse wurden anschließend durch sechs Gutachtende aus themenverwandten Sektoren bewertet, ergänzt und systematisch zur Erstellung von Handlungsempfehlungen verwendet. Mögliche Umsetzungshürden wurden berücksichtigt und der Zeithorizont der Wirksamkeit abgeschätzt.ErgebnisDie Handlungsempfehlungen betreffen Bereiche der Kommunikation, Kooperation, Dokumentation und Versorgungskompetenz sowie einrichtungsbezogene, finanzielle und rechtliche Aspekte. Einzelne Indikationsbündel demonstrieren die Relevanz für das deutsche Gesundheitswesen. Zur Erhöhung der Wirksamkeit empfehlen die Sachverständigen eine sinnvolle Kombination von Handlungsempfehlungen.DiskussionDurch eine Optimierung multidisziplinärer Kommunikation und Kooperation, kombiniert mit einem – auch digitalen – Ausbau der Infrastruktur bei Schaffung einrichtungsbezogener rechtlicher Voraussetzungen und Vergütungsstrukturen, könnten fast 35 % aller Hospitalisierungen aus dem Pflegeheim, rund 220.000 Krankenhausfälle in Deutschland, vermieden werden. Die für Maßnahmen erforderlichen Ausgaben könnten aus Einsparungen durch vermiedene Krankenhausaufenthalte in Höhe von 768 Mio. € refinanziert werden.

Neighborhood Program in Community Empowerment and Infrastructure Development

This article describes and analyzes the implementation obstacles to the RT Keren policy in community empowerment and infrastructure development in the Sentul Village. The research location was conducted inSentul Village, Blitar City, East Java Province. There are two sorts of data sources: primary and secondary. Primary datawas obtainedfrom the Urban village head, Urban village secretary, and technical executor of development affairs at the RT/RW(Neighbourhood/Hamlet) level. Secondary data consists of data that has been transformed into documents, reports, and other formats. Data analysis consisted of multiple steps, including data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing or verification. The research results found ifThe implementation of the Keren RT Program has been running in accordance with Blitar Mayor Regulation Number 6 of 2022. This implementation consists of 4 stages: planning,preparation, implementation, and supervision. From these 4 stages, it can be seen if the community's response is outstanding, the implementation of the program has used the principles of transparency, participation, accountability, sustainability, order, benefit, and obedience, and finally, the RT Keren Program Implementer has understood the procedures and provisions for implementation. The program starts from planning to monitoring correctly

A Literature Review on Entrepreneurial University policies: Definitions, Factors and Theories

The entrepreneurial university model has gained popularity in recent years, as universities seek to increase their impact on the economy and society by promoting innovation and entrepreneurship. Many universities now see entrepreneurship as an important part of their mission and are working to create an entrepreneurial culture that encourages and supports innovation and commercialization of scientific research. This paper is based on the literature review methodology and highlights the essential points about the entrepreneurial university discourse, provides the formal and informal factors that make possible the transformation of a university into an entrepreneurial one, as well as the theoretical models of entrepreneurial approaches. Being new to the entrepreneurial concept, the Albanian universities face a variety of challenges. The current status of universities into the modern society requires them to play a dual role in setting high teaching standards and students’ competence oriented learning and, on the other hand, play a boosting role in innovation and economic development of the country. This paper is of interest to Albanian universities that would like to establish and formalize entrepreneurial policies and overcome implementation obstacles.

The Implementation Of Re-Measurement Due To The Difference In The Land Area Listed On Certificates With Factual Land Area (Case Study In Pekanbaru Land Office)

This article aims to explain the factors that cause the difference between juridical data and physical data/actual data in Land Title Certificate, and appropriate legal protection. This is yuridis empirical research and qualitative approach with descriptive explanatory technique. Research location at Pertanahan of Pekanbaru City`s office. This research revealed that the re-measurement caused by the incompatibility between the land area stated in the measuring letter and the land factual data at the Pekanbaru City Land Office has not been carried out properly, this is because there are still many applications for re-measurement that have not been completed. The Obstacles in re-measurement implementation include incomplete application files, shifts between the boundaries owned, and the existence of borders that do not want to sign new land boundaries. The efforts to overcome obstacles as well as legal protection for land rights certificate holders containing differences in factual data and juridical data are to make agreements for parties who do not want to restore land boundaries, settlement can be amicably by mediation by the land office, if it cannot be resolved amicably, then the rights holder can carry out legal liability by filing a lawsuit with the court.

Implementation of Islamic Religious Education Learning Management Based on Intellectual, Emotional, and Spiritual Quotients at Institut Agama Islam Ma’arif NU Metro Lampung

The article was to reveal the concept and the implementation Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning management, the perception of the PAI Study Program lecturers, and the obstacle and solutions of implementation of IESQ-based PAI learning management at Institut Agama Islam Ma’arif NU (IAIMNU) Metro Lampung. This research was a field research at the IAIMNU PAI Study Program. The sources of data are the leaders, lecturers and the documents such as vision, mission, goals, curriculum. Collecting data used observation guide sheets, interview guidelines, and documentation. The result showed that the implementation of IESQ-based PAI learning management includes (a) planning namely the preparation of objectives, teaching materials, syllabus and SAP, preparation of supporting devices, determining learning evaluation methods and systems, dominant IQ (61.1%); (b) organization which refers to the curriculum, managing classes, and interactive communication in the classroom, dominant on IQ (68.3%); (c) leadership namely apperception, motivation, active learning strategy, communicative, humor, discipline, formal dress, developing self-confidence, togetherness, group dynamics, managing class, and dominant on IQ (96.3%); (d) evaluation, namely partial evaluation of the process and results, process technique, namely assessing attitude, activity, product, and accountability, result technique, namely UTS and UAS, and dominant on IQ (60%). Keywords: Learning Management, Spiritual Quotients, IESQ Learning Management

Implementation of digital technology for student involvement based on a 3D quest game for career guidance and assessing students' digital competences

This article describes the process of developing a career advice 3D adventure game for applicants interested in working in IT departments. The game is based on a 3D representation of the computer science and information technologies department at the Kharkiv Aviation Institute. The quest challenges are designed to measure applicants' and first-year students' digital competency. The theoretical foundation, software tools, development stages, implementation obstacles, and gaming application scenario were all used in the article. The game scenario includes a virtual tour of a 3D university department. In terms of how closely the game resembles real-life stuff, applicants can examine the department's equipment and classrooms. The team used C# and C++, Unity 3D, and Source Engine to create the game application. We used Hammer Editor, Agisoft PhotoScan Pro, and photogrammetry technology to model objects for realistic gaming. Based on the Digital Competence Framework for Citizens (DigComp 2.2), players can assess their digital competences in a variety of ways, including a test activity, a puzzle, assembling a computer, and putting up an IT-specialist firm. The experiment conducted at the online open house day 2020 demonstrated the efficiency of the 3D quest game. A 3D quest was rated as a more modern and appealing kind of involvement by the candidates. According to the 3D quest findings, applicants displayed an average degree of digital competence, with certain specific item challenges graded at 0.5. Several psychometric item parameters were thoroughly examined in order to increase the item's quality.

Penerapan Konvensi ILO pada Industri Garmen Bangladesh (Studi Kasus: Diskriminasi Pekerja Garmen Perempuan)

This research begins with the problem of implementation obstacles of ILO Conventions related to discrimination in occupation and employment in the Bangladeshi garment industry. In that regards, this study aims to question What are the obstacles to implementing the ILO Conventions on Discrimination in Occupation and Employment in Bangladesh. This paper addresses this question through qualitative method by exploring secondary data. Furthermore, the data then being analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis techniques. The results of the study indicate that implementation of ILO Conventions related to occupational and occupational discrimination has encountered obstacles in Bangladesh. These obstacles are caused by The Bangladesh Labor Act does not explain in detail about garment workers, weak oversight of the implementation of the Bangladesh Labor Act on garment companies, garment companies do not fully support the Bangladesh Labor Act, and the political conditions in Bangladesh.

Under pressure: design and validation of a pressure-sensitive insole for ankle plantar flexion biofeedback during neuromuscular gait training.

Electromyography (EMG)-based audiovisual biofeedback systems, developed and tested in research settings to train neuromuscular control in patient populations such as cerebral palsy (CP), have inherent implementation obstacles that may limit their translation to clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to design and validate an alternative, plantar pressure-based biofeedback system for improving ankle plantar flexor recruitment during walking in individuals with CP. Eight individuals with CP (11-18 years old) were recruited to test both an EMG-based and a plantar pressure-based biofeedback system while walking. Ankle plantar flexor muscle recruitment, co-contraction at the ankle, and lower limb kinematics were compared between the two systems and relative to baseline walking. Relative to baseline walking, both biofeedback systems yielded significant increases in mean soleus (43-58%, p < 0.05), and mean (68-70%, p < 0.05) and peak (71-82%, p < 0.05) medial gastrocnemius activation, with no differences between the two systems and strong relationships for all primary outcome variables (R = 0.89-0.94). Ankle co-contraction significantly increased relative to baseline only with the EMG-based system (52%, p = 0.03). These findings support future research on functional training with this simple, low-cost biofeedback modality.

Promoting Positive Masculinities to Address Violence Against Women: A Multicountry Concept Mapping Study.

Interventions engaging men that challenge unequal gender norms have been shown to be effective in reducing violence against women (VAW). However, few studies have explored how to promote anti-VAW positive masculinity in young adults. This study aims to identify key multicountry strategies, as conceived by young adults and other stakeholders, for promoting positive masculinities to improve gender equity and prevent and target VAW. This study (2019-2021) involved young adults (aged 18-24 years) and stakeholders from Ireland, Israel, Spain, and Sweden. We applied concept mapping, a participatory mixed-method approach, in phases: (1) brainstorming, using semi-structured interviews with young adults (n = 105) and stakeholders (n = 60), plus focus group discussions (n = 88), to collect ideas for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinity; (2) development of an online questionnaire for sorting (n = 201) and rating ideas emerging from brainstorming by importance (n = 406) and applicability (n = 360); (3) based on sorting and rating data, creating rating maps for importance and applicability and clusters/strategies using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis with groupwisdom™ software; and (4) interpretation of results with multicountry stakeholders to reach agreement. The cluster map identified seven key strategies (41 actions) for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinities ranked from highest to lowest: Formal and informal education and training; Preventive education and activities in different settings/areas; Skills and knowledge; Empathy, reflection, and understanding; Media and public efforts; Policy, legislation, and the criminal justice system; and Organizational actions and interventions. Pattern matches indicated high agreement between young people and stakeholders in ranking importance (r = 0.96), but low agreement for applicability (r = 0.60). Agreement in the total sample on prioritizing statements by importance and applicability was also low (r = 0.20); only 14 actions were prioritized as both important and applicable. Young people and stakeholders suggested seven comprehensive, multidimensional, multi-setting strategies to facilitate promoting positive masculinity to reduce VAW. Discrepancy between importance and applicability might indicate policy and implementation obstacles.

Implementasi Simba Dikantor Baznaz Kota Padang

The purpose of this study is to find out the form of SIMBA implementation at the Padang City BAZNAZ Office, to find out the obstacles to SIMBA implementation at the Padang City BAZNAZ Office and to find out the efforts or solutions in overcoming obstacles in SIMBA implementation at the Padang City BAZNAZ Office. This research uses a qualitative method, namely a method that focuses on reasoning based on objective social reality. The type of research used is a qualitative research method using a descriptive approach. The application of this qualitative method aims to make it easier to understand multiple realities, presenting an essential relationship between writing and reality in the field. This method is more sensitive and adjusts to the form of the value encountered. In using this method it aims to find problems more openly, so the writer will interview Baznas informants in the city of Padang, in which case the writer interviewed the Head of HR and General Affairs: Industriyadi, S.Sos.I, MA, and Staff: Bobi Iskandar. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions/verification. This application To facilitate the management of zakat is not solely carried out individually from muzakki to mustahiq, but is carried out by an institution that specifically handles zakat, namely amil zakat. In addition, the government has also issued Law no. 23 of 2011 concerning Zakat Management, which explains that the National Zakat Amil Agency is an institution that manages zakat nationally

Health system strengthening using a Maximizing Engagement for Readiness and Impact (MERI) Approach: A community case study.

Health system strengthening initiatives in low and middle-income countries are commonly hampered by limited implementation readiness. The Maximizing Engagement for Readiness and Impact (MERI) Approach uses a system "readiness" theory of change to address implementation obstacles. MERI is documented based on field experiences, incorporating best practices, and lessons learned from two decades of maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) programming in East Africa. The MERI Approach is informed by four sequential and progressively larger MNCH interventions in Uganda and Tanzania. Intervention evaluations incorporating qualitative and quantitative data sources assessed health and process outcomes. Implementer, technical leader, stakeholder, and policymaker reflections on sequential experiences have enabled MERI Approach adaptation and documentation, using an implementation lens and an implementation science readiness theory of change. The MERI Approach comprises three core components. MERI Change Strategies (meetings, equipping, training, mentoring) describe key activity types that build general and intervention-specific capacity to maximize and sustain intervention effectiveness. The SOPETAR Process Model (Scan, Orient, Plan, Equip, Train, Act, Reflect) is a series of purposeful steps that, in sequence, drive each implementation level (district, health facility, community). A MERI Motivational Framework identifies foundational factors (self-reliance, collective-action, embeddedness, comprehensiveness, transparency) that motivate participants and enhance intervention adoption. Components aim to enhance implementer and system readiness while engaging broad stakeholders in capacity building activities toward health outcome goals. Activities align with government policy and programming and are embedded within existing district, health facility, and community structures. This case study demonstrates feasibility of the MERI Approach to support district wide MNCH programming in two low-income countries, supportive of health outcome and health system improvements. The MERI Approach has potential to engage districts, health facilities, and communities toward sustainable health outcomes, addressing intervention implementation gaps for current and emerging health needs within and beyond East Africa.

Obtaining Infrared Thermal Camera Sensor Calibration Data for Implementation in FireBot Autonomous Fire Protection Robot System

Fire protection is one of the activities that follow the development of technology in real-time and implements all the innovations of a detection system. This paper presents a unique solution for the development of an autonomous robot for the prevention, detection, and extinguishing of fires by studying the problem of choosing the optimal early-detection sensor in the infrared part of the spectrum, which characterizes the highest level of excitation in the state of prevention. The robot is equipped with several different sensors arranged in a hierarchical structure. Thermal detection has proven to be a significant investment that can be adapted to the different complexity of the objects to be protected, taking into account image processing and modular implementation of the required sensors. To this end, it is necessary to calibrate systems for different thermal cameras. The calibration procedure on seven cameras and two pyrometers resulted in data required for input-data correction and anomaly detection. The results of the analysis confirmed that devices of a higher price range have a lower deviation from the reference value compared to low-cost technical solutions. At the same time, results were observed indicating malfunction of more expensive devices, whose data exceed the specified nominal accuracy. Thanks to the performed calibration procedure and the obtained results, the observed problem is not an obstacle for implementation in an autonomous robotic system and can be used to correct the input data required for computer analysis.

Imagining a Place for Sustainability Management: An Early Career Call for Action

Imagining a Place for Sustainability Management: An Early Career Call for Action

TOOLBOX Effects on K-2 Student Growth in Social-Emotional Competence: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Study

TOOLBOX is a school-based social and emotional learning (SEL) program to teach and reinforce 12 tools (e.g., Breathing Tool, Courage Tool) for healthy youth development. Although TOOLBOX has been broadly adopted, it remains largely untested. This quasi-experimental study aims to examine the relationship between TOOLBOX implementation and the growth of social-emotional competence (SEC) among K-2 students. First, we compare the growth trajectories of SEC between TOOLBOX and non-TOOLBOX conditions during one academic year. Then, within the TOOLBOX condition, we compare two implementation directives—TOOLBOX Standard and TOOLBOX Primer—to assess (a) the extent to which TOOLBOX was implemented and (b) the SEC growth trajectories among youth. Two district schools were given an implementation directive and materials to implement TOOLBOX Standard curriculum (full, structured lesson plans and strategies with higher dosage anticipated), and two district schools to implement TOOLBOX Primer (basic, introductory lesson plans and strategies with lower dosage anticipated). There were no dosage benchmarks available for either condition. Two additional district schools practiced as usual (non-TOOLBOX). The study sample consisted of 1766 K-2 students and their 80 classroom teachers. Student SEC was measured three times using the Devereux Student Strengths Assessment-Mini, a teacher-completed brief behavioral rating scale. Implementation dosage and quality were measured three times using teacher self-reports. Latent growth modeling and t tests were conducted. In Fall, SEC did not differ between TOOLBOX and non-TOOLBOX conditions. TOOLBOX students, however, showed a greater increase in SEC over the year. Within the TOOLBOX condition, Standard teachers incorporated the “tools” into academic instruction more frequently in Spring compared to Primer teachers. For most other implementation variables, no statistical difference was found between TOOLBOX implementation directives. Student SEC growth trajectories did not differ between Standard and Primer schools. Quasi-experimental evidence supports the overall benefits of TOOLBOX on K-2 students’ social and emotional growth. We discuss possible reasons for non-differential outcomes between Standard and Primer implementation directives within the TOOLBOX condition (e.g., gap between implementation directives and actual implementation behaviors). The gap between implementation directives and behaviors may provide an impetus for practicing school psychologists to contribute to more robust forms of implementation leadership (e.g., remove obstacles for implementation) and offer implementation support (e.g., coaching, feedback loops).

Application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Logistics: A Literature Review

The booming development of e-commerce has brought many challenges to the logistics industry. To ensure the sustainability of the logistics industry, the impact of environmental and social sustainability factors on logistics development needs to be considered. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)/drones are used in the logistics field because of their flexibility, low cost, environmental protection and energy-saving advantages, which can achieve both economic benefits and social benefits. This paper reviews 36 studies on UAVs applications in logistics from the Web of Science database from the past two years (2021–2022). The selected literature is classified into theoretical models (the traveling salesman problem and other path planning problems), application scenarios (medical safety applications and last-mile delivery problems) and other problems (UAV implementation obstacles, costs, pricing, etc.). Finally, future directions of UAVs are proposed, such as different application scenarios that can be considered and different algorithms that can be combined to optimize paths for UAVs to specific flight environments.

Implementation of Policy for Prevention and Eradication of Abuse and Illegal Circulation of Drugs and Precursors (P4GN) at The National Narcotics Agency of Tangerang City Rehabilitation Section

Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking in Drugs is one of the most pressing and complex problems, so it requires a comprehensive treatment. Many cases show how drugs have caused great losses, both in terms of material and non-material. The Prevention and Eradication of Illicit Narcotics Circulation and Abuse (P4GN) is a policy and strategy of the Indonesian government's to emphasize and protect the public from drug abuse and illicit trafficking. The National Narcotics Agency of Tangerang City is responsible for one of the tasks in the field of drug rehabilitation by increasing the capacity of medical and social rehabilitation institutions, both organized by the government and the community. Drug rehabilitation is the psychotherapeutic treatment given to drug addicts. It helps the patient to get rid of substance abuse as well as process abuse. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. To obtain data in accordance with the research focus, the research conducted interviews, observations and documentation. The results of this research showed the implementation has not been running optimally, there are several indicators that become obstacles in implementation, including limited resources, lack of communication between organizations that have not been intensely established, and have not fully matched the standards and objectives of the policy, and not fully involved formal or informal organizations. The supporting factors include the implementation of narcotics rehabilitation in accordance with the SOP, a positive response from the implementing agency, and the external environment (Economic, Social, Political) receiving a positive influence.

Strategy implementation obstacles: Iceland fishery CEO perspectives

Empirical research on strategy implementation obstacles affecting specific industries is limited. Few studies have been conducted worldwide and none in Iceland, although Iceland is one of the world’s leaders in fisheries, ranked 19th as a major marine capture producing country. Consequently, the aim of this research is to identify critical internal and external strategic obstacles faced by Icelandic fishery companies and to capture the perspective of CEOs in the fisheries industry. The generic attributes of these companies, as expressed by the CEOs, are compared with analogous studies. This empirical study consists of in-depth interviews with the CEOs of the largest fisheries’ companies in Iceland. This study identifies two internal strategy implementation obstacles not identified in earlier studies: language barriers and a multicultural workforce. It also recognizes external obstacles not found in prior research, such as lack of governmental vision for the industry, hostile regulatory bodies and persistent changes to industry regulations, high political uncertainty, time-consuming lobbyism and, often, unsympathetic political and media discussion. The study has theoretical implications for academia, impacting strategy implementation in the Icelandic fishing industry and elsewhere. These findings can help policymakers and CEOs understand and minimize the influence of strategy implementation obstacles. It can serve as a reference point to create and plan more holistic policies supporting CEOs and policymakers in the fisheries to develop more efficient and profitable strategies. Furthermore, these findings can help policymakers to build consensus on fisheries management, benefitting the fishing industry and society.

A node trust factor linked privacy preservation model in 5G networks with a multi-stage authentication model

There has been a dramatic expansion in the number and frequency of relationships between entities in mobile telecommunications networks over the last several years. For theseinteractions to be profitable, the parties involved must be able to count on one another. Since mobile networks require trust and reputation models to create feasible communications in 5 G and beyond networks, a collection of entities can create chains of operations between cross-operators with privacy and trustworthiness through mobile telecommunication network models. A major impediment to widespread communication beyond 5 G networks is the absence of automated, efficient, and scalable models for creating security and trust. Multitenancy and active infrastructure sharing will be major facilitators of new business models as 5 G networks expand. New security concerns are emerging due to these new opportunities, which is one of the primary obstacles for the mass implementation of 5 G networks. There are several ways in which attackers might use 5G-enabled situations to undertake lateral moves and disrupt 5 G services and infrastructure resources. Existing trust and security models cannot deal with the dynamic nature of the 5 G infrastructural threats or the multi-tenant security issues. Hence, we propose a Mobile Node Trust Factor Linked Privacy Preservation model for 5 G multi-stage authentication models in this work. A threat model for multi-stage authentication scenarios in an underlying 5 G network infrastructure is used to demonstrate how this model can be used. For secure end-to-end communication, authorization and strong authentication are necessary. A combination of anonymous authentication and authorization is needed to preserve the privacy of mobile devices which share personal information. The proposed model is compared with the traditional models and the proposed model results exhibit better performance.

CT Colonography Versus Optical Colonoscopy: Cost-Effectiveness in Colorectal Cancer Screening

Purpose: CT colonography (CTC) has been accepted as an optical colonoscopy (OC) alternative for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by some guidelines, while others maintain that the data is insufficient. CTC’s less invasive nature may improve compliance; however, cost and need for colonoscopy, if lesions are detected, remain an obstacle for implementation. As a result, the authors set out to determine the cost-effectiveness of CTC in the context of its drawbacks and advantages when compared with OC within a Canadian context. Methods: Using a decision analysis software, an economic analysis was performed comparing CTC to OC for CRC screening in asymptomatic patients. The 10-year primary outcome measure was study cost, cost difference of screening 100,000 patients, and the cost of one quality adjusted life year gained. The sensitivities, specificities, and polyp prevalence rates were derived from literature. The cost of each test was derived from local data. Results: Local cost of OC is 764.36 CAD compared to 580.01 CAD for CTC. In the case of a normal OC, reassessment would not be necessary for 10 years, whereas in an asymptomatic average-risk population CTC must be repeated every 5 years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, or the additional cost per life year of OC compared to CTC was calculated to be 3,390.76 CAD.